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San José, Costa Rica

Coordinates: 09°55′57″N 84°04′48″W / 9.93250°N 84.08000°W / 9.93250; -84.08000
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San José
Capital city
Ciudad de San José de Costa Rica
Skyline of San José in 2023
Skyline of San José in 2023
La Sabana Park
La Sabana Park
National Museum of Costa Rica
southeastern face of the National Museum
National Theatre of Costa Rica
National Theatre
Morazán Park
Morazán Park
the Edificio Metálico
the Edificio Metálico
entrance of the National Museum
entrance of the National Museum
Paseo Colón avenue
Paseo Colón avenue
Metropolitan Cathedral of San José
Metropolitan Cathedral
Flag of San José
Flag
Coat of arms of San José
Coat of arms
Official logo of San José
Wordmark
Nickname: 
Chepe ("Joe")
Motto(s): 
Ad Meliora  (Latin)
"Towards better things"
Borders of San José city within San José canton, where East sector of Uruca district is excluded.
Borders of San José city within San José canton, where East sector of Uruca district is excluded.
San José is located in Costa Rica
San José
San José
Location of San José within Costa Rica
Coordinates: 09°55′57″N 84°04′48″W / 9.93250°N 84.08000°W / 9.93250; -84.08000
Country Costa Rica
Province Province of San José
Foundedc. 1739
Capital as of16 May 1823
Districts10 total, 1 partial.
Government
 • MayorLuis Diego Miranda Méndez (PJSJ)
Area
 • Capital city44.62 km2 (17.23 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,044 km2 (789 sq mi)
Elevation
1,172 m (3,845 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • Capital city352,381
 • Density7,900/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,543,000 (March 2,013)[1]
 • Metro
2,158,898
 • Metro density1,056.2/km2 (2,736/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Josefino/a
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Metro$30.2 billion[2]
 • Per capita$20,700
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
Area code+ 506
HDI (2019)0.828[3]
Very High
ClimateAw
Websitemsj.go.cr
Stone sphere created by the Diquis culture in the courtyard of the National Museum of Costa Rica. The sphere is the icon of the country's cultural identity
San José viewed from the International Space Station

San José (Spanish: [saŋ xoˈse]; meaning "Saint Joseph") is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is in the center of the country, in the mid-west of the Central Valley, within San José Canton. San José is Costa Rica's seat of national government, focal point of political and economic activity, and major transportation hub. San José is simultaneously one of Costa Rica's cantons, with its municipal land area covering 44.62 square kilometers (17.23 square miles)[4] and having within it an estimated population of 352,381 people in 2022.[5] Together with several other cantons of the central valley, including Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago, it forms the country's Greater Metropolitan Area, with an estimated population of over 2 million in 2017.[6] The city is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth.

Founded in 1736 by order of Cabildo de León, the population of San José rose during the 18th century through the use of colonial planning. It has historically been a city of strategic importance, having been the capital of Costa Rica three times. More than a million people pass through it daily. It is home to the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, the National Theatre of Costa Rica, and La Sabana Metropolitan Park. Juan Santamaría International Airport serves the city.

San José is notable among Latin American cities for its high quality of life,[7] security, level of globalization, environmental performance, public service,[8] and recognized institutions. In 2012, San José was one of the safest and least violent cities in the region.[9] It is considered a "Beta-" global city by GaWC. San José joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.

History

[edit]
See also: Timeline of San José, Costa Rica

The population of San José grew during the eighteenth-century colonization planning, which was different from the traditional foundation plans of Spanish cities in the continent of Central America.

Founded in 1736 by order of Cabildo de León, its objective was to concentrate the scattered inhabitants of the Aserrí Valley.[10] De León thus ordered the construction of a chapel near the area known as La Boca del Monte which was completed a year later. That year St. Joseph was chosen as parish patron, hence its name. The chapel, which was very modest, was erected with help from the church of Cartago.[11]

Unlike neighboring Cartago, San José was not founded by formal decree and thus lacked a city government. It was not until the enactment of the Constitution of Cádiz in 1812 that San José had its first city government. On 18 October 1813, the area was first defined as a city by presbyter Florencio del Castillo, on behalf of the Spanish government, a title which was then lost in 1814 when Ferdinand VII of Spain annulled the proceedings of the courts. The municipal government was restored in 1820 along with the title of city and in 1823 San José became the capital of Costa Rica.[10][12] This makes San José one of the youngest capital cities in Latin America by year of conception.

