Jump to content

Da (Indic)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Da
Da
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseDa
TibetanDa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiDa
DevanagariDa
Cognates
Hebrewד
GreekΔ
LatinD
CyrillicД
Properties
Phonemic representation/d/ /t/B
IAST transliterationd D
ISCII code pointC4 (196)

^B In Khmer

Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of द are:[1]

  • [də] = 18 (१८)
  • दि [dɪ] = 1,800 (१ ८००)
  • दु [dʊ] = 180,000 (१ ८० ०००)
  • दृ [dri] = 18,000,000 (१ ८० ०० ०००)
  • दॢ [dlə] = 18×108 (१८×१०)
  • दे [de] = 18×1010 (१८×१०१०)
  • दै [dɛː] = 18×1012 (१८×१०१२)
  • दो [doː] = 18×1014 (१८×१०१४)
  • दौ [dɔː] = 18×1016 (१८×१०१६)

Historic Da

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Da as found in standard Brahmi, Da was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Da. The Tocharian Da Da did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi (Da) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Da

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Da, Da, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Da historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Da

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Da is derived from the Brahmi Da, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Da with vowel marks
Da Di Du Dr Dr̄ De Dai Do Dau

Kharoṣṭhī Da

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Da is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Da.[2]

Devanagari Da

[edit]

Da () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘟.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, द is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari द with vowel marks
Da Di Du Dr Dr̄ Dl Dl̄ De Dai Do Dau D
दा दि दी दु दू दृ दॄ दॢ दॣ दे दै दो दौ द्

Conjuncts with द

[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of द

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

  • द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

  • द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

  • द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature ddya:

  • द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

  • द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature dya:

Stacked conjuncts of द

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

  • द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:

  • द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

  • द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

  • द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:

  • द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:

  • द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature dḍʱa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍʱda:

  • द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

  • द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

  • द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

  • द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

  • द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

  • द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

  • द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

  • द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature dka:

  • द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature dkʰa:

  • द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

  • द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature dla:

  • द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature dḷa:

  • द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

  • द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:

  • द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dña:

  • द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

  • द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

  • द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature dsa:

  • द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

  • द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:

  • द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature

    dta: * द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature dtʰa

    :

  • द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

  • द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature dṭʰa:

  • द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature dva:

  • द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭʰda:

Bengali Da

[edit]

The Bengali script দ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali দ with vowel marks
da di du dr dr̄ de dai do dau d
দা দি দী দু দূ দৃ দৄ দে দৈ দো দৌ দ্

দ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with দ

[edit]

Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ddva, with the va phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

  • দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

  • দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature dra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature dva, with the va phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature dya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Gujarati Da

[edit]
Gujarati Da.

Da () is the eighteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Da Da with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Da.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Da Di Du Dr Dl Dr̄ Dl̄ De Dai Do Dau D
Gujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with દ

[edit]

Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

  • દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

  • દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

  • દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:

  • દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

  • દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

  • દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:

  • દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:

  • દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:

Javanese Da

[edit]

Telugu Da

[edit]
Telugu Da
Telugu subjoined Da
Telugu independent and subjoined Da.

Da () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Da

[edit]
Malayalam letter Da

Da () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Grantha letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Da matras: Da, Dā, Di, Dī, Du, Dū, Dr̥, Dr̥̄, Dl̥, Dl̥̄, De, Dē, Dai, Do, Dō, Dau, and D.

Conjuncts of ദ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

  • ദ് (d) + ദ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:

  • ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Odia Da

[edit]
Odia independent letter Da
Odia subjoined letter Da
Odia independent and subjoined letter Da.

Da () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Da with vowel matras
Da Di Du Dr̥ Dr̥̄ Dl̥ Dl̥̄ De Dai Do Dau D
ଦା ଦି ଦୀ ଦୁ ଦୂ ଦୃ ଦୄ ଦୢ ଦୣ ଦେ ଦୈ ଦୋ ଦୌ ଦ୍

Conjuncts of ଦ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Kaithi Da

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Da
Kaithi consonant Da.

Da (𑂠) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Da with vowel matras
Da Di Du De Dai Do Dau D
𑂠 𑂠𑂰 𑂠𑂱 𑂠𑂲 𑂠𑂳 𑂠𑂴 𑂠𑂵 𑂠𑂶 𑂠𑂷 𑂠𑂸 𑂠𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂠

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

Comparison of Da

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Da, are related as well.

