GEM character set

GEM character set
Language(s)	English
Created by	Digital Research
Based on	code page 437
Other related encoding(s)	Atari ST character set, Ventura International character set
	v; t; e;

The GEM character set is the character set of Digital Research's graphical user interface GEM on Intel platforms. It is based on code page 437, the original character set of the IBM PC.

Like codepage 437, it aligns with ASCII codepoints 32–126, and has additional codepoints including letters with diacritics and other symbols. It differs from code page 437 in using other dingbats at code points 0–31, in exchanging the box-drawing characters 176–223 for international characters and other symbols, and exchanging code point 236 with the symbol for line integral. However, GEM is more similar to code page 865, because the codepoints of Ø and ø match the codepoints in that codepage.

A slight adaptation for Ventura Publisher is the similar Ventura International character set, it has code points 0-31, 127, and 218-255 empty, and has swapped ¢ and ø and has also swapped ¥ and Ø (to match code page 437 more).

The GEM-derived file manager ViewMAX, which shipped with some versions of DR DOS as a DOSSHELL replacement, does not use the GEM character set, but loads its display fonts from DOS .CPI files^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] depending on the system's current code page.

Character set[edit]

The following table shows the GEM character set. Each character is shown with a potential Unicode equivalent, although some codes do not have a unique Unicode equivalent; the correct choice may depend upon context.

GEM character set^[7]^[8]^[3]^[9]
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
0x	NUL	⇧^[a]	⇩^[a]	⇨^[a]	⇦^[a]	◼^[a]	🗗^[a]	◆^[a]	✓^[a]	🕒︎	🔔︎	♪	▴	▾	▸	◂
1x	►	◄	⧓^[a]	▂^[a]	¶^[b]	§	↕	↨	↑	↓	→	←	∟	↔	▲	▼
2x	SP	!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/
3x	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?
4x	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O
5x	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_
6x	`	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o
7x	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	{	\|	}	~	⌂
8x	Ç	ü	é	â	ä	à	å	ç	ê	ë	è	ï	î	ì	Ä	Å
9x	É	æ	Æ	ô	ö	ò	û	ù	ÿ	Ö	Ü	ø	£	Ø	¤	ƒ
Ax	á	í	ó	ú	ñ	Ñ	ª	º	¿	“	”	‹	›	¡	«	»
Bx	ã	õ	¥	¢	œ	Œ	À	Ã	Õ	§	‡	†	¶^[b]	©	®	™
Cx	„	…	‰	•	–	—	°	Á	Â	È	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï
Dx	Ò	Ó	Ô	Š	š	Ù	Ú	Û	Ÿ	ß
Ex	α	β	Γ	π	Σ	σ	µ^[c]	τ	Φ	Θ	Ω^[d]	δ^[e]	∮	ɸ	∈	∩
Fx	≡	±	≥	≤	⌠	⌡	÷	≈	°	∙	·	√	ⁿ	²	■	∅

Different than code page 437

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j 1–8 and 18-19 are used in GEM AES user interface elements such as icons for closing, resizing and maximizing windows.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Code point 20 (14₁₆) is an unfilled paragraph sign, while code point 188 (BC₁₆) is a filled paragraph sign. This distinction does not exist in Unicode, so both are mapped to U+00B6 PILCROW SIGN here.
^ 230 (E6_hex) is both the micro sign (U+00B5, µ) and the Greek lowercase mu (U+03BC, μ).
^ 234 (EA_hex) is both the ohm sign (U+2126, Ω) and the Greek uppercase omega (U+03A9, Ω). (Unicode considers the ohm sign to be equivalent to uppercase omega, and suggests that the latter be used in both contexts.^[10])
^ 235 (EB_hex) is the Greek lowercase delta (U+03B4, δ), but it has also been used as a surrogate for the Icelandic lowercase eth (U+00F0, ð) and the partial derivative sign (U+2202, ∂).

References[edit]

^ Paul, Matthias R. (2001-06-10) [1995]. "Format description of DOS, OS/2, and Windows NT .CPI, and Linux .CP files" (CPI.LST file) (1.30 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
^ Elliott, John C. (2006-10-14). "CPI file format". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Elliott, John C. (2006-09-03). "Codepage-related software". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
^ Brouwer, Andries Evert (2001-02-10). "CPI fonts". 0.2. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
^ Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1 ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 601–602, 611. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5.
^ MS-DOS Programmer's Reference. Microsoft Press. 1991. ISBN 1-55615-329-5.
^ "WordPlus GEM character set". WinWorld. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
^ Lineback, Nathan. "GEM 3.11 Screen Shots". Nathan's Toasty Technology page. Archived from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
^ Elliott, John C. (2006-09-04). "Fonts for Intel GEM - System Fonts". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
^ The Unicode Consortium (2003-05-21). "Chapter 7: European Alphabetic Scripts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 4.0. Addison-Wesley (published August 2003). p. 176. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Retrieved 2016-06-09.

