Antiochus VII Sidetes

Antiochus VII Euergetes
Antiochus VII Euergetes
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Basileus of the Seleucid Empire
Reign	July/August 138 – 129 BC
Predecessor	Diodotus Tryphon
Successor	Alexander II Zabinas (false son); Demetrius II Nicator (elder brother)
Born	c. 164 / 160 BC
Died	129 BC (aged about 30); Ecbatana, Iran during the Battle of Ecbatana
Consort	Cleopatra Thea
Issue	Antiochus IX Cyzicenus; Alexander II Zabinas (claimed)
Dynasty	Seleucid dynasty
Father	Demetrius I Soter
Mother	possibly Laodice V

Antiochus VII Euergetes (Greek: Ἀντίοχος Ευεργέτης; c. 164/160 BC^[1] – 129 BC), nicknamed Sidetes (Greek: Σιδήτης) (from Side, a city in Asia Minor), also known as Antiochus the Pious,^[2] was ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from July/August 138 to 129 BC.^[3] He was the last Seleucid king of any stature. After Antiochus was killed in battle, the Seleucid realm was restricted to Syria.

Biography

Early life and early reign

He was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter, the brother of Demetrius II Nicator and his mother may have been Laodice V. Antiochus was elevated after Demetrius was captured by the Parthians. He married Cleopatra Thea, who had been the wife of Demetrius. Their offspring was Antiochus IX, who thus became both half-brother and cousin to Seleucus V and Antiochus VIII.

In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurper Diodotus Tryphon at Dora^[4] and laid siege to Jerusalem in 134 BC. During the siege he allowed a seven-day truce for the Jews to celebrate a religious festival, impressing the Jewish leadership.^[5] According to Josephus^[6] the Hasmonean leader John Hyrcanus opened King David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents, which he then paid Antiochus to spare the city. Nevertheless, King Antiochus' respectful treatment of the Jews, and respect for their religion, earned him their gratitude and added name Euergetes ("the Benefactor"). With no Jewish sources of that time (the Book of Maccabees ends a few years before his time), it is unclear if the siege of Jerusalem ended with a decisive Seleucid victory or simply a peace treaty. Furthermore, Jewish forces later assisted Antiochus in his wars, and for nearly 20 years after his death, John Hyrcanus refrained from attacking areas under Seleucid control.

Later territory disputes and defeat

Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by the Parthians under their "Great King", Mithridates I. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops under John Hyrcanus), he defeated Mithridates in two battles. He restored Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters.

The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops.

The new Parthian ruler, Phraates II, had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner, Demetrius II, Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne.

That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Ecbatana by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. Most Greco-Roman historians state that Antiochus died in battle; the victorious Parthians claimed that he killed himself because of fear, an assertion also made by Appian.^[7]

Succession

Antiochus's confirmed heir was Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. But a fragment from book 16 of Posidonius' "Histories", which survives in the Deipnosophistae written by Athenaeus, mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested by Felix Jacoby and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd.^[8]

References

^ A birth year of Antiochus can be deduced from a statement in the "Chronicle" of Eusebius of Caesarea , which refers to a historical work of the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry as a source. It states that the king was 35 years old when he died.
^ Josephus, Antiquities 13.8.2; (13.236)
^ "Antiochus VII Sidetes". Livius.org.
^ Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52)
^ Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Book XIII, 8
^ Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)
^ "Appian, The Syrian Wars 14 - Livius". www.livius.org.
^ Katherine Clarke (1999). Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 357, 358. ISBN 0-19-924003-5.

Sources

Ceccarelli, Paola (2011). "Kings, Philosophers and Drunkards: Athenaeus' Information on the Seleucids". In Erickson, Kyle; Ramsey, Gillian (eds.). Seleucid Dissolution. The Sinking of the Anchor. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 978-3-447-06588-7. ISSN 1613-5628.

External links

Antiochus VII Sidetes entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

Antiochus VII Sidetes Seleucid dynasty Born: c. 164/160 BC Died: 129 BC
Preceded by Diodotus Tryphon	Seleucid King (King of Syria) 138–129 BC	Succeeded by Demetrius II Nicator and Alexander II Zabinas

[1] A birth year of Antiochus can be deduced from a statement in the "Chronicle" of Eusebius of Caesarea , which refers to a historical work of the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry as a source. It states that the king was 35 years old when he died.

[2] Josephus, Antiquities 13.8.2; (13.236)

[3] "Antiochus VII Sidetes". Livius.org.

[4] Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52)

[5] Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Book XIII, 8

[6] Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)

[7] "Appian, The Syrian Wars 14 - Livius". www.livius.org.

[8] Katherine Clarke (1999). Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 357, 358. ISBN 0-19-924003-5.

[9] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[10] Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[11] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[12] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[13] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-14] Per Sumerian King List

[15] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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