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Graphene quantum dot

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"GQD" redirects here. For the radio station with callsign GQD, see Anthorn Radio Station.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm.[1] Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable photoluminescence, chemical stability and pronounced quantum confinement effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.[2]

Properties

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Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consist of one or a few layers of graphene and are smaller than 100 nm in size.[3][1] They are chemically and physically stable, have a large surface to mass ratio and can be dispersed in water easily due to functional groups at the edges.[4][5] The fluorescence emission of GQDs can extend across a broad spectral range, including the UV, visible, and IR. The origin of GQD fluorescence emission is a subject of debate, as it has been related to quantum confinement effects, defect states and functional groups[6][7] that might depend on the pH, when GQDs are dispersed in water.[8] Their electronic structure depends sensitively on the crystallographic orientation of their edges, for example zigzag-edge GQDs with 7-8 nm diameter show a metallic behavior.[9] In general, their energy gap decreases, when the number of graphene layers or the number of carbon atoms per graphene layer is increased.[10]

Health and safety

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Main articles: Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials and Nanotoxicology

The toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles is a matter of ongoing research.[2][11] The toxicity (both in vivo and cytotoxicity) of GQDs are related to a variety of factors including particle size, methods of synthesis, chemical doping and so on.[12] Many authors claim, that GQDs are biocompatible and cause only low toxicity[4][13] as they are just composed of organic materials, which should lead to an advantage over semiconductor quantum dots.[5] Several in vitro studies, based on cell cultures, show only marginal effects of GQDs on the viability of human cells.[1][14][15][16] An in-depth look at the gene expression changes caused by GQDs with a size of 3 nm revealed that only one, namely the selenoprotein W, 1 out of 20 800 gene expressions was affected significantly in primary human hematopoietic stem cells.[17] On the contrary, other in vitro studies observe a distinct decrease of cell viability and the induction of autophagy after exposure of the cells to GQDs[18] and one in vivo study in zebrafish larvae observed the alteration of 2116 gene expressions.[19] These inconsistent findings may be attributed to the diversity of the used GQDs, as the related toxicity is dependent on particle size, surface functional groups, oxygen content, surface charges and impurities.[20] Currently, the literature is insufficient to draw conclusions about the potential hazards of GQDs.[11]

Preparation

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Presently, a range of techniques have been developed to prepare GQDs. These methods are normally classified into two groups top down and bottom up. Top down approaches applied different techniques to cut bulk graphitic materials into GQDs including graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, coal, carbon black and carbon fibres. These techniques mainly include electron beam lithography, chemical synthesis, electrochemical preparation, graphene oxide (GO) reduction, C60 catalytic transformation, the microwave assisted hydrothermal method (MAH),[21][22] the Soft-Template method,[23] the hydrothermal method,[24][25][26] and the ultrasonic exfoliation method.[27] Top down methods usually need intense purification as strong mixed acids are used in these methods. On the other hand, bottom up methods assemble GQDs from small organic molecules such as citric acid[28] and glucose. These GQDs have better biocompatibility.[12]

Application

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Graphene quantum dots are studied as an advanced multifunctional material due to their unique optical, electronic,[9] spin,[29] and photoelectric properties induced by the quantum confinement effect and edge effect. They have possible applications in treatment of Alzheimer's disease,[1] bioimaging,[30] photothermal therapy,[3][31] temperature sensing,[32] drug delivery,[33][34] LEDs lighter converters, photodetectors, OPV solar cells, and photoluminescent material, biosensors fabrication.[35]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Ghosh, Shampa; Sachdeva, Bhuvi; Sachdeva, Punya; Chaudhary, Vishal; Rani, Gokana Mohana; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2022-10-01). "Graphene quantum dots as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of Alzheimer's disease". Carbon Letters. 32 (6): 1381–1394. doi:10.1007/s42823-022-00397-9. ISSN 2233-4998. S2CID 252188554.
  2. ^ a b Henna, T. K.; Pramod, K. (May 2020). "Graphene quantum dots redefine nanobiomedicine". Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications. 110: 110651. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.110651. ISSN 1873-0191. PMID 32204078. S2CID 213861659.
  3. ^ a b Campbell, Elizabeth; Hasan, Md Tanvir; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Roberto; Truly, Tate; Lee, Bong Han; Green, Kayla N.; Akkaraju, Giridhar; Naumov, Anton V. (October 2021). "Graphene quantum dot formulation for cancer imaging and redox-based drug delivery". Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 37: 102408. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2021.102408. ISSN 1549-9642. PMID 34015513. S2CID 235075216.
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  6. ^ Pan, Dengyu; Zhang, Jingchun; Li, Zhen; Wu, Minghong (2010). "Hydrothermal Route for Cutting Graphene Sheets into Blue‐Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots". Advanced Materials. 22 (6): 734–738. Bibcode:2010AdM....22..734P. doi:10.1002/adma.200902825. PMID 20217780. S2CID 39981399.
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  31. ^ Thakur, Mukeshchand; Kumawat, Mukesh Kumar; Srivastava, Rohit (2017). "Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy coupled with cancer cell tracking applications". RSC Advances. 7 (9): 5251–61. Bibcode:2017RSCAd...7.5251T. doi:10.1039/C6RA25976F.
  32. ^ Kumawat, Mukesh Kumar; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Gurung, Raju B; Srivastava, Rohit (2017). "Graphene Quantum Dots from Mangifera indica: Application in Near-Infrared Bioimaging and Intracellular Nanothermometry". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (2): 1382–91. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01893.
  33. ^ Kersting, David; Fasbender, Stefan; Pilch, Rabea; Kurth, Jennifer; Franken, André; Ludescher, Marina; Naskou, Johanna; Hallenberger, Angelika; Gall, Charlotte von; Mohr, Corinna J; Lukowski, Robert; Raba, Katharina; Jaschinski, Sandra; Esposito, Irene; Fischer, Johannes C; Fehm, Tanja; Niederacher, Dieter; Neubauer, Hans; Heinzel, Thomas (27 September 2019). "From in vitro to ex vivo: subcellular localization and uptake of graphene quantum dots into solid tumors". Nanotechnology. 30 (39): 395101. Bibcode:2019Nanot..30M5101K. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab2cb4. PMID 31239418.
  34. ^ Thakur, Mukeshchand; Mewada, Ashmi; Pandey, Sunil; Bhori, Mustansir; Singh, Kanchanlata; Sharon, Maheshwar; Sharon, Madhuri (2016). "Milk-derived multi-fluorescent graphene quantum dot-based cancer theranostic system". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 67: 468–477. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.007. PMID 27287144.
  35. ^ Bogireddy, Naveen Kumar Reddy; Barba, Victor; Agarwal, Vivechana (2019). "Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Dots-Based "Turn-OFF" H2O2, Au(III), and "Turn-OFF–ON" Hg(II) Sensors as Logic Gates and Molecular Keypad Locks". ACS Omega. 4 (6): 10702–10713. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b00858. PMC 6648105. PMID 31460168.
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