Pulsatilla

Pulsatilla
	Pulsatilla vulgaris
Научная классификация
Королевство:	Plantae
Клада :	Трахеофиты
Клада :	Покрытосеменные
Клада :	Eudicots
Заказ:	Ранункулалес
Семья:	Ranunculaceae
Подсемейство:	Ranunculoideae
Tribe:	Anemoneae
Genus:	Pulsatilla; Mill.
Synonyms
	Anetilla Galushko ; Miyakea Miyabe & Tatew. ; Preonanthus Ehrh. ;

Род из лугов Pulsatilla содержит около 40 видов травянистых родом многолетних растений, и прерий Северной Америки , Европы и Азии . Полученное из ивритского слова «Пасха», «Пасах», общее имя пасквинское цветок относится к периоду цветения Пасхи ( Пасха ) весной. ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]} Общие названия включают в себя цветок паска (или паскафффолкера ), цветок ветра , прерий крокус , пасхальный цветок и анемон луговой . Несколько видов ценят орнаменты из-за их мелко посвященных листьев , одиноких колокольчиков цветов и перемешившихся семян . Постоянная часть цветка состоит из чашелистиков , а не лепестков.

Таксономия

Род Pulsatilla был впервые официально назван в 1754 году английским ботаником Филиппом Миллером . Типовым видом является Pulsatilla vulgaris , ^{[ 4 ]} Европейский паскровый цветок. Род помещается в анеемоны племени в семье Ranunculaceae . Племя неоднократно показало, что является монофилетическим в молекулярных филогенетических исследованиях, но количество родов, расположенных в племени, и их взаимосвязь разнообразно. Многочисленные исследования показали, что Pulsatilla образует монофилетическую группу, ^[5] but the rank assigned to the group has differed. In one approach, Pulsatilla is treated as a section within a more broadly circumscribed Anemone.^[6] In another approach, molecular phylogenetic evidence is used to separate Pulsatilla from Anemone as a separate genus, dividing it into three subgenera.^[5] Morphologically, Pulsatilla can be distinguished from Anemone by the long hairy beak on the achenes formed by the persistent style and stamens. Pulsatilla species can also be distinguished by DNA barcoding.^[7] As of March 2024^[update], many sources, such as Plants of the World Online and the Flora of Korea, support the treatment of Pulsatilla as a distinct genus.^[1]^[8]

Species

The Pasque flower: Fred Rumsey, Botanist, The Natural History Museum.

As of March 2024^[update], Plants of the World Online listed the following species in the genus Pulsatilla:^[1]

Pulsatilla ajanensis Regel & Tiling
Pulsatilla albana (Steven) Bercht. & J.Presl
Pulsatilla alpina (L.) Delarbre
Pulsatilla ambigua (Turcz. ex Hayek) Zämelis & Paegle
Pulsatilla armena (Boiss.) Rupr.
Pulsatilla aurea (Sommier & Levier) Juz.
Pulsatilla bungeana C.A.Mey.
Pulsatilla campanella (Regel & Tiling) Fisch. ex Krylov
Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. & J.Presl
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel
Pulsatilla dahurica (Fisch. ex DC.) Spreng.
Pulsatilla georgica Rupr.
Pulsatilla grandis Wender.
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd.
Pulsatilla herba-somnii Stepanov
Pulsatilla hulunensis (L.Q.Zhao) L.Q.Zhao & Y.Z.Zhao
Pulsatilla integrifolia (Miyabe & Tatew.) Tatew. & Ohwi ex Vorosch.
Pulsatilla kostyczewii (Korsh.) Juz.
Pulsatilla magadanensis A.P.Khokhr. & Vorosch.
Pulsatilla millefolia (Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson) Ulbr.
Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb.
Pulsatilla multiceps Greene
Pulsatilla nipponica (H.Takeda) Ohwi
Pulsatilla nivalis Nakai
Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng.
Pulsatilla occidentalis (S.Watson) Freyn
Pulsatilla orientali-sibirica Stepanov
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill.
Pulsatilla reverdattoi Polozhij & A.T.Malzeva
Pulsatilla rubra (Lam.) Delarbre
Pulsatilla sachalinensis H.Hara
Pulsatilla saxatilis L.Xu & T.G.Kang
Pulsatilla scherfelii (Ullep.) Skalický
Pulsatilla sukaczewii Juz.
Pulsatilla taraoi (Makino) Zämelis & Paegle
Pulsatilla tatewakii Kudô
Pulsatilla tenuiloba (Turcz.) Juz.
Pulsatilla tongkangensis Y.N.Lee & T.C.Lee
Pulsatilla turczaninovii Krylov & Serg.
Pulsatilla usensis Stepanov
Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill.
Pulsatilla violacea Rupr.
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill.
Pulsatilla wallichiana (Royle) Ulbr.
Pulsatilla zimmermannii Soó