Population and economic growth were spurred by improvements in access to water and the installment of the Tobacco Factory in 1782. The accumulation of capital brought by tobacco plantations allowed the city to economically surpass neighboring provinces.[13]

The first modern urban neighborhood carries the name of its founder, the French coffee entrepreneur Monsieur Amon, and was created in the late 19th century, in line with Belle Époque contemporary architecture. Barrio Amon, as well as the National Theatre, remain symbols of the so-called Costa Rican coffee golden age.

Today San José is a modern city with bustling commerce and brisk expressions of art and architecture. Spurred by the country's improved tourism industry, it is a significant destination and stopover for foreign visitors.[14]

San José exerts a strong influence because of its proximity to other cities (Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago) and the country's demographic assemblage in the Central Valley.[15]

Districts

[edit]

The borders of San José city, as defined in the Administrative Territorial Division[16] and stipulated in the Executive Decree 11562 of 27 May 1980,[17] assign the borders of San José canton except an East sector of Uruca district. Therefore the city is composed of the totality of the districts of Carmen, Merced, Hospital, Catedral, Zapote, San Francisco de Dos Ríos, Mata Redonda, Pavas, Hatillo, San Sebastián and partially of Uruca district.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.±% p.a.
2011288,054—    
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos[18]
Centro Centroamericano de Población[19]

For the 2022 population estimate,[5] San José had a population of 352,381 inhabitants, more than any other canton in the country and up from 288,054 people, according the 2011 census.[20] The canton has a population density of 7,897.4/km2

Most of the population is distributed in the peripheral districts around the downtown (the districts of El Carmen, Merced, Hospital, and Catedral are known as casco central similar to a downtown or financial center, only 18% of the canton population inhabits these districts).

In 2022, the canton had 0.92 men per woman,[5] a small change from 0.90 men per woman in 2011. In 2000, the province had 100% of urban population. 17.33% of its inhabitants are under ten, and 7.67% are over 65.

Government

[edit]

Mayor

[edit]
Main article: Mayor of San José, Costa Rica

According to Costa Rica's Municipal Code, mayors are elected every four years by the population of the canton.[21] As of the latest municipal elections in 2024, the Together San José candidate, Luis Diego Miranda Méndez, was elected mayor of the canton with 23.95% of the votes, with Yariela Franciny Quirós Álvarez and Fernando Antonio Vega Guillén as first and second vice mayors, respectively.[22]

Mayors since the 2002 elections[23]
Period Name Party
2002–2006 Johnny Francisco Araya Monge PLN
2006–2010
2010–2016
2016–2020 PASJ
2020–2024 PLN
2024–2028 Luis Diego Miranda Méndez PJSJ

Municipal Council

[edit]

Like the mayor and vice mayors, members of the Municipal Council (called regidores) are elected every four years. San José's Municipal Council has 11 seats for regidores and their substitutes, who can participate in meetings but not vote unless the owning regidor (regidor propietario) is absent.[21] The current president of the Municipal Council is Together San José Party member, Mariana de los Ángeles Zúñiga Pérez, with the regidor for More San José Party, Juan Diego Gómez González, as vice president.[24] The Municipal Council's composition for the 2024-2028 period is as follows:

Current composition of the Municipal Council of San José after the 2024 municipal elections[25]
Political parties in the Municipal Council of San José
Political party Regidores
№ Owner Substitute
Together San José (PJSJ) 3 Mariana de los Ángeles Zúñiga Pérez(P) María Andrea Rudín Montes de Oca
Rafael Ángel González Ovares Gregory Manuel Garro Jiménez
María Bernardita Fallas Vargas Isabel Rosemary Mesen Salazar
National Liberation Party (PLN) 3 Ulises Alexander Cano Castro Rafael Ángel Ramírez Badilla
Iztaru Alfaro Guerrero Olga Dinia Pérez Bonilla
Rolando Luis Murillo Cruz Carlos Estefano Castillo Arias
Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC) 1 Álvaro Salas Carvajal Alexander Vega Garro
Broad Front (FA) 1 Yorleny Karina Córdoba Moya David Contreras Mora
Social Democratic Progress Party (PSD) 1 Ricardo Antonio Arce Díaz Jazmín del Carmen Pineda León
More San José (PMAS) 1 Juan Diego Gómez González(VP) Greivin Chaves Quesada
Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) 1 José Manuel Jiménez Gómez Marco Tulio Ramírez Chan

