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Smoking bans in the United Kingdom

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A no smoking sign asserting that smoking would break the law

A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007. Plain tobacco packaging[1] and a smoking ban in cars with passengers under 18 were introduced under Children and Families Act 2014.[2]

Before the smoking ban

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Before the ban, smoking was commonplace in pubs.

Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback. The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking, doing so in May 2006.[3]

Passage of the law

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On 16 November 2004, a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008.[4]

On 26 October 2005, after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet, the UK Government announced that it would continue with its plans. All workplaces, including restaurants and pubs selling food, would have to comply by summer 2007.[5] However, there was widespread criticism from all sides of the debate on the subject, with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill. Many representatives of the pub trade told the Government that only a total ban would work, and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this, with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue. It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban, but decided to stay to champion a total ban.[6] On the same day, the government released the results of the public consultation, after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act, which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban.[6]

On 11 January 2006, the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill, submitted by the Health select committee, to instigate a comprehensive smoke-free workplace regulations. Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and, in so doing, voted against her own department's then publicly stated policy (i.e. the proposed partial regulations). All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February, with three options: the present compromise, a total ban, or an exemption for members' clubs only.

On 14 February 2006, the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan, to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members' clubs. The amendment was carried with a large majority. MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members' clubs. Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority. This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members' clubs. The legislation was passed by the House of Lords, allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England.

Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point, the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs' failure to understand risk[7] on 7 June 2006.

Implementation

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The ban came into force at 06:00 BST on 1 July 2007, as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt, who called it "a huge step forward for public health".[5]

A legal blunder however by Stoke-on-Trent City Council meant that, while the smoking ban still applied in the city, the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007.[8] The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke-on-Trent.[9]

Following the passing of the law

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Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors, where smoking remains generally permitted.
A smoking shelter outside an office building in England. Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces.

On 30 June 2010, the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban.[10] An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading.[11]

Exemptions from the law

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While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces,[12] some exemptions were provided:[13]

  • designated hotel rooms
  • designated rooms in nursing homes
  • designated rooms in prisons (until 18 July 2018)[14][a]
  • designated rooms in offshore oil rigs
  • designated rooms in mental health units (until 1 July 2008)
  • specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and/or pipe tobacco.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, in theatres and television studios, actors and actresses can smoke tobacco on theatre stages or on television sets if the artistic integrity makes it appropriate. However, once the person leaves the stage or set, the item must be snubbed out. Normal smoking laws exist for all other parts of the theatre or television studio, including green rooms, rehearsal rooms and dressing rooms.[15] There have been calls for this exemption to be scrapped, for the health of other actors and audiences.[16] This exemption does not apply to Scotland, where smoking is completely banned in theatres. Comedian Mel Smith tried to defy the smoking ban by threatening to smoke a real cigar during a play about Winston Churchill during the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe, however he stopped before lighting the cigar. [17]

An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster,[18] as for other Royal Palaces, although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas.[19]

Smoking is permitted in a private residence, although not in areas used as a shared work-space. In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors, smoking is not permitted.

University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private. Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence.[20]

Public transport

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As part of the implementation of the smoking ban, Transport for London announced that smoking would no longer be permitted in taxis, private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises, including all bus stop shelters.[21] London Underground had already implemented a smoking ban on all its property (including all its station platforms, whether underground or not) much earlier, on 23 November 1987, as a result of the King's Cross fire five days before, likely caused by a discarded match.[22]

The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not.[23] The ban has since been extended to cover the use of electronic cigarettes.[24] Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services.[25][26]

The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban smoking in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980.[27]

Policing of the ban

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The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England, who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force. However, there were some objectors who generated higher-profile legal cases, for instance Hugh Howitt, also known as Hamish Howitt, the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke-free place under his control. On 2 August 2007, Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub. On 2 December 2008, Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked, after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld; he was not allowed to appeal, and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision.[28][29]

There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban, in one of which a former heavyweight boxer, James Oyebola, was shot in the head after he asked patrons at a nightclub to stop smoking[30] and later died of his injuries.[31] However, the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke-free workplace regulations are simple to understand, popular, and as a result largely "self-policing". For a short while, bars in the UK that offered shisha (the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment, however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars.

Reaction to the ban

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A group calling themselves "Freedom To Choose" launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke-free workplace regulations[32] claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998, as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public.[33] Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity.[34] In 2010, pub landlord Nick Hogan was briefly jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban.[35] In 2012, it was reported that "Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England, almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs".[36]

A 2017 YouGov survey indicated growing support for the smoking ban, up to 83% from the 2007 figure of 78%. The ban was proving more popular among smokers where support had risen from 52% in 2009 to 64% in 2017.[37]

Proposal for phased ban on smoking of cigarettes in the UK

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On 4 October 2023, at the Conservative Party conference in Manchester, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced his intention to phase out cigarette smoking in the UK by raising the minimum age to purchase cigarettes from 18 each year, every year until eventually no person can legally buy cigarettes.[38] The proposal will be put before MPs in Parliament before potentially becoming law, with Sunak promising Conservative MPs a whip-free vote on the matter.[39] A similar proposal was made by the Labour Party earlier that year.[40][41]