[fn1-8-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j 1–8 and 18-19 are used in GEM AES user interface elements such as icons for closing, resizing and maximizing windows.

[pilcrow-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b Code point 20 (14₁₆) is an unfilled paragraph sign, while code point 188 (BC₁₆) is a filled paragraph sign. This distinction does not exist in Unicode, so both are mapped to U+00B6 PILCROW SIGN here.

[12] 230 (E6_hex) is both the micro sign (U+00B5, µ) and the Greek lowercase mu (U+03BC, μ).

[14] 234 (EA_hex) is both the ohm sign (U+2126, Ω) and the Greek uppercase omega (U+03A9, Ω). (Unicode considers the ohm sign to be equivalent to uppercase omega, and suggests that the latter be used in both contexts.^[10])

[15] 235 (EB_hex) is the Greek lowercase delta (U+03B4, δ), but it has also been used as a surrogate for the Icelandic lowercase eth (U+00F0, ð) and the partial derivative sign (U+2202, ∂).

[Paul_2001_CPI-1] Paul, Matthias R. (2001-06-10) [1995]. "Format description of DOS, OS/2, and Windows NT .CPI, and Linux .CP files" (CPI.LST file) (1.30 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-08-20.

[Elliott_2006_CPI-2] Elliott, John C. (2006-10-14). "CPI file format". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22.

[Elliott_2006_CPPREP-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Elliott, John C. (2006-09-03). "Codepage-related software". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-09.

[AEB_2001_CPI-4] Brouwer, Andries Evert (2001-02-10). "CPI fonts". 0.2. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22.

[Haralambous_2007_CPI-5] Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1 ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 601–602, 611. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5.

[MS_1991_PR-6] MS-DOS Programmer's Reference. Microsoft Press. 1991. ISBN 1-55615-329-5.

[GEM_301_Desktop-7] "WordPlus GEM character set". WinWorld. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-01-23.

[Lineback_GEM311-8] Lineback, Nathan. "GEM 3.11 Screen Shots". Nathan's Toasty Technology page. Archived from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2016-08-01.

[Elliott_2006_SystemFonts-9] Elliott, John C. (2006-09-04). "Fonts for Intel GEM - System Fonts". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2016-09-22.

[Unicode_2003_40-13] The Unicode Consortium (2003-05-21). "Chapter 7: European Alphabetic Scripts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 4.0. Addison-Wesley (published August 2003). p. 176. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Retrieved 2016-06-09.

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v t e Character encodings
Early telecommunications	Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Korean Baudot and Murray Fieldata ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets Transcode
ISO/IEC 8859	Approved parts -1 (Western Europe) -2 (Central Europe) -3 (Maltese/Esperanto) -4 (North Europe) -5 (Cyrillic) -6 (Arabic) -7 (Greek) -8 (Hebrew) -9 (Turkish) -10 (Nordic) -11 (Thai) -13 (Baltic) -14 (Celtic) -15 (New Western Europe) -16 (Romanian) Abandoned parts -12 (Devanagari) Proposed but not approved KOI-8 Cyrillic Sámi Adaptations Welsh Barents Cyrillic Estonian Ukrainian Cyrillic
Bibliographic use	MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 5426-2 5427 5428 6438 6862
National standards	ArmSCII Big5 BraSCII CNS 11643 DIN 66003 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12345 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1564 LST 1590-4 PASCII Shift JIS SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
ISO/IEC 2022	ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC
Mac OS Code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic Central European Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Farsi (Persian) Font X (Kermit) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Keyboard Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100
DOS code pages	437 668 708 720 737 770 773 775 776 777 778 850 851 852 853 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 897 899 903 904 932 936 942 949 950 951 1034 1040 1042 1043 1044 1098 1115 1116 1117 1118 1127 3846 ABICOMP CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	895 896 912 915 921 922 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1046 1124 1133
Windows code pages	CER-GS 932 936 (GBK) 950 1169 Extended Latin-8 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1270 Cyrillic + Finnish Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek
EBCDIC code pages	Japanese language in EBCDIC DKOI
DEC terminals (VTx)	Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish SI 960 Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS)
Platform specific	1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Acorn RISC OS Amstrad CPC Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor 8001 Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International Galaksija GEM GSM 03.38 HP Roman HP FOCAL HP RPL SQUOZE LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PETSCII PostScript Standard PostScript Latin 1 SAM Coupé Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 DIN 91379 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU TACE16 Comparison of Unicode encodings
TeX typesetting system	Cork LY1 OML OMS OT1
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP ASMO 449 Digital encoding of APL symbols ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 Fieldata HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 KOI KOI8-R KOI8-RU KOI8-U Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS Symbol TRON Unified Hangul Code
Control character	Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 JIS X 0211 Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters
Related topics	CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware code page MICR code Mojibake Variable-length encoding
Character sets

Character set[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]