Plants of the World Online also listed a number of named hybrids:^[1]

Pulsatilla × bolzanensis Murr
Pulsatilla × celakovskyana Domin
Pulsatilla × emiliana (F.O.Wolf) Beauverd
Pulsatilla × gayeri Simonk.
Pulsatilla × girodii (Rouy) P.Fourn.
Pulsatilla × hackelii Pohl
Pulsatilla × knappii (Palez.) Palez.
Pulsatilla × mixta Halácsy
Pulsatilla × weberi (Widder) Janch. ex Holub
Pulsatilla × wilczekii (F.O.Wolf ex Hegi) P.Fourn.
Pulsatilla × yanbianensis H.Z.Lv

Cultural significance

Pulsatilla nuttalliana (as the synonym P. patens) is the provincial flower of Manitoba, Canada^[9] and (as the synonym P. hirsutissima) the state flower of the US state of South Dakota.^[10] Pulsatilla vulgaris is the County flower for both Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire in England.^[11] Pulsatilla vernalis is the county flower of Oppland, Norway. The UK has introduced the UK biodiversity action plan to address the 49% decline in wild Pulsatilla species.^[2]

Use and toxicity

Pulsatilla is a toxic plant. Misuse can lead to diarrhea, vomiting and convulsions,^[12] hypotension, and coma.^[13] It has been used as a medicine by Native Americans for centuries. Blackfoot Indians used it to induce abortions and childbirth. Pulsatilla should not be taken during pregnancy nor during lactation.^[14]

Extracts of Pulsatilla have been used to treat reproductive problems such as premenstrual syndrome and epididymitis.^[14] Additional applications of plant extracts include uses as a sedative and for treating coughs.^[14]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Pulsatilla". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Fowler, Alys. (March 2005). "Pulsatilla". Horticulture Week; Teddington. 20. ProQuest 225454561.
^ "Prairie Pasque". South Dakota Magazine. April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ "Pulsatilla Mill". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Sramkó, Gábor; Laczkó, Levente; Volkova, Polina A.; Bateman, Richard M. & Mlinarec, Jelena (2019-06-01). "Evolutionary history of the Pasque-flowers (Pulsatilla, Ranunculaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, systematics and rDNA evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 135: 45–61. Bibcode:2019MolPE.135...45S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.015. PMID 30831271.
^ Jiang, Nan; Zhou, Zhuang; Yang, Jun-Bo; Zhang, Shu-Dong; Guan, Kai-Yun; Tan, Yun-Hong & Yu, Wen-Bin (2017-03-31). "Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae): Non-monophyly of Anemone s.l. revealed by plastid datasets". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): 0174792. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274792J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174792. PMC 5376084. PMID 28362811.
^ Li, Qiu-jie; Wang, Xi; Wang, Jun-ru; Su, Na; Zhang, Ling; Ma, Yue-ping; Chang, Zhao-yang; Zhao, Liang & Potter, Daniel (2019-10-09). "Efficient Identification of Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) Using DNA Barcodes and Micro-Morphological Characters". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 1196. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01196. PMC 6794950. PMID 31649688.
^ Song, Jun-ho & Park, Chong-wook (2017). "13. Pulsatilla Mill.". In Park, Chong-wook; Yeau, Sung Hee; Lee, Hyun-Woo & Lim, Chae Eun (eds.). Flora of Korea Volume 2a Magnoliidae-Ranunculaceae. Flora of Korea Editorial Committee and the National Institute of Biological Resources. pp. 66–69. ISBN 978-89-6811-275-1. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
^ Government of Manitoba. "Symbols of Manitoba". Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
^ Chapter 1 2005 South Dakota Legislative Manual The Mount Rushmore State
^ Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ Edible and Medicinal plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
^ Yarnell, E. and Abascal, K. (2001) Botanical Treatments for Depression: Part 2 - Herbal Corrections for Mood Imbalances
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Vaughan, John Griffith; Patricia Ann Judd; David Bellamy (2003). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. pp. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-850459-7. pulsatilla.

