Patsho Khiamniungan

Not to be confused with Pashto.

Patsho Khiamniungan
pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵
Pronunciation	Khiamniungan Naga pronunciation: [/pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵ kʰiɑm³³ɲu⁵⁵ŋn⁵⁵/]
Native to	India
Region	Noklak District, Nagaland
Ethnicity	Khiamniungan Naga
Native speakers	120,000 approx. in Myanmar and 61,983 approx (2011)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Brahmaputran Konyak Konyak–Chang Patsho Khiamniungan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kix
Glottolog	khia
Patsho-speaking region

Patsho Khiamniungan is a language spoken in Noklak district in the state of Nagaland, India. The language is gradually refining and grammatical development is underway.

Alphabet

Patsho nyu orthography

The Patsho Khiamniungan alphabet consists of the following letters:

Patsho Khiamniungan Alphabet

Capital letters	A	Ch	E	H	I	J	K	Kh	L	M	N	Ng	Ny	O	P	Ph	S	Sh	T	Th	Ts	Tsh	U	Ü	V	W	Y
Small letters	a	ch	e	h	i	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	ny	o	p	ph	s	sh	t	th	ts	tsh	u	ü	v	w	y
IPA	a a̯	tʃʰ	e ɛ ɛ̯	h	i i̯	tʃ	k	kʰ	l	m	n	ŋ	ɲ	o o̯	p	pʰ	ʃ	ʃʰ	t	tʰ	ts	tsʰ	u ʊ u̯	ə ɜ̯	v	w	j

This makes for 27 letters in Patsho Khiamniungan.

Background

Patsho is a language spoken in eastern part of Nagaland state and also refers to the people living under Noklak district in India. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village.

Typology

Patsho Khiamniungan is related to sino-Tibetan and is a compound of two words. Patsho is a village in Nagaland and Khiamniungan refers to one of the major tribes in Nagaland.

Phonology

The phonological inventory of Patsho Khiamniungan is as follows.

Consonants

	labial/ labiodental	dental	palatal/ palato-alveolar	velar	glottal
stop, unasiprated	p	t		k	ʔ
stop, aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
affricate, unaspirated		ts	tʃ
affricate, aspirated		tsʰ	tʃʰ
nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
fricative	(v)	s	ʃ
approximant	w	l	j		h

Vowels

Vowels

a	e	i
o	u	ü

Phonemic tones

There are four phonemic tones in Patsho,

• high level /55/
• mid level /33/
• high falling /52/
• low /31/

Monophthongs

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i [ɪ],		u [u], [ʊ],
Mid	e [e], [ɛ],		o [o],
Open	a [ɑ],		ü [ə],

Diphthongs

Patsho Khiamniungan has the following Diphthongs:

Starting with a	Starting with e	Starting with i	Starting with u	Starting with o
ai (/ai/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/)	ei (/eɪ/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ/)	ie (/iɛ/	ou (/ou/	ui (/ui/
au (/au/,	eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/	iu (/ɪʊ/ or /iu/)	oi (/oi/	ua (/uɑ/

Triphthongs

Patsho Khiamniungan has the following triphthongs:

• iai, as in hiai,
• iau as in hiauh, kiau,
• uai, as in huai,kuai,
• uau, as in liuau,
• uou, as in Tiuou,
• oua, as in touap,

Grammar

Case marking

• èi sōih-à jǖ-shíu-shī-ê.

1sg.ABS go.away-INF NEG-be.able-RSMPT-IRR

‘I won’t be able to go away again.’

(AC4-20170109_KIX1-002)

• ngǖ-ōh yôh nǜ hâkūtî vâuh tèu-nyê.

1SG-ERG pig DEM large rear keep-REAL

I am rearing a large pig

(AC4-20050127_KIX1_001)

• nyǖ-ōh ātsòu èi jūa-ê tə)náihtǖ,

2SG-ERG really 1SG.ABS call-IRR COND

nyǖ-ōh ā-jāmsǖkōuh mèi-kǖ ā-hīe.

