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Hôtel de Ville, Paris

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Hôtel de Ville
Main entrance of the Hôtel de Ville in April 2017
Map
General information
TypeCity hall
Architectural styleRenaissance Revival
LocationParis, France
Completed1357
1533 (expansion)
1892 (reconstruction)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Théodore Ballu, Édouard Deperthes

The Hôtel de Ville (French pronunciation: [otɛl də vil], City Hall) is the city hall of Paris, France, standing on the Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération in the 4th arrondissement. The south wing was originally constructed by Francis I beginning in 1535 until 1551. The north wing was built by Henry IV and Louis XIII between 1605 and 1628.[1] It was burned by the Paris Commune, along with all the city archives that it contained, during the Semaine Sanglante, the Commune's final days, in May 1871.[2] The outside was rebuilt following the original design, but larger, between 1874 and 1882, while the inside was considerably modified.[3] It has been the headquarters of the municipality of Paris since 1357. It serves multiple functions, housing the local government council, since 1977 the Mayors of Paris and their cabinets, and also serves as a venue for large receptions.

History

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The original building

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Engraving by Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer (1885) showing how he envisioned the Hôtel de Ville in 1583
Events at the Hôtel de Ville (left) during the July Revolution, by Joseph Beaume. Two wings were built a few years later.
Hôtel de Ville after the Paris Commune

In July 1357, Étienne Marcel, provost of the merchants (i.e. mayor) of Paris, bought the so-called maison aux piliers ("House of Pillars") in the name of the municipality on the gently sloping shingle beach which served as a river port for unloading wheat and wood and later merged into a square, the Place de Grève ("Strand Square"), a place where Parisians often gathered, particularly for public executions. Ever since 1357, the City of Paris's administration has been located on the same location where the Hôtel de Ville stands today. Before 1357, the city administration was located in the so-called parloir aux bourgeois ("Parlour of Burgesses") near the Châtelet.[4]

In 1533, King Francis I decided to endow Paris with a city hall which would be worthy of his capital, then the largest city of Europe and Christendom. He appointed two architects: Italian Dominique de Cortone, nicknamed Boccador because of his red beard, and Frenchman Pierre Chambiges. The House of Pillars was torn down and Boccador, steeped in the spirit of the Renaissance, drew up the plans of a building which was at the same time tall, spacious, full of light and refined. Building work was not finished until 1628 during the reign of Louis XIII.[5]

During the next two centuries, no changes were made to the edifice which was the stage for several famous events during the French Revolution. On 14 July 1789, the last provost of the merchants Jacques de Flesselles was murdered by an angry crowd. On 27 July 1794, Maximilien Robespierre attempted to commit suicide following a coup and was arrested along with his followers.[6]

In 1835, on the initiative of Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau, préfet of the Seine département, two wings were added to the main building and were linked to the facade by a gallery, to provide more space for the expanded city government. The architects were Étienne-Hippolyte Godde and Jean-Baptiste Lesueur.[7]

The Paris Commune

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During the Franco-Prussian War, the building played a key role in several political events. On 30 October 1870, revolutionaries broke into the building and captured some of the members of the Government of National Defence, while making repeated demands for the establishment of a communard government. The existing government escaped via a tunnel built in 1807, which still connects the Hôtel de Ville with a nearby barracks.[8]: Kindle 2416  On 23 January 1871, crowds gathered outside the building to protest against speculated surrender to the Prussians, and were dispersed by soldiers firing from the building, who inflicted several casualties.[8]: Kindle 4699 

The Hôtel de Ville had been the headquarters of the French Revolution, and likewise, it was the headquarters of the Paris Commune. When defeat became increasingly imminent and the French army approached the building, the Communards set fire to the Hôtel de Ville, along with other government buildings, destroying the building and almost all of the city archives.

Already, early that morning, the Commune added to the flames one of the finest and most historic buildings of all Paris -- the Hôtel de Ville itself. At 8 a.m. some fifteen members met there to discuss its immediate evacuation, and only Delescluze and one other had protested. In its despair, a scorched-earth policy had now become the retreating Communard's automatic response, and by 11 a.m. the Hôtel de Ville was a sea of flames.[9]

Hôtel de ville at night

Reconstruction

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Reconstruction of City Hall lasted from 1873 through 1892 (19 years) and was directed by architects Théodore Ballu and Édouard Deperthes, who had won the public competition for the building's reconstruction. The plan entailed the removal of the ruins, and the construction of a completely new building, with a central facade replicating the original 16th-century French Renaissance building. The side wings replicated those of the 1830-40s, but wider. Behind the facades, the interior was based on an entirely new design, with ceremonial rooms lavishly decorated in the 1880s style. Ballu also designed the Church of La Trinité in the 9th arrondissement and the belfry of the town hall of the 1st arrondissement, opposite the Louvre's east façade. He also restored the Saint-Jacques Tower, a Gothic church tower in a square 150 metres to the west of the Hôtel de Ville.[10]

The central ceremonial doors under the clock are flanked by allegorical figures of Art, by Laurent Marqueste, and Science, by Jules Blanchard. Some 230 other sculptors were commissioned to produce 338 individual figures of famous Parisians on each façade, along with lions and other sculptural features. The sculptors included prominent academicians like Ernest-Eugène Hiolle and Henri Chapu, but easily the most famous was Auguste Rodin. Rodin produced the figure of the 18th-century mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, finished in 1882.[11]

The statue on the garden wall on the south side is of Étienne Marcel, the most famous holder of the post of prévôt des marchands (provost of the merchants) which predated the office of mayor. Marcel was lynched in 1358 by an angry mob after trying to assert the city's powers too energetically.[12]

The decor featured murals by the leading painters of the day, including Puvis de Chavannes and others.[13]

  • Interior decorations
  • Max Berthelin, The salle des fêtes of the Hôtel de Ville of Paris for the visit of Queen Victoria on 23 August 1855.
    Max Berthelin, The salle des fêtes of the Hôtel de Ville of Paris for the visit of Queen Victoria on 23 August 1855.
  • