Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[citation needed]
Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille[edit]
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille.[1]
Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembourgish Braille.
Upper-case letters[edit]
GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.
Symbol |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M
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Braille
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Symbol |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z
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Braille
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Compare Luxembourgish Braille.
Greek letters[edit]
Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:
Symbol |
α |
β |
γ |
δ |
ε |
ζ |
η |
θ |
ι |
κ |
λ |
μ
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Braille
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Symbol |
ν |
ξ |
ο |
π |
ρ |
σ |
τ |
υ |
φ |
χ |
ψ |
ω
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Braille
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Symbol |
Γ |
Δ |
Θ |
Λ |
Ξ |
Π |
Σ |
Υ |
Φ |
Ψ |
Ω
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Braille
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Characters differing from English Braille[edit]
Symbol |
Parentheses |
Brackets |
single quote |
|
open |
close |
open |
close |
open |
close |
?
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Braille
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ASCII symbols and mathematical operators[edit]
Symbol |
" |
$ |
& |
@ |
\ |
^ |
_ |
` |
{ |
} |
~
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Braille
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Symbol |
# |
% |
* |
+ |
/ |
< |
= |
> |
× |
· |
÷
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Braille
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Text symbols[edit]
Math and science symbols[edit]
Symbol |
~ |
≈ |
≡ |
∝ |
|x| (abs. value) |
∞ |
∫ |
line ∫ |
closed ∫
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Braille
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Symbol |
〈 |
〉 |
∇ |
∂ |
... |
→ |
← |
○ |
ℵ |
∈ |
⇌
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Braille
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Symbol |
Superscript |
Subscript |
Left-superscript |
Left-subscript |
Begin fraction |
Denominator |
End fraction |
Over *
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Braille
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* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.
Symbol
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√
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complex radicand *
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displayed equation **
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math expressions **
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hyperlink **
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Open
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Close
|
Open
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Close
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Open
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Close
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Open
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Close
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Braille
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* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.
** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.
Symbol |
Array |
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Begin |
End |
End element |
End line |
vert. stack |
horiz. combo |
superposition
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Braille
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Symbol |
Misc. Symbol * |
|
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Modifiers
|
Begin |
End |
Quantity |
Markup indicator |
Inverted |
Stroke/Not |
Variant |
Large
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Braille
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Typeface indicators[edit]
Symbol |
Script |
Bold |
Italic |
Underline |
Definable font 1 |
Fractur |
Roman |
Underline
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Braille
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Shape symbols[edit]
Set theory[edit]
References[edit]