2SG-ERG 2SG.POSS-household good-SIM IMP-make

If you really plan to call me (to marry), then you set your

Conjugation

The verbs are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as

• -e (Irrealis mood suffix -encoding a hypothetical or predicted situation. ),

For example: Ei phu-e/I will come

• nye (Realis mood - used to encode actualized events and states),

For example: Ei khu nye/I went

• -shī (resumptive aspect-nominal suffix),

For example: Lü khushi/go again(lü-imperative prefix/mood)(authoritative command)

• nyü (Prohibitive mood),

For example: Nyü khu/Don't go

• ie (nominal suffix. reciprocal suffix),

For example: Nyü vei-ie/Don't fight

Pluralisation

Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -hoi, for example:

Noun	Plurals	Meaning
kheunyoh mietshou jamkei	kheunyohhoi mietshouhoi jamkeihoi	kheunyoh – human hoi-beings or group/mietshouhoi – kids or children/jamkeihoi- vehicles

Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle jü (not) in the middle of a sentence. For example,

Sentence	Negation
Lamnyu shi je Lamnyu is coming	Lamnyu jüshi Lamnyu did not come
Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü tsie-ie je Three divides six	Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü jütsie-ie je Three does not divide six

Replication and transfer(cognitive schemas)

(1).

• “Standard” Nagamese (Indo-Aryan):

kana hik-i-bole song learn-EP-INF6

‘to learn a song’

• Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

tsūihāng līam-ā song search-INF

‘to learn a song’

• Nagamese of Patsho Khiamniungan speakersː

kana pisar-i-bole song search-EP-INF

‘to learn a song

(2)

• Mongsen Ao (Indo-Burmic):

tāŋ%āɹ tʃū nə) tə)-pāʔ khə) tə)-jā nə)t other DIST AGT RL-father CONJ RL-mother two tāŋ tʃū nə) wā-ə+ɹ, SIDE DIST ALL go-SEQ

‘Others went to the mother and father,…’

(lit. to the mother and father’s side), (Coupe 2017, p. 290)

• Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

lōhō mīe-nyù nǖ tōŋ-lè khù-shī-nyè. again girl-F DEM SIDE-LOC go-RPET-REAL

‘Again he went to the girl.’ (lit. … to the girl’s side’)

Syntax

Patsho Khiamniungan is an SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives comes after the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Interrogative such as ateitsoh? appears after the noun or subject but the word mou? usually comes at the end, transforming the sentence into question.

• Example of interrogative?

Kheunyoh

ateitsoh

ki

je

kouni?

Kheunyoh ateitsoh ki je kouni?

How many of you lives here?

Nyo-oh

Khünu

hau

chai

nü

kiuh

va

mou?

Nyo-oh Khünu hau chai nü kiuh va mou?

Did you give the money to Khünu?

• Example of numeral

Jüsa

jamkheu

ko

kheunyoh

müngou

je.

Jüsa jamkheu ko kheunyoh müngou je.

There are five siblings in our family.

• Example of adjective

Jam

Haküti

nong

le

le

jam

haküti.

no.

Jam nong le haküti.

Haküti le jam no.

This house is very big?

Miesheu

Lahküti

Lamnyu

je

lahküti

Lamnyu

je.

to.

Miesheu Lamnyu lahküti je.

Lahküti je Lamnyu to.

Miss Lamnyu is very tall.

• Example of demonstrative

Demonstratives seems to appear either before noun or after, shown by the example given below.

Jünou

Nong

je

ni

nong

jünou

ni.

je.

Jünou je nong ni.

Nong ni jünou je.

This is my sister.

Language development

Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.

Writing system

Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters, while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate letters, but tsh is one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho.

Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Patsho Khiamniungan of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: or

Patsho Khiamniungan	English
Kheunyoh tshou apem mongthah kü kihie-a nühe avi nüko tshahnye. Asheu nong alianghie a shiuko nühe atshümua jü nüko ok kiuhnye. Nongteiphie, tsak hei tsak ajujie a-ie kü nühe teisüniu tü kihie-a apouting noinye.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Basic vocabulary

Patsho Khiamniungan	English
Theumei	Thank You
Amei hüni?	How are you?
Amei.	I am fine.
Khiam	Water
Tsih	(cooked) rice
Ngouh (nyieh)	fish (meat)
Veu (nyieh)	chicken (meat)
Yoh (nyieh)	pork (meat)
Jang (nyieh)	beef (meat)
Uo (nyieh)	mutton (meat)
Kie (nyieh-kie sang o)	dish (meat/vegetable)
Sang-o (kie sang-o)	vegetable
Naga chum	lentils
Tsem	salt
Lutsoutsoh (Chauchau ko)	less
Püiuh	chilli
Jujie lianko ashua kiuh	Please give again (serve again).
Teitsoh	enough
Khiam nü asheu kiuh.	Please give water.
Tsih nü akhem kiuh.	Please give food (rice).
Sngewbha ai jyntah seh	Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat.
Atei euh je?	What do you want?
Atei?	What?
Avaih? Atei naih-oh?	When?
Atei le?	Where?
Atei ali?	How?
Asheuh amei.	Good Night.
Shiemong le aleu oh phu je?	How do I go to Shiemong?
Nongni ateitsoh mai no?	What is the price of this?
Mei kü lü-iu.	Happy journey.
Mongling kü anoi.	Stay happy.

Numbers in Patsho

Numerals	Hauvi	Tone(Shangliak)	IPA
0	wa	wà	wa³¹
1	tsak	tsāk	tsak³³
2	lümih	lǖmīeh	lə³³.mɪʔ³³
3	sümieh	sǖmīeh	sə³³.mɪəʔ³³
4	pülie	pǖlīe	pə³³.lɪə³³
5	müngou	mǖngōu	mə³³.ŋɒu³³
6	lüvok	lǖvòk	lə³³.vɒk³³
7	tshünyieh	tshūnyìeh	tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
8	püjeih	pǖjèih	pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³
9	lükau	lǖkàu	lə³³.kɒu³³
10	tshie	tshìe	tsʰɪɛ³³
20	khei	khèi	kʰɛɪ³¹
30	ausam	āusám	ɑu³³sɑm⁵⁵
40	aupülie	àupǜlīe	au̯³¹pə³¹liɛ̯³³
50	aumüngou	àumǜngōu	au̯³¹məŋ³¹ou̯³³
60	aulüvok	àulǜvòk	au̯³¹lə³¹vok³²
70	autshienyieh	àutshǜnyìeh	au̯³¹tsʰə³¹ɲiɛ̯ʔ³²
80	aupüjeh	àupǜjèih	au̯³¹pə³¹tʃɛi̯ʔ³²
90	aulükau	àulǜkàu	au̯³¹lə³¹lau̯³¹
100	tsum tsak	tsūm tsāk	tsum³³.tsak³³
200	tsum lümieh	tsūm lǖmīeh	tsum³³.lə³³ mɪʔ³³
300	tsum sümieh	tsūm sǖmīeh	tsum³³.sə³³ mɪəʔ³³
400	tsum pülie	tsūm pǖlīe	tsum³³.pə³³.lɪə³³
500	tsum müngou	tsūm mǖngōu	tsum³³.mə³³.ŋɒu³³
600	tsum lüvok	tsūm lǖvòk	tsum³³.lə³³.vɒk³³
700	tsum tshünyieh	tsūm tshūnyìeh	tsum³³.tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
800	tsum püjeih	tsūm pǖjèih	tsum³³. pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³
900	tsum lükau	tsūm lǖkàu	tsum³³.lə³³.kɒu³³
1000	ka tsak	ká tsāk	ka⁵⁵.tsak³³
10,000	ka tshie	ká tshīe	ka⁵⁵.tsʰɪɛ³³
100,000	tsang tsak	tsāng tsāk	tsaŋ³³.tsak³³
10000000	pei tsak	péi tsāk	pei⁵⁵.tsak³³
1000000000	iuh tsak	ìuh tsāk	iuʔ³¹.tsak³³
100000000000	em tsak	ēm tsāk	em³³.tsak³³

See also

• Khiamniungan language
• Khiamniungan people
• Patsho

External links

• Khiamniungan Naga phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage