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Émile Picard

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Émile Picard
FRS(For) FRSE
Born
Charles Émile Picard

(1856-07-24)24 July 1856
Paris, France
Died11 December 1941(1941-12-11) (aged 85)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
Alma materÉcole Normale Supérieure (Paris)
Known forPicard functor
Picard group
Picard horn
Picard modular group
Picard modular surface
Picard theorem
Picard variety
Picard–Lefschetz formula
Picard–Lindelöf theorem
Picard–Vessiot theory
Picard–Fuchs equation
Painlevé transcendents
AwardsForMemRS (1909)[1]
Poncelet Prize (1886)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsUniversity of Paris
École Centrale Paris
Thesis Applications des complexes lineaires a l'etude des surfaces et des courbes gauches
Doctoral advisorGaston Darboux
Doctoral studentsSergei Bernstein
Paul Dubreil
Jacques Hadamard
Gaston Julia
Traian Lalescu
Philippe Le Corbeiller
Paul Painlevé
Mihailo Petrović
Simion Stoilow
Ernest Vessiot
Henri Villat
André Weil
Stanisław Zaremba

Charles Émile Picard FRS(For)[1] FRSE (French: [ʃaʁl emil pikaʁ]; 24 July 1856 – 11 December 1941) was a French mathematician. He was elected the fifteenth member to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1924.[2]

Life

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He was born in Paris on 24 July 1856 and educated there at the Lycée Henri-IV. He then studied mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure.[3]

Picard's mathematical papers, textbooks, and many popular writings exhibit an extraordinary range of interests, as well as an impressive mastery of the mathematics of his time. Picard's little theorem states that every nonconstant entire function takes every value in the complex plane, with perhaps one exception. Picard's great theorem states that an analytic function with an essential singularity takes every value infinitely often, with perhaps one exception, in any neighborhood of the singularity. He made important contributions in the theory of differential equations, including work on Picard–Vessiot theory, Painlevé transcendents and his introduction of a kind of symmetry group for a linear differential equation. He also introduced the Picard group in the theory of algebraic surfaces, which describes the classes of algebraic curves on the surface modulo linear equivalence. In connection with his work on function theory, he was one of the first mathematicians to use the emerging ideas of algebraic topology. In addition to his theoretical work, Picard made contributions to applied mathematics, including the theories of telegraphy and elasticity. His collected papers run to four volumes.

Louis Couturat studied integral calculus with Picard in 1891-1892, taking detailed notes of the lectures. These notes were preserved and now are available in three cahiers from Internet Archive.[4]

Like his contemporary, Henri Poincaré, Picard was much concerned with the training of mathematics, physics, and engineering students. He wrote a classic textbook on analysis and one of the first textbooks on the theory of relativity. Picard's popular writings include biographies of many leading French mathematicians, including his father in law, Charles Hermite.

Picard was an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[5] an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[6] and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.[7]

Family

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In 1881 he married Marie, the daughter of Charles Hermite.

Society

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Charles Émile Picard was one of the founder members in 1930 of the Society of Friends of André-Marie Ampère which was created to develop the first science museum in France, the Ampère Museum close to Lyons.[8]

Works

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  • 1891–96: Traité d'Analyse. Paris: Gauthier-Villars et fils. 1891. OCLC 530823.[9]
  • 1905: La science Moderne et son état Actuel. Paris: E. Flammarion. 1914. OCLC 43307396.
  • 1906 : (with Georges Simart) Theorie des Fonctions Algebrique de deux Variables Independente volume 2, via Internet Archive
  • 1922: La Théorie de la Relativité et ses Applications à l'astronomie. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1922. OCLC 1025334.
  • 1922: Discours et Mélanges. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1922. OCLC 4855336.
  • 1931: Éloges et Discours Académiques. Paris: s.n. OCLC 13473598.
  • 1978–81: Œuvres de Ch.-É. Picard. Vol. I–IV. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. OCLC 4615520.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hadamard, J. (1942). "Emile Picard. 1856–1941". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (11): 129–150. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1942.0012. S2CID 162244074.
  2. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Émile Picard", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  3. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  4. ^ Louis Couturat notes (1891,2) Cours de Calcul Integral par M. Picard, cahier 1, cahier 2, cahier 3
  5. ^ "Charles Emile Picard". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  6. ^ "Emile Picard". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  7. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  8. ^ "Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère". Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère (in French). 1. Malkoff (Seine): Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère. 1931.
  9. ^ Craig, T. (1893). "Picard's Traité d'Analyse". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 3 (2): 39–65. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00166-3.
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