Homogeneity and heterogeneity
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only 'b' is homogeneous
Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image. A homogeneous feature is uniform in composition or character (i.e. color, shape, size, weight, height, distribution, texture, language, income, disease, temperature, radioactivity, architectural design, etc.); one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in at least one of these qualities.[1][2]
Etymology and spelling
[edit]The words homogeneous and heterogeneous come from Medieval Latin homogeneus and heterogeneus, from Ancient Greek ὁμογενής (homogenēs) and ἑτερογενής (heterogenēs), from ὁμός (homos, "same") and ἕτερος (heteros, "other, another, different") respectively, followed by γένος (genos, "kind"); -ous is an adjectival suffix.[3]
Alternate spellings omitting the last -e- (and the associated pronunciations) are common, but mistaken:[4] homogenous is strictly a biological/pathological term which has largely been replaced by homologous. But use of homogenous to mean homogeneous has seen a rise since 2000 sufficient enough for it to now be considered an "established variant".[5] Similarly, heterogenous is a spelling traditionally reserved to biology and pathology, referring to the property of an object in the body having its origin outside the body.[6]
Scaling
[edit]The concepts are the same to every level of complexity. From atoms to galaxies, plants, animals, humans, and other living organisms all share both a common or unique set of complexities. Hence, an element may be homogeneous on a larger scale, compared to being heterogeneous on a smaller scale. This is known as an effective medium approximation.[7][8]
Examples
[edit]Various disciplines understand heterogeneity, or being heterogeneous, in different ways.[2]
Biology
[edit]Environmental heterogeneity
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2024) |
Environmental heterogeneity (EH) is a hypernym for different environmental factors that contribute to the diversity of species, like climate, topography, and land cover.[9] Biodiversity is correlated with geodiversity on a global scale. Heterogeneity in geodiversity features and environmental variables are indicators of environmental heterogeneity. They drive biodiversity at local and regional scales.
Scientific literature in ecology contains a big number of different terms for environmental heterogeneity, often undefined or conflicting in their meaning.[10] Habitat diversity and habitat heterogeneity are a synonyms of environmental heterogeneity.[10]
Chemistry
[edit]Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
[edit]In chemistry, a heterogeneous mixture consists of either or both of 1) multiple states of matter or 2) hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances in one mixture; an example of the latter would be a mixture of water, octane, and silicone grease. Heterogeneous solids, liquids, and gases may be made homogeneous by melting, stirring, or by allowing time to pass for diffusion to distribute the molecules evenly. For example, adding dye to water will create a heterogeneous solution at first, but will become homogeneous over time. Entropy allows for heterogeneous substances to become homogeneous over time.[11]
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more compounds. Examples are: mixtures of sand and water or sand and iron filings, a conglomerate rock, water and oil, a salad, trail mix, and concrete (not cement).[12] A mixture can be determined to be homogeneous when everything is settled and equal, and the liquid, gas, the object is one color or the same form. Various models have been proposed to model the concentrations in different phases. The phenomena to be considered are mass rates and reaction.[citation needed]
Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
[edit]Homogeneous reactions are chemical reactions in which the reactants and products are in the same phase, while heterogeneous reactions have reactants in two or more phases. Reactions that take place on the surface of a catalyst of a different phase are also heterogeneous. A reaction between two gases or two miscible liquids is homogeneous. A reaction between a gas and a liquid, a gas and a solid or a liquid and a solid is heterogeneous. [citation needed]
Geology
[edit]Earth is a heterogeneous substance in many aspects; for instance, rocks (geology) are inherently heterogeneous, usually occurring at the micro-scale and mini-scale.[7]
Linguistics
[edit]In formal semantics, homogeneity is the phenomenon in which plural expressions imply "all" when asserted but "none" when negated. For example, the English sentence "Robin read the books" means that Robin read all the books, while "Robin didn't read the books" means that she read none of them. Neither sentence can be asserted if Robin read exactly half of the books. This is a puzzle because the negative sentence does not appear to be the classical negation of the sentence. A variety of explanations have been proposed including that natural language operates on a trivalent logic.[13]
Information technology
[edit]With information technology, heterogeneous computing occurs in a network comprising different types of computers, potentially with vastly differing memory sizes, processing power and even basic underlying architecture. [citation needed]
Mathematics and statistics
[edit]In algebra, homogeneous polynomials have the same number of factors of a given kind.
In the study of binary relations, a homogeneous relation R is on a single set (R ⊆ X × X) while a heterogeneous relation concerns possibly distinct sets (R ⊆ X × Y, X = Y or X ≠ Y).[14]
In statistical meta-analysis, study heterogeneity is when multiple studies on an effect are measuring somewhat different effects due to differences in subject population, intervention, choice of analysis, experimental design, etc.; this can cause problems in attempts to summarize the meaning of the studies.
Medicine
[edit]In medicine and genetics, a genetic or allelic heterogeneous condition is one where the same disease or condition can be caused, or contributed to, by several factors, or in genetic terms, by varying or different genes or alleles.
In cancer research, cancer cell heterogeneity is thought to be one of the underlying reasons that make treatment of cancer difficult.[15]
Physics
[edit]In physics, "heterogeneous" is understood to mean "having physical properties that vary within the medium".
Sociology
[edit]In sociology, "heterogeneous" may refer to a society or group that includes individuals of differing ethnicities, cultural backgrounds, sexes, or ages. Diverse is the more common synonym in the context.[16]
See also
[edit]- Complete spatial randomness
- Heterologous
- Epidemiology
- Spatial analysis
- Statistical hypothesis testing
- Homogeneity blockmodeling
References
[edit]- ^ "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828)". Heterogeneity. The ARTFL Project, University of Chicago. September 2010. Archived from the original (Part of this paragraph is public domain material copyright 1828 and 1913) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ a b "Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828)". Heterogeneous. The ARTFL Project, University of Chicago. September 2010. Archived from the original (Part of this paragraph is public domain material copyright 1828 and 1913) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ Heterogeneous: Definition in the Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Cambridge Dictionary: homogeneous
- ^ Homogeneous: Definition in the Oxford England Dictionary
- ^ Heterogeneous vs. heterogenous - Grammarist)
- ^ a b Guéguen, Yves; Palciauskas, Victor (May 1994). Introduction to the physics of rocks. Princeton University Press. pp. 53–72 (Chapter 3). ISBN 978-0-691-03452-2.Google Books preview download available
- ^ Shadrivov, Ilya V.; Kozyrev, AB; Van Der Weide, DW; Kivshar, YS (2008-11-24). "Nonlinear magnetic metamaterials" (Introduction section. Free PDF download). Optics Express. 16 (25): 20266–71. Bibcode:2008OExpr..1620266S. doi:10.1364/OE.16.020266. hdl:10440/410. PMID 19065165. Retrieved 2009-11-26.[dead link]
- ^ Wan, Ji-Zhong; Wang, Chun-Jing; Marquet, Pablo A (December 2023). "Environmental heterogeneity as a driver of terrestrial biodiversity on a global scale". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. 47 (6): 912–930. doi:10.1177/03091333231189045. ISSN 0309-1333. S2CID 260849226.
- ^ a b Stein, Anke; Kreft, Holger (August 2015). "Terminology and quantification of environmental heterogeneity in species-richness research". Biological Reviews. 90 (3): 815–836. doi:10.1111/brv.12135. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 25099766. S2CID 593580.
- ^ "Lessons". cecs.wright.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ Gamow, George (April 1967). "Chapter VI, "Descending Staircase"". One Two Three... Infinity (Mass market paperback) (Bantam Science and Mathematics, 5th printing ed.). Bantam. p. 117.
[Clam chowder] represents a nice example of what is known as a heterogeneous material.
- ^ Križ, Manuel (2019). "Homogeneity effects in natural language semantics". Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (11). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12350. PMC 7363159.
- ^ Schmidt, Gunther; Ströhlein, Thomas (2012). Relations and Graphs: Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-77968-8.
- ^ Bhatia, Sangeeta; John V Frangioni; Robert M Hoffman; A John Iafrate; Kornelia Polyak (10 July 2012). "The challenges posed by cancer heterogeneity". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (7): 604–610. doi:10.1038/nbt.2294. PMID 22781679. S2CID 15083285.
- ^ Dictionary of Sociology. Routledge; 12 November 2012. ISBN 978-1-136-59845-6.
External links
[edit]
- The following cited pages in this book cover the meaning of "homogeneity" across disciplines: Morris, Christopher G. (1992). Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 1039, 1040. ISBN 0-12-200400-0.
Homogeneity in physics.