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Luminous infrared galaxy

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Luminous infrared galaxies or LIRGs are galaxies with luminosities, the measurement of brightness, above 1011 L☉. They are also referred to as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) through their normal method of detection. LIRGs are more abundant than starburst galaxies, Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable luminosity.[citation needed] Infrared galaxies emit more energy in the infrared than at all other wavelengths combined.[1] A LIRG's luminosity is 100 billion times that of the Sun.

Galaxies with luminosities above 1012 L☉ are ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Galaxies exceeding 1013 L☉ are characterised as hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs). Those exceeding 1014 L☉ are extremely luminous infrared galaxies (ELIRGs). Many of the LIRGs and ULIRGs are showing interactions and disruptions. Many of these types of galaxies spawn about 100 new stars a year as compared to the Milky Way which spawns one a year; this helps create the high level of luminosity.

Discovery and characteristics

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Infrared galaxies appear to be single, gas-rich spirals whose infrared luminosity is created largely by the formation of stars within them.[2] These types of galaxies were discovered in 1983 with IRAS.[3] A LIRG's excess infrared luminosity may also come from the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) residing at the center.[4][5]

These galaxies emit more energy in the infrared portion of the spectrum, not visible to the naked eye. The energy given off by LIRGs is comparable to that of a quasar (a type of AGN), which formerly was known as the most energetic object in the universe.[6]

LIRGs are brighter in the infrared than in the optical spectrum because the visible light is absorbed by the high amounts of gas and dust, and the dust re-emits thermal energy in the infrared spectrum.

LIRGs are known to exist in denser parts of the universe than non-LIRGs.

ULIRG

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IRAS 14348-1447 is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, located over a billion light-years away.[7]

LIRGs are also capable of becoming Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxys (ULIRGs) but there is no perfect timetable because not all LIRGs turn into ULIRGs, Newtonian mechanics is used in the calculations and because the constraints are not quite approximate. Studies have shown that ULIRGs are more likely to contain an AGN than LIRGs[8]

According to one study a ULIRG is just part of an evolutionary galaxy merger scenario. In essence, two or more spiral galaxies, galaxies that consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge, merge to form an early stage merger. An early stage merger in this case can also be identified as a LIRG. After that, it becomes a late stage merger, which is a ULIRG. It then becomes a quasar and in the final stage of the evolution it becomes an elliptical galaxy.[6] This can be evidenced by the fact that stars are much older in elliptical galaxies than those found in the earlier stages of the evolution.

HyLIRG

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Hyper luminous Infrared Galaxies (HyLIRG), also referred to as HiLIRGs and HLIRGs, are considered to be some of the most luminous persistent objects in the Universe, exhibiting extremely high star formation rates, and most of which are known to harbour Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). They are defined as galaxies with luminosities above 1013 L⊙,[9] as distinct from the less luminous population of ULIRGs (L = 1012 – 1013 L⊙). HLIRGs were first identified through follow-up observations of the IRAS mission.[10][11]

IRAS F10214+4724, a HyLIRG being gravitationally lensed by a foreground elliptical galaxy,[12] was considered to be one of the most luminous objects in the Universe having an intrinsic luminosity of ~ 2 × 1013 L⊙.[13] It is believed that the bolometric luminosity of this HLIRG is likely amplified by a factor of ~30 as a result of the gravitational lensing.

The majority (~80%) of the mid-infrared spectrum of these objects is found to be dominated by AGN emission. However, the starburst (SB) activity is known to be significant in all known sources with a mean SB contribution of ~30%.[14] Star formation rates in HLIRGs have been shown to reach ~ 3×102 – 3×103 M⊙ yr−1.[15]

ELIRG

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The Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy WISE J224607.57-052635.0, with a luminosity of 300 trillion suns was discovered by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as of May 2015 is the most luminous galaxy found. The galaxy belongs to a new class of objects discovered by WISE, extremely luminous infrared galaxies, or ELIRGs.

Light from the WISE J224607.57-052635.0 galaxy has traveled 12.5 billion years. The black hole at its center was billions of times the mass of the Sun when the universe was a tenth (1.3 billion years) of its present age of 13.8 billion years.

There are three reasons the black holes in the ELIRGs could be massive. First, the embryonic black holes might be bigger than thought possible. Second, the Eddington limit was exceeded. When a black hole feeds, gas falls in and heats, emitting light. The pressure of the emitted light forces the gas outward, creating a limit to how fast the black hole can continuously absorb matter. If a black hole broke this limit, it could theoretically increase in size at a fast rate. Black holes have previously been observed breaking this limit; the black hole in the study would have had to repeatedly break the limit to grow this large. Third, the black holes might just be bending this limit, absorbing gas faster than thought possible, if the black hole is not spinning fast. If a black hole spins slowly, it will not repel its gas absorption as much. A slow-spinning black hole can absorb more matter than a fast-spinning black hole. The massive black holes in ELIRGs could be absorbing matter for a longer time.

