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List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2022, the prize has been awarded to 189 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).[7]

There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[16]

In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.[17]

Laureates[edit]

Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)  Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [18]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)  Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [19]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)  Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [20]
1904 Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)  United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [21]
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917)  Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [22]
1906 Henri Moissan (1852–1907)  France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [23]
1907 Eduard Buchner (1860–1917)  Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [24]
1908 Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)  United Kingdom
 New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [25]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)  Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [26]
1910 Otto Wallach (1847–1931)  Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [27]
1911 Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) Poland
( Russian Empire)
 France 		"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [28]
1912 Victor Grignard (1871–1935)  France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [29]
Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)  France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [29]
1913 Alfred Werner (1866–1919)   Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [30]
1914 Theodore William Richards (1868–1928)  United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [8]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)  Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [31]
1916 Not awarded
1917
1918 Fritz Haber (1868–1934)  Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [9]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941)  Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [10]
1921 Frederick Soddy (1877–1956)  United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [11]
1922 Francis William Aston (1877–1945)  United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [32]
1923 Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)  Austria
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 		"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [33]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929)  Germany
 Hungary 		"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [12]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971)  Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [34]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957)  Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [13]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)  Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [35]
1929 Arthur Harden (1865–1940)  United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [36]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)  Sweden
 Germany
1930 Hans Fischer (1881–1945)  Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [37]
1931 Carl Bosch (1874–1940)  Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [38]
Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)  Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)  United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [39]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)  United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [40]
1935 Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958)  France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [41]
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)  France
1936 Peter Debye (1884–1966)  Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [42]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [43]
Paul Karrer (1889–1971)   Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn (1900–1967)  Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [14]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995)  Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [44]
Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [44]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy (1885–1966)  Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [15]
1944 Otto Hahn (1879–1968)  Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [16]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)  Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [45]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)  United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [46]
John Howard Northrop (1891–1987)  United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [46]
Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)  United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [47]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971)  Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [48]
1949 William Francis Giauque (1895–1982)  United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [49]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954)  West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [50]
Kurt Alder (1902–1958)  West Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991)  United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [51]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999)  United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002)  United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [52]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994)  United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)  West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [53]
1954 Linus Pauling (1901–1994)  United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [54]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)  United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [55]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)  United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [56]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986)  Soviet Union
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997)  United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [57]
1958 Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [58]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)  Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [59]
1960 Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980)  United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [60]
1961 Melvin Calvin (1911–1997)  United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [61]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002)  United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [62]
John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997)  United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)  West Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [63]
Giulio Natta (1903–1979)  Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)  United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [64]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)  United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [65]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986)  United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [66]
1967 Manfred Eigen (1927–2019)  West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [67]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)  United Kingdom
George Porter (1920–2002)  United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager (1903–1976)  United States
 Norway 		"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [68]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998)  United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [69]
Odd Hassel (1897–1981)  Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987)  Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [70]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)  Canada
 West Germany 		"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [71]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)  United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [72]
Stanford Moore (1913–1982)  United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [72]
William H. Stein (1911–1980)  United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007)  West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [73]
Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996)  United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory (1910–1985)  United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [74]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013)  Australia
 United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [75]
Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998)  Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [75]
1976 William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011)  United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [76]
1977 Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)  Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [77]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992)  United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [78]
1979 Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004)  United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [79]
Georg Wittig (1897–1987)  West Germany
1980 Paul Berg (1926–2023)  United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [80]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [80]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)  Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [81]
Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937)  United States
 Poland
1982 Aaron Klug (1926–2018)  United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [82]
1983 Henry Taube (1915–2005)  United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [83]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006)  United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [84]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011)  United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [85]
Jerome Karle (1918–2013)  United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [86]
Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936)  United States
 Republic of China
John C. Polanyi (b. 1929)  Canada
 Hungary
1987 Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)  United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [87]
Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939)  France
Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989)  United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943)  West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [88]
Robert Huber Robert Huber (b. 1937)  West Germany
Hartmut Michel (b. 1948)  West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman (1939–2022)  Canada
 United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [89]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech (b. 1947)  United States
1990 Elias James Corey (b. 1928)  United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [90]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021)   Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [91]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923)  United States
 Canada 		"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [92]
1993 Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019)  United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [93]
Michael Smith (1932–2000)  Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [93]
1994 George A. Olah (1927–2017)  United States
 Hungary 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [94]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)  Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [95]
Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)  Mexico
Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)  United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022)  United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [96]
Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016)  United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)  United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018)  United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [97]
John E. Walker (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou (1918–2018)  Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [97]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn (1923–2016)  United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [98]
John Anthony Pople John A. Pople (1925–2004)  United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [98]
1999 Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)  United States
 Egypt 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [99]
2000 Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)  United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [100]
Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)  United States
 New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)  Japan
2001 William S. Knowles (1917–2012)  United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [101]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938)  Japan
Barry Sharpless K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [101]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn (1917–2010)  United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [102]
Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959)  Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938)   Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [102]
2003 Peter Agre (b. 1949)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [103]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [103]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947)  Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [104]
Avram Hershko (b. 1937)  Israel
Irwin Rose (1926–2015)  United States
2005 Yves Chauvin (1930–2015)  France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [105]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021)  United States
Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945)  United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947)  United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [106]
2007 Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936)  Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [107]
2008 Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018)  Japan[108] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [109]
Martin Chalfie (b. 1947)  United States
Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016)  United States
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952)  United States
 United Kingdom 		"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [110]
Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018)  United States
Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939)  Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)  United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [111]
Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)  Japan
Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)  Japan
2011 Dan Shechtman (b. 1941)  Israel
 United States 		"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [112]
2012 Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943)  United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [113]
Brian Kobilka (b. 1955)  United States
2013 Martin Karplus (b. 1930)  United States
 Austria 		"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [114]
Michael Levitt (b. 1947)  United States
 United Kingdom
 Israel[115]
Arieh Warshel (b. 1940)  United States
 Israel
2014 Eric Betzig (b. 1960)  United States "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [116]
Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962)  Germany
 Romania[117]
William E. Moerner (b. 1953)  United States
2015 Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938)  Sweden
 United Kingdom 		"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [118]
Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946)  United States
Aziz Sancar (b. 1946)  United States
 Turkey
2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944)  France "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [119]
Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942)  United Kingdom
 United States
Ben Feringa (b. 1951)  Netherlands
2017 Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942)   Switzerland "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [120]
Joachim Frank (b. 1940)  Germany
 United States[121]
Richard Henderson (b. 1945)  United Kingdom
2018 Frances Arnold (b. 1956)  United States "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [122]
George Smith (b. 1941)  United States "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951)  United Kingdom
2019 John B. Goodenough (1922–2023)  United States "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [123]
M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
 United States
Akira Yoshino (b. 1948)  Japan
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968)  France
 "for the development of a method for genome editing" [124]
Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)  United States
2021 Benjamin List (b. 1968)  Germany
 "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [125]
David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968)  United Kingdom
 United States
2022 Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966)  United States
 "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" [126]
Morten Meldal (b. 1954)  Denmark
K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States
2023 Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961)  United States
 France
 Tunisia 		"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" [127]
Louis E. Brus (b. 1943)  United States
Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945)  Russia

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations[edit]

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  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  5. ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  6. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  7. ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  17. ^ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234612. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534612I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMC 7390258. PMID 32726312.
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  20. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
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