Red–green–brown alliance
The term red–green–brown alliance, originating in France in the 2000s, refers to the alliance of leftists (red), Islamists (green), and the far right (brown).[1][2][3] The term has also been used to describe alleged alliances of industrial union-focused leftists (red), ecologically-minded agrarians (green), and the far right (brown).[4][5]
History
[edit]French essayist Alexandre del Valle wrote of "a red–brown–green ... ideological alliance" in a 22 April 2002 article in the right-wing Le Figaro newspaper,[6] also writing of "red–brown–green, the strange alliance" in a January 2004 article in the Politique Internationale magazine.[7] Del Valle's conceptual rendering of Islamist ideological trends appears to be based at least partially on earlier writings in which he charged the United States and Western Europe with favouring the "war machine" of "armed Islamism" via its funding of the Afghanistani mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War during the Ronald Reagan presidency.[8] In 2010, Del Valle published an essay in Italy titled "Verdi, Rossi, Neri. La convergenza degli estremismi antioccidentali: islamismo, comunismo, neonazismo" ("Red, Black, Green: The Meeting of Extreme Anti-Westernisms").[9]
The later popularity of the red–green–brown theory and its various permutations derives mainly from a speech given by Roger Cukierman, president of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (CRIF), to a CRIF banquet on 25 January 2003, and given prominence by a 27/28 January 2003 newspaper article in Le Monde. Cukierman used the French term "alliance brun-vert-rouge" to describe the antisemitic alignment supposedly shared by "an extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the colour brown in reference to the Sturmabteilung), "an extreme left [which is] anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, anti-American [and] anti-Zionist" (red), and followers of José Bové (green). In the United States, a similar alliance of disparate groups occurred in opposition to the World Trade Organization in the alter-globalization movement, which saw trade unions, neo-Luddite environmentalists, and paleoconservative nationalists like Pat Buchanan joining a common cause.[5] Many were surprised by leftist Lenora Fulani's support for Buchanan, which has been viewed as an example of a red–green–brown alliance.[10]
Similar terms
[edit]In Russia
[edit]The red–brown term (Russian: красно-коричневые, krasno-korichnevye) originated in post-Soviet Russia to describe an alliance of communists and far-right (nationalist, fascist, monarchist, and religious) opposition to the liberal, pro-capitalist Russian government in the 1990s, opposing economic and social reforms such as rapid transition to a market economy through shock therapy, subsequent sharp increase in poverty and drop in living standards, and removal of many restrictions on people's behaviour.[11] Such an alliance was first suggested by Aleksandr Dugin, an early member of the National Bolshevik Party and writer of the new Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) program.[12] As leader of the opposition, Gennady Zyuganov oversaw the partnership of the CPRF with Russian National Unity, a prominent Russian neo-Nazi party.[13]
As described by American geography lecturer Alexander Reid Ross in his 2017 Against the Fascist Creep, in the 1990s Zyuganov also formed alliances with the neo-Nazi National Republican Party of Russia and the Soyuz Venedov, the latter of which, as described and paraphrased by Reid Ross, "'promotes the worship of pagan gods of the Slavic pantheon' while translating and disseminating German Nazi propaganda in Russian."[14] After Zyuganov publicly proclaimed this new red–brown alliance, there was a noted rise in antisemitism within the CPRF,[15] particularly driven by party official Albert Makashov, who openly called for the expulsion of Jews in Russia and met with David Duke, grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.[13][16]
See also
[edit]
- Antisemitism in the Arab world
- Beefsteak Nazi
- Ecofascism
- Euston Manifesto
- Horseshoe theory
- Islam and antisemitism § Islamic antisemitism in Europe
- Islamofascism
- Islamo-leftism
- Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
- Nasakom
- National-anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- Red–green alliance
- Regressive left
- Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
- Strasserism
- Syncretic politics
- Tankie
- Third Position
- Alain Soral
- The Enemy of My Enemy (Michael book)
- Carlos the Jackal
References
[edit]- ^ Judaken, J. (2013). Naming Race, Naming Racisms. Taylor & Francis. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-317-99156-4.
- ^ Sedgwick, M. (2004). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 258f. ISBN 978-0-19-974493-0.
- ^ Flood, C.; Hutchings, S.; Miazhevich, G.; Nickels, H. (2012). Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural. Muslim Minorities. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-23102-3.
