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Paper recycling

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Waste paper collected for recycling in Italy
Bin to collect paper for recycling in a German train station

The recycling of paper is the process by which waste paper is turned into new paper products. It has a number of important benefits: It saves waste paper from occupying homes of people and producing methane as it breaks down. Because paper fibre contains carbon (originally absorbed by the tree from which it was produced), recycling keeps the carbon locked up for longer and out of the atmosphere. Around two-thirds of all paper products in the US are now recovered and recycled, although it does not all become new paper. After repeated processing the fibres become too short for the production of new paper, which is why virgin fibre (from sustainably farmed trees) is frequently added to the pulp recipe.[1]

There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[2] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is a material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, and newspapers.[2] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce moulded pulp packaging. The industrial process of removing printing ink from paper fibres of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.[3]

Process

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The process of waste paper recycling most often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the mixture. It is then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed), bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.[4]

The share of ink in a wastepaper stock is up to about 2% of the total weight.[5]

In the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.[6]

Rationale for recycling

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Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).[7]

Today[when?], 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9–16% of pulp is made from pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally burnt)[citation needed]. Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees.[8] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood.[9] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made from how many trees.[10] In addition, trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.[8] Most pulp mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.[citation needed] The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[11]

Energy

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Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,[12] although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,[13] while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.[14] Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp). This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months.[15] Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp via the kraft process; these mills generate most of their energy from burning waste wood (bark, roots, sawmill waste) and byproduct lignin (black liquor).[16] Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules per tonne of pulp (2500 kW·h per short ton).[17]

Landfill use

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About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) in the United States by weight is paper and paper products. 42.4% of that is recycled.[18]

Water and air pollution

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.[19] Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper provides an alternative fibre for papermaking. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.[20]

Greenhouse gas emissions

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Studies on paper and cardboard production estimate the emissions of recycling paper to be 0.2 to 1.5 kg CO₂-equivalent/kg material.[21][22][23] This is about 70% of the CO₂ emissions connected with production of virgin material.[24]

Recycling statistics

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Recycling rate for paper and board
Region 2021[25]
Europe 72.8%
Asia 56.8%
North America 66%
Latin America 46.2%
Africa 37.7%
Total World 59.9%

By region

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European Union

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Cardboard salvaging in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1975.

Paper recycling in Europe has a long history. The industry self-initiative European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) was set up in 2000 to monitor progress towards meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments in the Declaration have been renewed every five years. In 2011, the ERPC committed itself to meeting and maintaining both a voluntary recycling rate target of 70% in the then E-27, plus Switzerland and Norway by 2015, as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign and research and development. In 2014, the paper recycling rate in Europe was 71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.[26]

United States

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Paper recycling in Atlanta, Georgia

Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 1690, nearly a century before the American Revolution, the first paper mill to use recycled linen rags was established by the Rittenhouse family.[27] In 1993, 300 years later, another milestone was reached when, for the first time, more paper was recycled than was landfilled.[28]

By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.[29]

In 2008, the Great Recession caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[30]

In 2018, paper and paperboard accounted for 67.39 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the U.S.,[31] down from more than 87.74 million tons in 2000.[32] As of 2018, paper products are still the largest component of MSW generated in the United States, making up 23% by weight.[32] While paper is the most commonly recycled material (68.2 percent of paper waste was recovered in 2018, up from 33.5 percent in 1990)[31][33] it is being used less overall than at the turn of the century.[34] As of 2018, paper accounted for a third of all recyclables collected in the US, by weight.[32] The widespread adoption of the internet and email has led to a change in the composition of the waste paper stream, with junk mail becoming a larger part of the materials collected, as reading of newspapers and writing of personal letters declines.[34]

India

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Paper bag maker and seller in Varanasi, 2005

After China put restrictions on waste imports in January 2018, much paper was being shipped to India. However, India's domestic recycling only produces 30% of the total paper demand.[35]

Mexico

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In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, was the principal feedstock in paper mills accounting for about 90% of raw materials in 2020.[36]

South Africa

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In 2018, South Africa recovered 1.285 million tonnes of recyclable paper products, putting the country's paper recovery rate at 71.7%. More than 90% of this recovered paper is used for the local beneficiation of new paper packaging and tissue.[37]

Limitations and effects

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Along with fibres, paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents, including up to 10,000 different chemicals, which can potentially contaminate the newly manufactured paper products.[38] As an example, bisphenol A (a chemical commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in a variety of paper products resulting from paper recycling.[39] Groups of chemicals as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic metals have all been identified in paper material.[40] Although several measures might reduce the chemical load in paper recycling (e.g., improved decontamination, optimized collection of paper for recycling), even completely terminating the use of a particular chemical (phase-out) might still result in its circulation in the paper cycle for decades.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources". Small Business. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper". Recycling Point Dot Com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  3. ^ Müller, Lothar (2014). White Magic: The Age of Paper. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-7253-3.
  4. ^ "How is Paper Recycled" (PDF). TAPPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  5. ^ R. McKinney: Technology of Paper Recycling, 1995, p. 351. ISBN 9780751400175
  6. ^ Howsam, Leslie (1991). Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521522129.
  7. ^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62
  8. ^ a b Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  9. ^ "Environmental Paper Network" (PDF). Green Press Initiative. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  10. ^ Marcot, Bruce G. (1992). "How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?". The Ecology Plexus. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  11. ^ "Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!". Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  12. ^ "Case history: The truth about recycling". The Economist. 9 June 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  13. ^ "SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass". Energy Information Administration. September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  14. ^ "Information about Recycling". Bureau of International Recycling. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  15. ^ "Recycle – Save Energy". South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  16. ^ Jeffries, Tom (27 March 1997). "Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production". University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. Archived from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  17. ^ Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.
  18. ^ "Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures" (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. 200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  19. ^ "Recyc2007". Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  20. ^ MacFadden, Todd; Michael P. Vogel (June 1996). "Facts About Paper". Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  21. ^ "Life cycle inventory data sets for material production of aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel in North America" (PDF). February 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Klimaregnskap for avfallshåndtering" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  23. ^ "Resource savings and CO₂ reduction potentials in waste management in Europe and the possible contribution to the CO₂ reduction target in 2020". 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  24. ^ Hillman, Karl; Damgaard, Anders; Eriksson, Ola; Jonsson, Daniel; Fluck, Lena (2015). Climate Benefits of Material Recycling. doi:10.6027/TN2015-547. ISBN 9789289342179. S2CID 128434790. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Monitoring Report 2022 European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2021-2030" (PDF). cepi.org. p. 3. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  26. ^ Final Monitoring Report 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20160310193259/http://www.paperrecovery.org/uploads/Modules/Publications/Final_MonitoringReport2014.pdf
  27. ^ "Papermaking Moves to the United States". Robert C. Williams Paper Museum, Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  28. ^ "Recycling in the Paper Industry". Robert C. Williams Paper Museum, Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  29. ^ "Municipal Solid Waste – Recycling". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2006.
  30. ^ Page, Candace, Waste district raises recycling fees, Burlington Free Press, 12 November 2008
  31. ^ a b Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (PDF), United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2020, p. 4, retrieved 25 August 2023
  32. ^ a b c "National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling". EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  33. ^ "2006 Recovered Paper Annual Statistics". Paper Industry Association Council. Archived from the original on 7 April 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
  34. ^ a b How textbooks become toilet paper: A Birmingham recycling center moves beyond newsprint and cans, AL.com, Jon Reed, 1 December 2014
  35. ^ "Why India is a world leader in waste paper". 12 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  36. ^ "In Mexico, 90% of raw material comes from recycled paper and cardboard". 3 December 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  37. ^ "RecyclePaperZA | Paper recycled. Paper renewed".
  38. ^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Eriksson, Eva; Astrup, Thomas F. (2015). "Waste paper for recycling: Overview and identification of potentially critical substances" (PDF). Waste Management. 45: 134–142. Bibcode:2015WaMan..45..134P. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.028. PMID 25771763. S2CID 205676176.
  39. ^ Pivnenko, K.; Pedersen, G. A.; Eriksson, E.; Astrup, T. F. (1 October 2015). "Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper" (PDF). Waste Management. 44: 39–47. Bibcode:2015WaMan..44...39P. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.017. PMID 26194879. S2CID 217938141.
  40. ^ Pivnenko, K.; Olsson, M. E.; Götze, R.; Eriksson, E.; Astrup, T. F. (2016). "Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste" (PDF). Waste Management. 51: 43–54. Bibcode:2016WaMan..51...43P. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.008. PMID 26969284. S2CID 22484869.
  41. ^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Laner, David; Astrup, Thomas F. (15 November 2016). "Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling". Environmental Science & Technology. 50 (22): 12302–12311. Bibcode:2016EnST...5012302P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01791. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27572286.

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