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The Media in Gujarati language started with publication of Bombay Samachar in 1822. Initially the newspapers published business news and they were owned by Parsi people based in Bombay. Later Gujarati newspapers started published from other parts of Gujarat. Several periodicals devoted to social reforms were published in the second half of the 19th century. After arrival of Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian independence movement peaked and it resulted in proliferation of Gujarati media. Following independence, the media was chiefly focused on political news. After bifurcation of Bombay state, the area of service changed. Later there was an increase in readership due to growth of literacy and the media houses expanded its readership by publishing more editions. Later these media houses ventured into digital media also. The radio and television media expanded after 1990.

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History

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A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabestan-e Mazaheb' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (25 December 1815)
Daandiyo, dated 1 September 1864 (first issue)

1822—1915

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The printing was introduced in Gujarati in 1812. The first printed book published was the Gujarati translation of Dabestan-e Mazaheb prepared and printed by Parsi priest Fardunjee Marzban in 1815. Early newspapers in Gujarati are published from Bombay and they covered commercial and business news chiefly. They were mainly published by Parsi community and served area of Bombay (now Mumbai). On 1 July 1822, the first Gujarati newspaper Bombayna Samachar was started by Fardunjee Marzban as a weekly business journal with 150 subscribers. In 1832, it was renamed Bombay Samachar and converted into biweekly. Later it became daily in 1855. In 1933, its present publisher Cama family brought it. Another Parsi, Naoroji Dorabji Chandaru started Mumbai Vartman in 1830. A year later was renamed Mumbaina Halkaru Ane Vartaman and converted into biweekly which published until 1843. Pestonji Manekji started a weekly Jam-e-Jamshed in 1831 which later converted in daily 1853. Several other newspapers published between 1832 and 1856: Doorbeen, Samachar Darpan, Mombaina Kasud, Chitranjan Darpan and Chabuk.[1][2][3] The first women's magazine in Gujarati, Stribodh was established in 1857 by Parsi social activists.[4]

Buddhiprakash, Gujarati periodical, 1850
Vartaman, Gujarati newspaper, 1849

The Gujarat Vernacular Society of Ahmedabad, founded by British Magistrate Alexander Kinloch Forbes, started Vartaman in 1849. The society also published Budhvar weekly and Buddhiprakash magazine. Due to efforts of Forbes, Surat Samachar, a biweekly, was introduced in Surat in 1850 which run for short period. Dinshaw Ardeshir Talyarkhan started Gujarat Darpan in 1863 as a biweekly. It was merged with Gujaratmitra in 1894 and was renamed Gujaratmitra Gujarat Darpan.[1][3]

Several journal during those times were dedicated to social reform. Parhejhgar of Surat was devoted to prohibition. Lallubhai Raichand launched Shamasher Bahadur in Ahmedabad in 1854. Social reformer Dadabhai Navroji introduced Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller) to clarify Zoroastrian concepts in 1854 which published until 1921. Narmad launched Dandiyo in 1864 which was inspired by The Spectator. It run until 1869 and merged with Sunday Review in 1870. Karsandas Mulji started Satyaprakash in 1855 in Bombay.[1][3][4][5][6]

The first daily published in Gujarat was Hitechchhu. It was launched a biweekly in 1861 and later became daily in 1873. Prajabandhu was introduced in 1895. A weekly from Kheda, Kheda Vartman was started in 1861 and completed its centenary. An evening newspaper Sanj Varman of Bombay was introduced in 1902 which published until 1950.[1] Doot, a Gujarati Catholic monthly, was launched from Bombay.

1915—1960

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Navjivan dated 8 August 1920 covering death of Lokmanya Tilak

Gujarati journalism was greatly influenced by the Indian independence movement between 1915 and 1947. Mahatma Gandhi who led the independence movement, introduced Navjivan in 1919. It was renamed Harijan Bandhu in 1932 and published until 1940. It was revived and published again from 1946 to 1948.[7][8] Saurashtra weekly was started in 1921 which was renamed later as Phulchhab.[1][9] Hajimahamad Allarakha published artistic periodical Visami Sadi from 1916 to 1920.[10][11]

Cover of 1916 issue of Visami Sadi. Cover Art by M. V. Dhurandhar. Edited by Hajimahamad Allarakha.
Page of Navjivan dated 6 December 1931

Sandesh was founded by Nandlal Bodiwala in 1923 following Non-cooperation movement. Gujarat Samachar was started in 1932 following Dandi March and civil disobedience movement. Amritlal Seth founded Saurashtra Trust in 1931 and launched Janmabhoomi on 9 June 1934 in Bombay. It was edited by Samaldas Gandhi. After sometime, Samaldas Gandhi left Janmabhoomi and launched Vande Mataram. Following business war between two newspapers, Amritlal Seth founded the Indian Languages Newspapers Association. He also founded a cooperative society to finance other newspapers. It expanded its reach by publishing and acquiring several magazines and newspapers. It owns Vyapar (1948), the first business magazine in an Indian language founded in 1948, Phulchhab (1921) publishing from Rajkot and Kutchmitra (1955) publishing from Bhuj. It also own a weekly, Pravasi and a literary journal Kavita. Jai Hind was founded by Babulal Shah in 1948 which is headquartered at Rajkot. Loksatta—Jansatta was founded in 1953. [1][9] The Prabhat was founded in 1934 by Kakalbhai Kothari after leaving Phulchhab. He was the driving force of Phulchaab around the years 1932 and later edited the weekly 'Navsaurashtra', a part of the Prabhat Group of Newspapers [12]

