General of Ili
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The General of Ili (Chinese: 伊犁將軍; pinyin: Yīlí Jiāngjūn Officially 總統伊犁等處將軍), also known in western sources as the Kuldya Military Governor, was a position created during the reign of the Qing Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735-1799) to "pacify" Dzungaria (now part of Xinjiang) and suppress uprisings by the Khoja "Rebels". The General of Ili governed the entire Xinjiang during Qing rule until it was turned into a province.
History
[edit]Based in Huiyuan City (惠远城; 惠遠城; now Huiyuan Town, Huocheng County),[1] in the Qing delineated greater Xinjiang region in the northwest of China, the general was the senior military commander in the area.[2] In 1759, Qing general Zhao Hui (Manchu: Zhaohuui) suppressed the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas and reestablished Qing control over the western part of Xinjiang. As a result, in 1762 the Qing court established the position of General of Ili with Ming Rui as the first incumbent.[2]
At the same time, the offices of Military Attache or Dūtǒng (都統) and Imperial Resident (駐紮大臣) were created under the general to manage military affairs north and south of the Tian Shan range of mountains. The northern circuit (天山北路) or Tarim Basin was administered by the Ili Ministerial Attache (伊犁參贊大臣), five Ministerial Leaders (領隊大臣), a Tarbagatai Ministerial Attache (塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣; 塔爾巴哈臺參贊大臣)[A] and a Minister of Affairs (辦事兼領隊大臣). In the south (天山南路) or Altishahr there was a General Minister for Altashahr Affairs (總理回疆事務參贊大臣) responsible for Kashgar, Ye 'erqiang (葉爾羌; now Yarkant County), Yingjisha'er (英吉沙尔; now Yengisar County), Uqturpan County, Aksu, Kuqa County, Hetian (和闐; now Hotan) and Kalash'er (喀喇沙爾 now Karasahr) amongst others. In the western circuit (東路 the Urumqi Military Command (烏魯木齊都統) was responsible for Gucheng (Chinese: 古城; now Qitai County), Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County, Hamiting (now Hami City) and Kur Qara Usu (now Wusu) among other locations.
In 1763, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the construction of the new city of Huiyuan on the north bank of the Ili River as a base for the General of Ili. Thereafter, Huiyuan became the capital of the Qing Xinjiang Region. A further eight fortified cities were then constructed across the Ili or Dzungarian Basin: Ningyuan City (寧遠城; now Yining City), Huining City (惠寧城; now Bayandai Township [巴彥岱鎮) 10–18 kilometres (6.2–11.2 mi) west of Yining), Taleqi City (塔勒奇城; now part of Huocheng County), Zhande City (瞻德城; now part of Qingshuihe County), Guangren City (廣仁城; now Lucaogou Town (蘆草溝鎮 in Huocheng County), Gongchen City (拱宸城; now Khorgas City), Xichun City (熙春城; now part of Yining City) and Suiding City (綏定城; now Shuiding Town).
The headquarters of the Manchu bannermen was in Huiyuan and Huining while the Green Standard Army was distributed across the remaining towns with their commander in Suiding. Uyghur merchants (including the Taranchi) resided in Ningyuan. Their affairs were managed by the General of Ili through the East Yamen (东衙门; 東衙門; Dōng Yámén).
In 1864, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the Xinjiang Hui Rebellion broke out concurrent with the Dungan Revolt of 1862-77 further east. On 8 March 1866, a large force of Hui Muslims captured the General of Ili Mingsioi's Yamen. He committed suicide by blowing himself up but his predecessor Cangcing (Chinese: 常清; pinyin: Cháng Qīng) was captured and paraded through the streets.[3]
After Tzarist Russia invaded the Ili Basin in 1865 they demolished Huiyuan then in 1876 Qing General Zuo Zongtang, at the head of a large army, ended Yaqub Beg's occupation of the southern part of Xinjiang. In 1881 the Qing army recaptured the Ili Basin and two years later rebuilt Huiyaun 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) north of its former site. This new settlement was known historically as "New Huiyuan" (新惠遠.
Xinjiang officially became a province in 1883 with its capital at Dihua Fu (迪化府 modern day Urumqi) and Huiyuan gradually lost its political status as the centre of the region. The General of Yili retained responsibility for defence in the north of the new province until the position was abolished following the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which marked the end of Imperial China.
Officeholders
[edit]| Name | Appointed | End date | Banner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mingrui | October 1762 | March 1767 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Agui | March 1767 | April 1768 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Iletu | July 1768 | October 1769 | Plain White Banner |
| Yonggui | October 1769 | October 1770 | Plain White Banner |
| Zenghai | October 1770 | December 1770 | Bordered Blue Banner Imperial Clan |
| Iletu | December 1770 | July 1772 | Plain White Banner |
| Šuhede | October 1772 | July 1774 | Plain White Banner |
| Iletu | July 1774 | June 1784 | Plain White Banner |
| Mingliang | June 1784 | July 1784 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Hailu (海祿 | July 1784 | August 1784 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Iletu | August 1784 | July 1793 | Plain White Banner |
| Kui Lin | July 1793 | September 1795 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Yongduo (永鐸) | September 1795 | November 1795 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Booning | 1795 | 1798 | Plain White Banner |
| Mingliang | 1798 | 1799 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Booning | 1799 | 1801 | Plain White Banner |
| Songyun | 1801 | 1801 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Booning | 1801 | 1803 | Plain White Banner |
| Songyun | 1803 | 1810 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Jinchang | 1810 | 1814 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Songyun | 1814 | 1818 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Changling | 1818 | 1820 | Plain White Banner |
| Gao Qi | 1820 | Bordered Yellow Banner | |
| Qingxiang | 1820 | 1825 | Plain White Banner |
| Deying'a | 1825 | Bordered Yellow Banner | |
| Changling | 1825 | 1827 | Plain White Banner |
| Deying'a | 1828 | Bordered Blue Banner | |
| Yulin | 1828 | 1831 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Teyishunbao | 1831 | 1837 | Plain White Banner |
| Yishan | 1837 | 1839 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Guanfu | 1839 | 1840 | Bordered White Banner |
| Buyantai | 1840 | 1845 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Šuhingga | 1845 | Plain Blue Banner | |
| Saying'a | 1845 | 1850 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Yishan | 1854 | Bordered Blue Banner | |
| Zhalafentai | 1854 | 1856 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Changqing | 1856 | 1857 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Zhalafentai | 1857 | 1860 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Changqing | 1860 | 1864 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Mingxu | 1864 | 1866 | Bordered Red Banner |
| Li Yunlin | 1866 | ||
| Rongquan | 1866 | 1877 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Jinshun | 1877 | 1886 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Xilun | 1886 | 1887 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Selengge | 1887 | 1891 | Plain White Banner |
| Fuleminge | 1891 | Bordered White Banner | |
| Changgeng | 1891 | 1902 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Ma Liang | 1902 | 1906 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Guangfu | 1906 | 1907 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Changgeng | 1907 | 1909 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Guangfu | 1909 | 1911 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Zhirui | 1911 | Plain Red Banner | |
| Elehun | 1911 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press. pp. 77–79, 277. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6.
- ^ a b James Z. Gao (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6308-8.
- ^ Hodong Kim (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8047-6723-1.