Plans for the Tobacco and Vapes Bill, legislation implementing such a ban, were announced in the King's Speech during the 2023 State Opening of Parliament.[42][43] However the decision to call a summer 2024 general election meant that the legislation did not pass through Parliament. The newly elected government announced in July 2024 they would re-introduce these measures in the first session of the new parliament.[44]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The ban was technically enabled by Prison Act 1952 rather than Health Act 2006

References

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  1. ^ "MPs pass legislation to introduce standardised cigarette packaging". The Guardian. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Smoking in vehicles". gov.uk. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking". BBC Online. BBC News. 24 January 2005. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  4. ^ "Smoking ban proposed for England". BBC News. 16 November 2004. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  5. ^ a b "Smoke ban bill details released". BBC News. 27 October 2005. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Chief medic considered quitting". BBC News. 24 November 2005. Archived from the original on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  7. ^ "Smoking ban 'is based on bad science' - Times Online". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  8. ^ "Council error stubs out smoke ban". BBC. BBC News. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  9. ^ Edwards, Kathryn (11 July 2007). "Smoke-on-Trent reignites debate". BBC. BBC Stoke. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  10. ^ "BBC News - "No plans" for smoking ban review". Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  11. ^ "Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated | News". Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  12. ^ "The Smoke-free (Premises and Enforcement) Regulations 2006". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  13. ^ "The Smoke-free (Exemptions and Vehicles) Regulations 2007". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Successfully delivering smokefree prisons across England and Wales". UKHSA.blog.gov.uk. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Smoking on Stage". Theatrecrafts.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  16. ^ Trueman, Matt (6 January 2010). "Smoking on stage: why theatre needs to kick the habit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  17. ^ "Mel Smith stubs out plan to defy Scottish smoking ban". The Independent. 7 August 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Parliamentary Privilege First Report". The Stationery Office. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  19. ^ "MPs "smoking in Commons toilets"". BBC News. 5 July 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  20. ^ "Part 3B Section 13.1". .warwick.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  21. ^ "Smoking ban: impact on London's transport network". tfl.gov.uk. Transport for London. 6 June 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  22. ^ "The King's Cross fire". London Fire Brigade. London Fire Brigade Museum. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Smoke Free Law and Vehicles". Smoke Free England. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  24. ^ Saul, Heather (12 August 2015). "Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations". Independent. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  25. ^ "End of the line for train smoking". BBC News (London). BBC News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  26. ^ "First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £1million refurbishment". First Scotrail. First Group. 28 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  27. ^ "How Metro was built". Tyne and Wear Metro. Nexus. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  28. ^ Wilmore, James (2 December 2008). "Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence". The Publican. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  29. ^ Fielding, Paul (5 December 2008). "Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight". Blackpool Gazette. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  30. ^ "Boxer shot over club smoking row". BBC News. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  31. ^ "Boxer shot in smoking row dies". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  32. ^ "Freedom To Choose". Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  33. ^ "Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle". Swindon Advertiser. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
  34. ^ Chris Melville (1 July 2007). "Smoking ban: why did we have to wait for so long?". eurosong.net. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
  35. ^ "Jailed smoking ban landlord freed". BBC News. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  36. ^ "Smoking ban: Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs". morningadvertiser.co.uk. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  37. ^ "England a decade after the smoking ban – heading for a smokefree future". ash.org.uk. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  38. ^ Syed, Armani (27 November 2023). "New Zealand Scraps Generational Smoking Ban". TIME. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  39. ^ Gregory, James. "Rishi Sunak defends his plan to ban smoking for younger generation". www.bbc.co.uk/news. BBC News Online. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  40. ^ "End of the cigarette? Labour unveil plan to wipe out smoking by 2030 by banning sale of tobacco". LBC. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  41. ^ Clarke-Ezzidio, Harry (13 January 2023). "Could the UK emulate New Zealand's smoking ban?". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  42. ^ Morton, Becky (7 November 2023). "Focus on crime as Rishi Sunak sets out priorities in King's Speech". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  43. ^ Seddon, Paul (7 November 2023). "Key points: What was in this year's King's Speech?". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  44. ^ Wilkinson, Damon; Kirby, Jane; Editor, PA Health (17 July 2024). "The new laws on vaping and smoking under Labour set out in the King's Speech". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 17 July 2024. {{cite web}}: |last3= has generic name (help)

Further reading

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  • Arnott, Deborah, et al. "Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England: how advocacy won the day." Tobacco Control 16.6 (2007): 423-428.online
  • Shahab, Lion, and Robert West. "Public support in England for a total ban on the sale of tobacco products." Tobacco Control 19.2 (2010): 143-147. online
  • "Smoking ban in the United Kingdom" (Centre for Public Impact, 2 Sept. 2019) online
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Video clips
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