Climate

[edit]

San José has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).[26] Precipitation varies widely between the driest month (6.3 mm (0.25 in)) and the wettest month (355.1 mm (13.98 in)), while average temperatures vary little.[27] The hottest month is April with an average temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F), while the coolest month is October with an average temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F).

Climate data for San José, Costa Rica (Juan Santamaría International Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.5
(94.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.7
(89.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.5
(88.7) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.2
(82.8) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.4
(83.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.6
(72.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.7
(65.7)
Record low °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.7
(53.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 6.3
(0.25) 		10.2
(0.40) 		13.8
(0.54) 		79.9
(3.15) 		267.6
(10.54) 		280.1
(11.03) 		181.5
(7.15) 		276.9
(10.90) 		355.1
(13.98) 		330.6
(13.02) 		135.5
(5.33) 		33.5
(1.32) 		1,971
(77.61)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 5 10 23 22 20 22 26 25 17 8 184
Average relative humidity (%) 68 68 66 70 77 83 80 83 85 87 79 74 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 266.0 282.1 240.0 182.9 144.0 151.9 158.1 147.0 161.2 177.0 244.9 2,440.3
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[28]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[29]

Education

[edit]

Costa Rica has developed high education levels. As of 2011 97.6% of the population over 10 was literate,[30] 96% of children aged 6–11 attend primary school and 71% of students of high-school age attend high-school.[31] The country as a whole has the highest education levels in Central America and one of the best in Latin America. This is especially true for San José, the nation's educational hub home to a large number of public and private universities.[32]

University of Santo Tomas, the first university of Costa Rica, was established here in 1843.[33] That institution maintained close ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the progressive and anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro as part of a campaign to modernize public education. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued to operate independently, but Costa Rica had no university proper until 1940, when those four schools were re-united to establish the modern University of Costa Rica (UCR), during the reformist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. The University for Peace, an intergovernmental organization with university status, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1980, is located in San José.

The city's public education system is composed of pre-schools, elementary and high schools (from grades 7 to 11), which are located in all of the city's districts and are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. Nevertheless, private institutions do exist within the city. These educational institutions range from pre-schools to universities. Most tend to be bilingual, teaching subjects in either French or English and Spanish, among other languages, apart from just teaching a certain language.

Security

[edit]

San José is one of Latin America's safest cities. As of 19 June 2012, both city and nation reduced their crime indices considerably.[timeframe?] Nationwide, crime was reduced from 12.5 to 9.5 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants.

In 2012, new police equipment was issued by the government, and the security budget was increased. President Laura Chinchilla's government donated vehicles and other equipment to the police department on at least two occasions.[34]

The city's greater metropolitan area (in Los Yoses, San Pedro) also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Major landmarks

[edit]
San José panorama
San José skyline with mountains in the background
National Theatre
Plaza de la Cultura
National Museum of Costa Rica
Okayama Park

Theaters and auditoriums

[edit]

San José has a number of theaters, many with European-inspired architecture. These buildings serve as the city's main tourist attractions, not only because of their architecture, but because of the cultural, musical, and artistic presentations and activities, which include traditional and modern Costa Rican and San Josefinan culture.[35]

The most well-known are:

The National Theater of Costa Rica (considered the finest historic building in the capital and known for its exquisite interior which includes its lavish Italian furnishings[36]) and the Melico Salazar Theater present drama, dance performances and concerts throughout the year. Nevertheless, other 'smaller' theaters can be found throughout the city and provide a large array of entertainment.

El Teatro Variedades (1892) is San José's oldest theater.[37]

Museums

[edit]
See also: List of museums in Costa Rica

San José is also host to various museums. These museums allow visitors to view Costa Rican history, scientific discoveries, pre-Columbian era culture and art, as well as modern Costa Rican art. The city is also host to the nation's museum of gold and museum of jade.