Comparison of Da in different scripts
Aramaic
Da
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨡
Ashoka Brahmi
Da
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Da
Tocharian[b]
Da
Gupta Brahmi
Da
Pallava
Da
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰟
Siddhaṃ
Da
Grantha
𑌦
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Da
Newa
𑐡
Ahom
𑜓
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Da
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤝
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩭
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄘
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑱼
Tirhuta
𑒠
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
ꪒ / ꪓ
Aksara Kawi
Da
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆢
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨛
Bengali-Assamese
Da
Takri
𑚛
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻧
Hangul[e]
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠛
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘟
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈛
Khudabadi
𑋏
Mahajani
𑅥
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Da
Nandinagari
𑦿
Kaithi
Da
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊘
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩭
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵸
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴝
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Da

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Da in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Da from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER DA BENGALI LETTER DA TELUGU LETTER DA ORIYA LETTER DA KANNADA LETTER DA MALAYALAM LETTER DA GUJARATI LETTER DA GURMUKHI LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2342 U+0926 2470 U+09A6 3110 U+0C26 2854 U+0B26 3238 U+0CA6 3366 U+0D26 2726 U+0AA6 2598 U+0A26
UTF-8 224 164 166 E0 A4 A6 224 166 166 E0 A6 A6 224 176 166 E0 B0 A6 224 172 166 E0 AC A6 224 178 166 E0 B2 A6 224 180 166 E0 B4 A6 224 170 166 E0 AA A6 224 168 166 E0 A8 A6
Numeric character reference द द দ দ ద ద ଦ ଦ ದ ದ ദ ദ દ દ ਦ ਦ
ISCII 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4 196 C4


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨡 𑌦
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER DA KHAROSHTHI LETTER DA SIDDHAM LETTER DA GRANTHA LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69668 U+11024 68129 U+10A21 71071 U+1159F 70438 U+11326
UTF-8 240 145 128 164 F0 91 80 A4 240 144 168 161 F0 90 A8 A1 240 145 150 159 F0 91 96 9F 240 145 140 166 F0 91 8C A6
UTF-16 55300 56356 D804 DC24 55298 56865 D802 DE21 55301 56735 D805 DD9F 55300 57126 D804 DF26
Numeric character reference 𑀤 𑀤 𐨡 𐨡 𑖟 𑖟 𑌦 𑌦


Character information
Preview 𑨛 𑐡 𑰟 𑆢
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER DA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER DA PHAGS-PA LETTER DA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA NEWA LETTER DA BHAIKSUKI LETTER DA SHARADA LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3921 U+0F51 4001 U+0FA1 43082 U+A84A 72219 U+11A1B 70689 U+11421 72735 U+11C1F 70050 U+111A2
UTF-8 224 189 145 E0 BD 91 224 190 161 E0 BE A1 234 161 138 EA A1 8A 240 145 168 155 F0 91 A8 9B 240 145 144 161 F0 91 90 A1 240 145 176 159 F0 91 B0 9F 240 145 134 162 F0 91 86 A2
UTF-16 3921 0F51 4001 0FA1 43082 A84A 55302 56859 D806 DE1B 55301 56353 D805 DC21 55303 56351 D807 DC1F 55300 56738 D804 DDA2
Numeric character reference ད ད ྡ ྡ ꡊ ꡊ 𑨛 𑨛 𑐡 𑐡 𑰟 𑰟 𑆢 𑆢


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER DA TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4114 U+1012 6708 U+1A34 6545 U+1991
UTF-8 225 128 146 E1 80 92 225 168 180 E1 A8 B4 225 166 145 E1 A6 91
Numeric character reference ဒ ဒ ᨴ ᨴ ᦑ ᦑ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER TO LAO LETTER THO TAM THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH DO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6033 U+1791 3735 U+0E97 3607 U+0E17 43666 U+AA92 43667 U+AA93
UTF-8 225 158 145 E1 9E 91 224 186 151 E0 BA 97 224 184 151 E0 B8 97 234 170 146 EA AA 92 234 170 147 EA AA 93
Numeric character reference ទ ទ ທ ທ ท ท ꪒ ꪒ ꪓ ꪓ


Character information
Preview 𑄘 𑜓 𑤝
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA DAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER DA CHAKMA LETTER DAA AHOM LETTER DA DIVES AKURU LETTER DA SAURASHTRA LETTER DA CHAM LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3503 U+0DAF 43288 U+A918 69912 U+11118 71443 U+11713 71965 U+1191D 43171 U+A8A3 43541 U+AA15
UTF-8 224 182 175 E0 B6 AF 234 164 152 EA A4 98 240 145 132 152 F0 91 84 98 240 145 156 147 F0 91 9C 93 240 145 164 157 F0 91 A4 9D 234 162 163 EA A2 A3 234 168 149 EA A8 95
UTF-16 3503 0DAF 43288 A918 55300 56600 D804 DD18 55301 57107 D805 DF13 55302 56605 D806 DD1D 43171 A8A3 43541 AA15
Numeric character reference ද ද ꤘ ꤘ 𑄘 𑄘 𑜓 𑜓 𑤝 𑤝 ꢣ ꢣ ꨕ ꨕ


