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Sui generis

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Sui generis (/ˌsuːi ˈdʒɛnərɪs/ SOO-ee JEN-ər-iss,[1] Classical Latin: [ˈsʊ.iː ˈɡɛnɛrɪs]) is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".[2]

Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. These include:

  • Biology, for species that do not fit into a genus that includes other species[3] (its own genus)
  • Creative arts, for artistic works that go beyond conventional genre boundaries (its own genre)
  • Law, when a special and unique interpretation of a case or authority is necessary (its own special case)
    • Intellectual property rights, for types of works not falling under general copyright law but protected through separate statutes
  • Philosophy, to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept (its own category)

Biology[edit]

In the taxonomical structure "genus → species", a species is described as sui generis if its genus was created to classify it (i.e., its uniqueness at the time of classification merited the creation of a new genus, the sole member of which was initially the sui generis species). A species that is the sole extant member of its genus (e.g., the genus Homo) is not necessarily sui generis; extinctions may have eliminated other congeneric species. A sui generis genus may also be called a monotypic genus.

Creative arts[edit]

A book, movie, television series, or other artistic creation is called sui generis when it does not fit into standard genre boundaries. Movie critic Richard Schickel identifies Joe Versus the Volcano as a sui generis movie.[4] Film critic Michael Brooke used the term to describe Fantastic Planet, a 1973 Franco-Czech sci-fi animated film directed by René Laloux.[5]

Law[edit]

In law, it is a term of art used to identify a legal classification that exists independently of other categorizations, either because of its singularity or due to the specific creation of an entitlement or obligation.[6] For example, a court's contempt powers arise sui generis and not from statute or rule.[7] The New York Court of Appeals has used the term in describing cooperative apartment corporations, mostly because this form of housing is considered real property for some purposes and personal property for other purposes.[8]

When citing cases and other authorities, lawyers and judges may refer to "a sui generis case", or "a sui generis authority", meaning it is a special one confined to its own facts and, therefore, may not be of broader application.

Intellectual property law[edit]

Generally speaking, protection for intellectual property extends to intellectual creations to incentivize innovation and depends upon the nature of the work and its characteristics.[citation needed] The main types of intellectual property law are: copyright, which protects creative works; patent, which protects invention; trade secret, which protects information not generally known or readily ascertainable that is valuable to the secret holder; and trademark, which protects branding and other exclusive properties of products and services. Any matter that meets these criteria can be protected.

Sui generis statutes exist in many countries that extend intellectual property protection to matter that does not meet characteristic definitions: integrated circuit layouts, ship hull designs, fashion designs in France, databases, or plant varieties require sui generis statutes because of their unique characteristics. The United States, Japan, Australia, and many EU countries protect the topography of semiconductor chips and integrated circuits under sui generis laws, which borrow some aspects from patent or copyright law. In the U.S., this sui generis law is known as the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984.

Statutory law[edit]

In statutory interpretation, sui generis refers to the problem of giving meaning to groups of words where one of the words is ambiguous or inherently unclear.

In road traffic law, a statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles. The word "large" is ambiguous per se but may be considered "heavy". The relevant legislation (in Australian law) contain sections called "Terms used" or "Definitions" that itemise all words deemed ambiguous and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language. One indicates "heavy vehicle" means a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tons, and GVM means "gross vehicle mass", the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies. Thus, "large" is equivalent to "heavy" and is (for this unique case) clearly defined sui generis.

In U.S. attorney admissions, an applicant for admission to the practice of law may be referred to the state committee on character and fitness, where proceedings are "neither civil nor criminal, but are sui generis".[9]

Town planning law[edit]

In town and country planning in the United Kingdom, in particular, relating to the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987, many common types of land use are categorised into specific "use classes". Change of use of land within a use class does not require planning permission; changing between use classes might require planning permission, and approval is always needed if the new use is sui generis.