Anemone Pulsatilla , Индекс полевых цветов, факультет садоводства в государственном университете NC
Грегори Л. Тилфорд 1997. Съедобные и лекарственные растения Западного , Маунтин Пресс издательство ISBN 0-87842-359-1 Предварительный просмотр
[1] - "Pasqueflower ( Pulsatilla vulgaris ) План действий местного вида для Cambridgeshire, 1999"

[powo-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Pulsatilla". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

[fowler2005-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Fowler, Alys. (March 2005). "Pulsatilla". Horticulture Week; Teddington. 20. ProQuest 225454561.

[sdm2016-3] "Prairie Pasque". South Dakota Magazine. April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.

[ipni-4] "Pulsatilla Mill". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 26 April 2020.

[SramLaczVolkBate19-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Sramkó, Gábor; Laczkó, Levente; Volkova, Polina A.; Bateman, Richard M. & Mlinarec, Jelena (2019-06-01). "Evolutionary history of the Pasque-flowers (Pulsatilla, Ranunculaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, systematics and rDNA evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 135: 45–61. Bibcode:2019MolPE.135...45S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.015. PMID 30831271.

[JianZhouYangZhan17-6] Jiang, Nan; Zhou, Zhuang; Yang, Jun-Bo; Zhang, Shu-Dong; Guan, Kai-Yun; Tan, Yun-Hong & Yu, Wen-Bin (2017-03-31). "Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae): Non-monophyly of Anemone s.l. revealed by plastid datasets". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): 0174792. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274792J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174792. PMC 5376084. PMID 28362811.

[LiWangWangSu19-7] Li, Qiu-jie; Wang, Xi; Wang, Jun-ru; Su, Na; Zhang, Ling; Ma, Yue-ping; Chang, Zhao-yang; Zhao, Liang & Potter, Daniel (2019-10-09). "Efficient Identification of Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) Using DNA Barcodes and Micro-Morphological Characters". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 1196. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01196. PMC 6794950. PMID 31649688.

[SongPark17-8] Song, Jun-ho & Park, Chong-wook (2017). "13. Pulsatilla Mill.". In Park, Chong-wook; Yeau, Sung Hee; Lee, Hyun-Woo & Lim, Chae Eun (eds.). Flora of Korea Volume 2a Magnoliidae-Ranunculaceae. Flora of Korea Editorial Committee and the National Institute of Biological Resources. pp. 66–69. ISBN 978-89-6811-275-1. Retrieved 2024-03-25.

[mb-9] Government of Manitoba. "Symbols of Manitoba". Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2011-04-10.

[sd-10] Chapter 1 2005 South Dakota Legislative Manual The Mount Rushmore State

[plantlife-11] Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine

[tilford-12] Edible and Medicinal plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1

[yarnell2001-13] Yarnell, E. and Abascal, K. (2001) Botanical Treatments for Depression: Part 2 - Herbal Corrections for Mood Imbalances

[vaughan2003-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Vaughan, John Griffith; Patricia Ann Judd; David Bellamy (2003). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. pp. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-850459-7. pulsatilla.

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