Some of the city's main museums are:

Parks, plazas, and zoos

[edit]

San José is home to many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where one can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists and many different bird, tree and plant species.

Parks and zoos

[edit]

The city's primary parks include:

  • The National Park (Parque Nacional)
  • Morazán Park (Parque Morazán) — with Neoclassical Temple of Music (Templo de la Música) pavilion
  • La Sabana Metropolitan Park (Parque Metropolitano La Sabana) — largest park and "the lungs of San José," in Mata Redonda District (west city)
  • Peace Park (Parque de la Paz)
  • Okayama Park (Parque Okayama) — Japanese style garden and architectural elements, ornamental ponds, and garden sculptures
  • Simón Bolívar Zoo — the city's only zoo, with a large variety of native Costa Rican and exotic animals and plant species

Plazas

[edit]

Plazas, or town squares, are very prominent across San José's districts.

Transportation

[edit]

San José has several internal transportation networks that connect the city districts and metropolitan area; as well as national transportation networks that connect the city to other parts of Costa Rica.

San José is undergoing modernization in transportation. In February of 2011, the former mayor, Johnny Araya, along with then Costa Rican President, Laura Chinchilla, announced the establishment of an urban tramway system that will, in its first phase, cover the central core of the city going from west to east.

On 27 September 2012, San José disclosed plans to install its first street signs, about 22,000 signs and plaques. It is estimated that the lack of proper street names for directions causes the loss of $720 million a year by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2008, due to undelivered, returned or re-sent mail.[38]

Roads

[edit]

The following national road routes cover the city:

Buses

[edit]

Private bus companies connect different areas of the city with each other and the suburbs. Services to other parts of the country are provided by other private companies which have stations or stops spread all over the city center. There are also bus services between Juan Santamaría International Airport and downtown San José.

Train

[edit]

The Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles, or the state-owned railway institute, is in charge of all of Costa Rica's railways. In 2004, this institution began work on the establishment of an inter-urban railway network. This network would connect Tibás, Heredia, San Antonio de Belén, Pavas, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Sabanilla, and Curridabat, among other locations.

There are plans to expand this inter-urban railway system into Cartago, Alajuela, and the Juan Santamaría International Airport.

Trains run to Heredia from Estación Atlantico and San Antonio de Belen and from Estación Pacifico.[39]

Taxis

[edit]

San José public taxi services complement the urban transportation network. Taxis are characterized by their red color and belong to registered cooperatives. There are other taxi services which do not belong to the registered system, there are also taxis from the airport that are usually orange.

The car-sharing company Uber is active in Costa Rica and, despite repeated clashes with and strikes by taxi drivers protesting unfair competition, continues to operate in the country.[when?]

Airports

[edit]

The city is serviced by Juan Santamaría International Airport (IATA: SJO, ICAO: MROC), 23 km (14 mi) west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela, which is one of the busiest airports in Central America. In 2011, the airport was named the 3rd Best Airport in Latin America/Caribbean from the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International.[40] In 2023, Juan Santamaría International Airport received 5.6 million passengers, most of them from international flights.

The airport is undergoing a modernization plan, which is expected to be brief. The previous remodeling done to the airport cost around $7 million.

Another important airport in San José is Tobías Bolaños International Airport (IATA: SYQ, ICAO: MRPV). It is located 8 km (5 mi) north-west of the city proper and 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Juan Santamaría International Airport.

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article: Costa Rican cuisine

Costa Rican cuisine, called comida típica ("traditional food"), is generally not spicy. Throughout San José, the most popular food is the national dish of gallo pinto ("painted chicken"), which is black beans served with white rice. Gallo pinto is usually served for breakfast with tortillas and natilla, a thin sour cream. Costa Rican restaurants serving traditional food at an affordable price are called sodas and usually offer substantial casados for lunch and dinner. A casado (meaning "married" or "married man" in Spanish) consists of rice, beans, and meat, with cabbage-and-tomato salad, fried plantains, and tortillas.[41] San José Central Market, in downtown San José, has numerous food markets and sodas.

Sports

[edit]
Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica

The city's major football club is Deportivo Saprissa, which has won a record 36 league titles. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá, which is located in Tibas. Another top-level club, Universidad, plays at the Estadio Ecológico.

San José hosted the 2015 FIBA COCABA Championship, where the Costa Rica national basketball team finished 2nd. Playground was the Gimnasio Nacional.

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Costa Rica

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

San José is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]

This is an alphabetical list of notable people who were born in or have lived in San José.

See also

[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of San José, Costa Rica

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas PDF (March 2013)". Instituto Nacional de Censos de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  2. ^ "TelluBase—Costa Rica Fact Sheet" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Subnational Human Development Index". Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  4. ^ Instituto Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica (20 June 2024). "División Territorial Administrativa, 2024 – Totales de Provincias, Cantones y Distritos de Costa Rica" [Administrative Territorial Division, 2024 – Totals of Provinces, Cantons and Districts of Costa Rica] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2023). "Resultados Estimacion de Poblacion y Vivienda 2022" [2022 Population and Housing Estimate Results] (XLSX) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Costa Rica - Country Profile - Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  7. ^ Rosales, Daniel (23 February 2016). "Ciudad Panamá y San José tienen la mejor calidad de vida de la región". Revista Summa (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  8. ^ "San José's air among cleanest of Latin American cities". The Tico Times Costa Rica. 9 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  9. ^ "Costa Rica still one of the safest places in Latin America". The Costa Rica News. 17 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  10. ^ a b "Historia de San José: Ciudad hace 200 años". La Nación, Grupo Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  11. ^ "viajes a Costa Rica". archive.org - ES (in European Spanish).
  12. ^ History of San José, Costa Rica Archived 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by Spanish Abroad, Inc. Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Historia de San José: ciudad hace 200 años". La Nación, Grupo Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  14. ^ "San José, city, Costa Rica". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  15. ^ In San José, Costa Rica, effective metropolitan planning and selective infrastructure investment can improve the quality of life for the poor Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, by Rosendo Pujol, researcher of ProDUS Archived 30 May 2002 at the Wayback Machine on the World Bank Urban Research Symposium in Brasilia, Brasil, 4–6 April 2005
  16. ^ "División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica Decreto Ejecutivo N° 40184-MGP, del 9 de enero de 2017, publicado en el Alcance N° 52, a La Gaceta N° 48 del 8 de marzo de 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Decreto Ejecutivo 11562 del 27/05/1980". Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  18. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos" (in Spanish).
  19. ^ Centro Centroamericano de Población de la Universidad de Costa Rica. "Sistema de Consulta a Bases de Datos Estadísticas" (in Spanish).
  20. ^ "Censo. 2011. Población total por zona y sexo, según provincia, cantón y distrito". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  21. ^ a b Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica (13 May 2024). "Código Municipal" [Municipal Code]. Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  22. ^ Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (21 February 2024). "N.° 1658-E11-2024 - Declaratoria de elección de alcaldías y vicealcaldías de las municipalidades de los cantones de la provincia de San José, para el período comprendido entre el primero de mayo de dos mil veinticuatro y el treinta de abril de dos mil veintiocho" (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  23. ^ Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. "Resoluciones declaratorias de elección". Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  24. ^ Municipalidad de San José (19 June 2024). "Sesión Ordinaria 010 - 2024" (PDF). Municipalidad de San José (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  25. ^ Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (12 February 2024). "N.° 2218-E11-2024 - Declaratoria de elección de regidurías de las municipalidades de los cantones de la provincia de San José, para el período comprendido entre el primero de mayo de dos mil veinticuatro y el treinta de abril de dos mil veintiocho" (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  26. ^ "CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere". PhysicalGeography.net. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  27. ^ "The Climate of Tropical Regions". The British Geographer. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  28. ^ "Klimatafel von San José (Int. Flugh.) / Costa Rica" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  29. ^ "Juan Santamaria Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  30. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. "Censos 2011 | Instituto Nacional De Estadistica Y Censos". www.inec.go.cr (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  31. ^ Costa Rica Ministry of Education, Unicef, MICS (2011). "Costa Rica- Alfabetizacion y Educación (Costa Rica- Literacy and Education)" (PDF). Unicef.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
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  33. ^ "La Universidad de Santo Tomás (1843-1888)". Universidad de Costa Rica archive. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
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