Twenty new ELIRGs, including the most luminous galaxy found to date, have been discovered. These galaxies were not found earlier because of their distance, and because dust converts their visible light into infrared light.[16][17] One has been observed to have three star-forming areas.[18]

Observations

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IRAS

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The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was the first all-sky survey which used far-infrared wavelengths, in 1983. In that survey, tens of thousands of galaxies were detected, many of which would not have been recorded in previous surveys. It is now clear that the reason the number of detections has risen is that the majority of LIRGs in the universe emitted the bulk of their energy in the far infrared. Using the IRAS, scientists were able to determine the luminosity of the galactic objects discovered. The telescope was a joint project of the United States (NASA), Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC). Over 250,000 infrared sources were observed during this 10-month mission.

GOALS

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The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) is a multi-wavelength study of luminous infrared galaxies,[19] incorporating observations with NASA's Great Observatories and other ground and space-based telescopes. Using information from NASA's Spitzer, Hubble, Chandra and Galex observations in a study over 200 of the most luminous infrared selected galaxies in the local universe.[20] Approximately 180 LIRGs were identified along with over 20 ULIRGs. The LIRGs and ULIRGs targeted in GOALS span the full range of nuclear spectral types (type-1 and type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei, LINERS's, and starbursts) and interaction stages (major mergers, minor mergers, and isolated galaxies).

List

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Some examples of extremely notable LIRGs, ULIRGs, HLIRGs, ELIRGs

Galaxy Type Luminosity Constellation RA DEC Notes
WISE J224607.57-052635.0 ELIRG Aquarius 22h 46m 07.57s −05° 26′ 35.0″ Discovered in 2015, the most luminous galaxy known, as of 2015 [21]
Arp 220 ULIRG Serpens the closest ULIRG, it is in the process of merging two galaxies.
Markarian 231 ULIRG Ursa Major galaxy that underwent a merger and contains a quasar
Markarian 273 ULIRG Ursa Major a well studied nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxy merger.
FSC15307+3253 ULIRG Corona Borealis
Arp 299 LIRG Ursa Major an object where a pair of galaxies are merging
II Zw 96 LIRG Delphinus an object where a pair of galaxies are merging
Messier 77 LIRG Cetus Seyfert galaxy
NGC 1275 LIRG Perseus radio galaxy, central galaxy of Perseus Cluster
NGC 1365 LIRG Fornax barred spiral galaxy
NGC 1614 LIRG Eridanus galaxy undergoing minor merger
NGC 2146 LIRG Camelopardalis galaxy undergoing minor merger
NGC 2623 LIRG Cancer galaxy merger
NGC 3256 LIRG Vela most luminous galaxy in infrared within z<0,01
NGC 6090 LIRG Draco galaxy merger
NGC 6240 LIRG Ophiuchus a well studied nearby infrared galaxy
NGC 7469 LIRG Pegasus active galaxy with starburst nuclear ring
NGC 7674 LIRG Pegasus
UGC 5101 LIRG Ursa Major galaxy merger
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References

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  1. ^ Sanders, D. B.; Mirabel, I. F. (1996) [September 1996]. "Luminous Infrared Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 34 (1): 749–792. Bibcode:1996ARA&A..34..749S. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749. ISSN 0066-4146.
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  16. ^ Karen Northon (21 May 2015). "NASA's WISE Spacecraft Discovers Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe". nasa.gov. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 15-095. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  17. ^ Tsai, Chao-Wei; Eisenhardt, Peter; Wu, Jingwen; Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto; Blain, Andrew; Bridge, Carrie; Benford, Dominic; Cutri, Roc (2014-10-07). "The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): 90. arXiv:1410.1751. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805...90T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/90. S2CID 39280020.
  18. ^ Deborah Byrd (29 August 2018). "Astronomers map a starburst galaxy". earthsky.org. EarthSky Communications. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  19. ^ Stierwalt, S.; Armus, L.; Surace, J. A.; Inami, H.; Petric, A. O.; Diaz-Santos, T.; Haan, S.; Charmandaris, V.; Howell, J.; Kim, D. C.; Marshall, J.; Mazzarella, J. M.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Veilleux, S.; Evans, A.; Sanders, D. B.; Appleton, P.; Bothun, G.; Bridge, C. R.; Chan, B.; Frayer, D.; Iwasawa, K.; Kewley, L. J.; Lord, S.; Madore, B. F.; Melbourne, J. E.; Murphy, E. J.; Rich, J. A.; Schulz, B.; et al. (2013). "Mid-Infrared Properties of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies I: Spitzer IRS Spectra for the GOALS sample". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 206 (1): 1. arXiv:1302.4477. Bibcode:2013ApJS..206....1S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/206/1/1. S2CID 6162900.
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  21. ^ "Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe Discovered". Science Daily. 21 May 2015.
  22. ^ Staff (21 May 2015). "WISE spacecraft discovers most luminous galaxy in universe". PhysOrg. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  23. ^ Staff (21 May 2015). "PIA19339: Dusty 'Sunrise' at Core of Galaxy (Artist's Concept)". NASA. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  24. ^ "A very bright contortionist". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. ESA. 10 June 2013. potw1323a. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  25. ^ "A tale of galactic collisions". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. ESA. 6 May 2013. potw1318a. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
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  27. ^ "Starbursts versus Monsters". ESA / HUBBLE. ESA. 17 February 2014. potw1407a. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
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