- ^ Strauss, Mark (November 2003). "Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem". Foreign Policy. No. 139. pp. 58–67. doi:10.2307/3183738. ISSN 0015-7228. JSTOR 3183738.
- ^ a b "The Buchanan Troll Project". MetroWest Jewish News. Vol. 2, no. 4. Whippany, NJ, USA. 13 January 2000. ProQuest 364868971.
- ^ Del Valle, Alexandre; Knobel, Marc (27 April 2002). "Le Péril rouge en France ou la convergence des Totalitarismes" [The Red Peril in France: The convergence of totalitarianisms]. Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Also available from harissa.com.
- ^ A. Del Valle, "Rouges-Bruns-Verts : L'étrange alliance", Politique Internationale, no. 102 (January 2004), official translation. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ Murawiec, Laurent (Spring 2000). "The wacky world of French intellectuals". Middle East Quarterly. Vol. 8. Middle East Forum. pp. 3–10.
- ^ A. Del Valle, "Verdi, rossi e neri: chi sono i nemici dell'Occidente e perché ci odiano così Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, L'Occidentale, 3 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ Twersky, David (27 January 2000). "Buchanan's voice bodes ill for israel". Jewish Exponent. Vol. 207, no. 4. Philadelphia, USA: Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia. p. 36. ProQuest 227249240.
- ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. London: ME Sharpe. p. 192. ISBN 0765606348. OCLC 878994537.
- ^ Lee, Martin A. (2000). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. New York: Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 0415925460. OCLC 1106702367.
- ^ a b Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Chico, CA: AK Press. p. 173.
- ^ Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Chico, CA: AK Press. p. 174.
- ^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. London: ME Sharpe. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0765606348. OCLC 878994537.
- ^ Beirich, Heidi (2013). "Hate Across Waters". In Wodak, Ruth; Khosravinik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (eds.). Right-Wing Populism in Europe. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9781780933436. OCLC 847620454.
Further reading
[edit]- "[unknown]". Insight Turkey. 6. Istanbul, Turkey: Center for Intercultural Dialogue and Cooperation, Ankara Center for Turkish Policy Studies. 2004. ISSN 2564-7717. JSTOR i26328846.
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses generic title (help) To locate this article, see journal indices. - "Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France". crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - "Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France". crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Cukierman, R. (2008). Ni fiers ni dominateurs (in French). Moment. p. 85f,192. ISBN 9782354170332.
- Hassoux, Didier (27 January 2003). "Défiance à l'égard de toute la gauche". Libération.fr (in French).
- Hecker, M. (2005). La défense des intérêts de l'état d'Israël en France. Collection "Inter-national." (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 100,121. ISBN 978-2-7475-9228-4.
- Kling, A. (2010). Le CRIF, Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France: un lobby au coeur de la République (in French). Éditions Mithra. p. 52f,163. ISBN 9782952942324.
- L'Année politique, économique et sociale en France (in French). Moniteur. 2003. p. 25.
- Rabasa, A. (2006). Beyond Al-Qaeda: The outer rings of the terrorist universe. Rand Corporation. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8330-3932-3.
- "Raffarin promet de s'attaquer au nouvel antisémitisme" [Raffarin promises to tackle the new anti-Semitism]. Le Figaro. 27 January 2003.
- Rich, Dave (November 2004). "The barriers come down: Antisemitism and coalitions of extremes" (PDF). Community Security Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- Schnapper, D.; Bordes-Benayoun, C.; Raphaël, F. (2009). La condition juive en France: La tentation de l'entre-soi. Lien social (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 41. ISBN 978-2-13-056707-3.
- del Valle, Alexandre (2002). Le totalitarisme islamiste à l'assaut des démocraties (in French). Éditions des Syrtes. ISBN 978-2-84545-058-5.
- del Valle, Alexandre; Razavi, E. (2005). Le dilemme turc, ou, Les vrais enjeux de la candidature d'Ankara (in French). Syrtes. ISBN 978-2-84545-116-2.
- del Valle, Alexandre (3 January 2004). "Les rouges, les bruns et les verts, ou la convergence des totalitarismes" [The Reds, Browns and Greens: The convergence of totalitarianisms]. Politique Internationale (in French). Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Also published at webresistant.over-blog.com
- del Valle, Alexandre (21 May 2011). "Les convergences des totalitarismes communiste, fachiste et islamiste" [The convergences of Communist, Fascist, and Islamist totalitarianisms]. Europe Israel News (in French). Also published at webresistant.over-blog.com.