Examples of sui generis uses include embassies, theatres, amusement arcades, laundrettes, taxi or vehicle hire businesses, petrol filling stations, scrapyards, nightclubs, motor car showrooms, retail warehouses, clubs and hostels."Use Classes - Change of use - Planning Portal". www.planningportal.co.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2024. As of 1 September 2020 following the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2020,[10] the following uses were added as sui generis:[11]

  • public houses, wine bars, or drinking establishments (previously Class A4)
  • drinking establishments with expanded food provision (previously Class A4)
  • hot food takeaways (previously Class A5)
  • venues for live music performance
  • cinemas (previously Class D2(a))
  • concert halls (previously D2(b))
  • bingo halls (previously D2(c))
  • dance halls (previously D2(d))

The grant of private hire vehicle (taxicab) operators licences by local authorities frequently has a condition that the appropriate sui generis change of use planning permission is granted to those premises to ensure those businesses cannot trade lawfully without the relevant planning consent.

International law[edit]

When applied to international law, "sui generis" refers to situations which are distinct and thus not easily categorized under existing legal frameworks or conventions. Sui generis in international law may suggest novel legal frameworks to address unprecedented issues using a new set of legal principles. For example, the legal status of the internet or space law. Sui generis systems can be crucial in international law because they allow the international community to develop adaptive legal responses to emerging global challenges and contexts that are not adequately addressed by traditional international law. They often also serve as precursors to the evolution of wider customary international law or the development of new treaties and conventions. The uniqueness of sui generis legal regimes can sometimes make them challenging to interpret, enforce, or harmonize with existing legal frameworks.[12]

Philosophy[edit]

Analytic philosophy often uses the expression to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept. G. E. Moore, for example, refuted reductive ethical naturalism in moral theories like utilitarianism by arguing that moral properties (like good or bad) could not be reduced to or equated with non-moral properties (like pleasure) because moral properties are sui generis. This can be seen in Moore's open-question argument.[13][14]

Politics and society[edit]

In political philosophy, the unparalleled development of the European Union as compared with other international organizations has led to its designation as a sui generis geopolitical entity. The legal nature of the EU is widely debated because its mixture of intergovernmental and supranational elements causes it to share characteristics with both confederal and federal entities. It is generally considered more than a confederation but less than a federation,[15] thus being appropriately classified as an instance of neither political form. Compared to other international organizations, the EU is often considered "sui generis" because its legal system comprehensively rejects any use of retaliatory sanctions by one member state against another.[16]

A similar case that led to the use of the label sui generis is the relationship of New Caledonia relative to France because the legal status of New Caledonia can aptly be said to lie somewhere between a French overseas collectivity and a sovereign nation. Although other examples of such status for further dependent or disputed territories may exist, this arrangement is unique within the French realm.

The legal status of the Holy See is also described as a sui generis entity possessing an international personality. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has likewise been described as a "sui generis primary subject of public international law".[17] Another entity widely considered to have sui generis international legal personality is the International Committee of the Red Cross.[18]

In local government, a sui generis entity does not fit with a country's general scheme of local governance. For example, in England, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are the two sui generis localities, as their forms of local government are both (for historical or geographical reasons) very different from those of elsewhere in the country. In a press conference during which reporters were trying to analyse his political personality, Huey Long said "say that I am sui generus, and let it go at that".[19]

The Joint Council of Municipalities in Croatia is a sui generis council of municipalities in the east of the country that was formed after the Erdut Agreement and UNTAES mission aimed at protection of the rights of the ethnic Serb community in the region and is, as such, unique form of local cooperation and minority self-government in Croatia.[20][21][22]

Sociology[edit]