1960—2000

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Following Mahagujarat Movement in 1960, Bombay state was divided into Gujarat, with Ahmedabad as its capital, and Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital. The newspapers published from both capital cities changed their area of coverage accordingly. Akila Daily started in 1978 from Rajkot. Gujarat Samachar and Sandesh expanded its number of editions in 1980s. Sandesh was headed by Chimanbhai Patel from 1958 who introduced weekly supplements in Gujarat. Pradyumna Mehta published monthly Hindustan Patrika in Chicago from 1977 to 1981 for Gujarati diaspora. Other monthlies abroad were Gujarat Vartaman and Bharat Sandesh both based in Chicago and stopped in 1980s. Gujarati Samachar based in New York City was published also. Bhupat Vadodaria established Sambhaav media group in 1986 which publishes evening tabloid Sambhaav Metro in Ahmedabad. It also publishes Abhiyaan, a socio-political weekly.[1][9][13][14][15][16]

2000 onwards

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Sambhaav was the first media group to enter in online media in Gujarat. Divya Bhaskar was introduced in 2003 by Dainik Bhaskar Group which led to another business war in Gujarati print media. It quickly expanded across Gujarat and took over Saurashtra Samachar based in Bhavnagar in 2004.[17] Divya Bhaskar publishes an edition for Gujarati diaspora in North America.[1] The Times Group which publishes The Times of India, launched Gujarati edition of The Economic Times in February 2007 in Ahmedabad[18] and its Gujarati daily NavGujarat Samay in January 2014.[19]

Digital media

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Gujarat was the first state in India where the rural high frequency television transmitter was established. In 1975, it was established at Pij, Kheda district. The state owned Doordarshan was the first to enter in television and it operates DD Girnar. Other privately operated TV channels are Colors Gujarati, P7 News, Dainik Gujarat, Gujarat First News, TV 9 Gujarati, Bizz News, VTV Gujarati, Sandesh News, GSTV News, ABP Asmita,[1][17] PTN News, Live Gujarati News.

Radio

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The first radio station in Gujarat was founded by Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State in 1939. Later it was merged with All India Radio in 1948 after independence of India. In 2011, there were 10 radio stations in Gujarat run by All India Radio including Vividhbharti. There were several other radio channels owned by private media groups in Gujarat including Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM, My FM, Radio One, Big FM and Top FM. There are four campus radio stations in Gujarat, Micavaani by MCA, GURU by Gujarat University, Vallabh Vidyanagar Campus radio and a campus radio by Sardar Patel University, Anand. SEWA operates the community radio, Rudi no Radio in Sanand near Ahmedabad.[1]

Statistics

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In 1984, there were 735 publications in Gujarati including 43 dailies. It grew to 3005 publications in 2007—2008 as per Registrar of Newspapers for India including 220 dailies and 1410 weeklies.[1] They further grew to 4836 registered publications in 2014-2015 which include 539 dailies, 19 bi/triweeklies, 2189 weeklies, 548 fortnightly, 1324 monthlies, 105 quarterlies, 17 annuals and 95 others as per Registrar of Newspapers for India.[20] According to the Indian Readership Survey 2013, the top three Gujarati dailies were Gujarat Samachar (4339000 readers), Divya Bhaskar (3770000), Sandesh (3724000).[1]

As per 2011, there were more than 4 million television connections in Gujarat.[1]

Further reading

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  • Kachot, Dr. Sanjay (2014). 19 Mi Sadinu Gujarati Patrakaratvana Pravaho ane Prabhav [Trends and Impact of Gujarati Journalism of 19th Century] (in Gujarati). RED'SHINE Publication. Inc. ISBN 978-93-84190-11-8.
  • Kachot, Dr. Sanjay (2014). Gujarati Patrakaratvanu Sahityik ane Samajik Pradan [Literary and Social Contribution of Gujarati Journalism] (in Gujarati). RED'SHINE Publication. Inc. ISBN 978-93-84190-12-5.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chatterjee, Mrinal (January 2013). "History of Gujarati journalism". Press Institute of India. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  2. ^ Rita Kothari (8 April 2014). Translating India. Routledge. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-1-317-64216-9. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1875. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
  4. ^ a b Achyut Yagnik; Suchitra Seth (24 August 2005). Shaping Of Modern Gujarat. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-81-8475-185-7.
  5. ^ Anjali H. Desai (2007). India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-9789517-0-2.
  6. ^ Sisir Kumar Das (1991). History of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 534–. ISBN 978-81-7201-006-5.
  7. ^ "Gandhi's journals: How the Mahatma shaped a nation's ideas through Young India, Navjivan and Harijan". Firstpost. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  8. ^ "As Mahatma Gandhi turns 150, his news magazines Navjivan and Young India turn 100". The Print. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Taylor & Francis Group (2004). Europa World Year. Taylor & Francis. p. 2093. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.
  10. ^ Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra (2007). Gujarat. Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust. p. 457.
  11. ^ Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri (1978). History of Gujarati Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 153.
  12. ^ https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15533
  13. ^ Padma Rangaswamy (21 December 2007). Namaste America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis. Penn State Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-271-04349-4.
  14. ^ "Eminent Gujarati writer Bhupat Vadodaria passes away at 82". DNA. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  15. ^ P.C.I. Review. 1986. p. 23.
  16. ^ Pravin N. Sheth; Ramesh Menon (1986). Caste and Communal Timebomb. Golwala Publications. pp. 81–82.
  17. ^ a b Shah (2009). Advertising N Promotion. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 722–723. ISBN 978-0-07-008031-7.
  18. ^ Mukherji, Abhijeet (8 February 2008). "After ET Gujarati, BCCL all set to launch Hindi edition of Economic Times". Exchange4Media. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014.
  19. ^ "Times Group launches NavGujarat Samay". The Times of India. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  20. ^ "II: Analysis Of Registered Publications". Press in India 2014-15. Registrar of Newspapers for India. 2015. p. 25.
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