Character information
Preview 𑘟 𑦿 𑩭 𑵸
Unicode name MODI LETTER DA NANDINAGARI LETTER DA SOYOMBO LETTER DA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DA KAITHI LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71199 U+1161F 72127 U+119BF 72301 U+11A6D 43030 U+A816 73080 U+11D78 69792 U+110A0
UTF-8 240 145 152 159 F0 91 98 9F 240 145 166 191 F0 91 A6 BF 240 145 169 173 F0 91 A9 AD 234 160 150 EA A0 96 240 145 181 184 F0 91 B5 B8 240 145 130 160 F0 91 82 A0
UTF-16 55301 56863 D805 DE1F 55302 56767 D806 DDBF 55302 56941 D806 DE6D 43030 A816 55303 56696 D807 DD78 55300 56480 D804 DCA0
Numeric character reference 𑘟 𑘟 𑦿 𑦿 𑩭 𑩭 ꠖ ꠖ 𑵸 𑵸 𑂠 𑂠


Character information
Preview 𑒠 𑱼
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER DA LEPCHA LETTER DA LIMBU LETTER DA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DIL MARCHEN LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70816 U+114A0 7180 U+1C0C 6413 U+190D 43991 U+ABD7 72828 U+11C7C
UTF-8 240 145 146 160 F0 91 92 A0 225 176 140 E1 B0 8C 225 164 141 E1 A4 8D 234 175 151 EA AF 97 240 145 177 188 F0 91 B1 BC
UTF-16 55301 56480 D805 DCA0 7180 1C0C 6413 190D 43991 ABD7 55303 56444 D807 DC7C
Numeric character reference 𑒠 𑒠 ᰌ ᰌ ᤍ ᤍ ꯗ ꯗ 𑱼 𑱼


Character information
Preview 𑚛 𑠛 𑈛 𑋏 𑅥 𑊘
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER DA DOGRA LETTER DA KHOJKI LETTER DA KHUDAWADI LETTER DA MAHAJANI LETTER DA MULTANI LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71323 U+1169B 71707 U+1181B 70171 U+1121B 70351 U+112CF 69989 U+11165 70296 U+11298
UTF-8 240 145 154 155 F0 91 9A 9B 240 145 160 155 F0 91 A0 9B 240 145 136 155 F0 91 88 9B 240 145 139 143 F0 91 8B 8F 240 145 133 165 F0 91 85 A5 240 145 138 152 F0 91 8A 98
UTF-16 55301 56987 D805 DE9B 55302 56347 D806 DC1B 55300 56859 D804 DE1B 55300 57039 D804 DECF 55300 56677 D804 DD65 55300 56984 D804 DE98
Numeric character reference 𑚛 𑚛 𑠛 𑠛 𑈛 𑈛 𑋏 𑋏 𑅥 𑅥 𑊘 𑊘


Character information
Preview 𑻧
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER DA BATAK LETTER DA BUGINESE LETTER DA JAVANESE LETTER DA MAKASAR LETTER DA REJANG LETTER DA SUNDANESE LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6948 U+1B24 7121 U+1BD1 6665 U+1A09 43426 U+A9A2 73447 U+11EE7 43316 U+A934 7059 U+1B93
UTF-8 225 172 164 E1 AC A4 225 175 145 E1 AF 91 225 168 137 E1 A8 89 234 166 162 EA A6 A2 240 145 187 167 F0 91 BB A7 234 164 180 EA A4 B4 225 174 147 E1 AE 93
UTF-16 6948 1B24 7121 1BD1 6665 1A09 43426 A9A2 55303 57063 D807 DEE7 43316 A934 7059 1B93
Numeric character reference ᬤ ᬤ ᯑ ᯑ ᨉ ᨉ ꦢ ꦢ 𑻧 𑻧 ꤴ ꤴ ᮓ ᮓ


Character information
Preview 𑴝
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER DA TAGBANWA LETTER DA BUHID LETTER DA HANUNOO LETTER DA MASARAM GONDI LETTER DA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5895 U+1707 5991 U+1767 5959 U+1747 5927 U+1727 72989 U+11D1D
UTF-8 225 156 135 E1 9C 87 225 157 167 E1 9D A7 225 157 135 E1 9D 87 225 156 167 E1 9C A7 240 145 180 157 F0 91 B4 9D
UTF-16 5895 1707 5991 1767 5959 1747 5927 1727 55303 56605 D807 DD1D
Numeric character reference ᜇ ᜇ ᝧ ᝧ ᝇ ᝇ ᜧ ᜧ 𑴝 𑴝



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".