In sociology, methodological holists argue that social phenomena exist in their own right (sui generis) and are not reducible to the actions of individuals.[23] For example, Emile Durkheim argued that the suicide rate was a social phenomenon sui generis (existing over and above the actions of individuals)[24] In a social constructionist perspective, "sui generis is what has been externalized, then internalized in the overall public and becomes a part of society that exists in its construct. It is not something that is not thought to have been created because it is embedded in everyone's way of thinking and being. Instances include love, going to school, or clothing belonging to a specific gender. These examples are sui generis for they exist in society and are widely accepted without thoughts of where they come from or how they were created.[25]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "sui generis". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Mawson, C. O. Sylvester (1975). "sui generis". Dictionary of Foreign Terms (2 ed.). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 328. ISBN 0-690-00171-1.
  3. ^ Bentham, George (1880). "Notes on Euphorbiaceæ". Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. 17: 225 – via Google.
  4. ^ Schickel, Richard (12 February 2005). "Joe Versus the Volcano, 1990, John Patrick Shanley, U.S." Guilty Pleasures. Time. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  5. ^ Brooke, Michael. "Fantastic Planet: Gambous Amalga". criterion.com. The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  6. ^ See Dunway v. New York,442 U.S. 200 (1979).
  7. ^ See In re Marriage of Betts, 558 N.E.2d 404, 200 Ill.App.3d 26 (1990).
  8. ^ See Matter of State Tax Commn. v. Shor, 43 NY2d 151, 400 N.Y.S.2d 805, 371 N.E.2d 523 (1977).
  9. ^ "A.R.S. Sup.Ct.Rules, Rule 36, Effective: January 1, 2023".
  10. ^ "Use Classes - Change of use - Planning Portal". www.planningportal.co.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  11. ^ "Sui Generis Use Class Explained". Restaurant Property. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  12. ^ Gallagher AT. The International Legal Framework. In: The International Law of Human Trafficking. Cambridge University Press; 2010:54-143.
  13. ^ Zalta, Edward N., ed. (26 April 2021). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  14. ^ "Sui Generis Law and Legal Definition". Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  15. ^ For example, David Marquand says it is "less than a federation but more than a confederation". Brigid Laffan and Kimmo Kiljunen both see it residing "between a confederation and a federation". Thomas Hueglin and Alan Fenna locate it "somewhere between federation and confederation" and Kalypso Nicolaidis argues "it is more than a confederation of sovereign states" but "should not become a federal state". Marquand, David (2006) "Federalism and the British: Anatomy of a Neurosis", in Political Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2, p. 175. Laffan, Brigid (2002) The Future of Europe Debate, Institute of European Affairs, Dublin, p. 10. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004) The European Constitution in the Making, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, p. 22. Hueglin, Thomas and Fenna, Alan (2006) Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry, Broadview, Peterborough, p. 13. Nicolaidis, Kalypso (2004) 'We, the Peoples of Europe ...', in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 101-2.
  16. ^ Phelan, William (2012). "What Is Sui Generis About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime". International Studies Review. 14 (3): 367–385. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x.
  17. ^ Bátora, Jozef; Hynek, Nik (2014), Bátora, Jozef; Hynek, Nik (eds.), "The Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Extraordinary Resilience Meets Chance", Fringe Players and the Diplomatic Order: The “New” Heteronomy, Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 112–137, doi:10.1057/9781137314697_6, ISBN 978-1-137-31469-7, retrieved 14 December 2021
  18. ^ Torreblanca, Godofredo (28 February 2013). "The International Committee of the Red Cross and human rights law". Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: 540–569. doi:10.4337/9781781006078.00036. ISBN 978-1-78100-607-8.
  19. ^ Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1999, page 473, quoted from T. Harry Williams' Huey Long (1969)
  20. ^ "Zajedničko veće opština". Serb National Council. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  21. ^ "Konstituisan 6.saziv Zajedničkog veća opština – novi predsednik Srđan Jeremić iz Borova". Radio Borovo. 29 July 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  22. ^ "Дрaгaнa Jeцкoв: Врaтићeмo укрaдeни мандат". Novosti (Croatia). Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  23. ^ Zahle, J, "Methodological Holism in the Social Sciences", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/holism-social/.
  24. ^ Durkheim, E. (1951) Suicide: a study in sociology. Trans. J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson. London. Routledge. (2nd. ed. 2002)
  25. ^ Berger, Peter; Luckman, Thomas (1966). The Social Construction Of Reality. Random House.
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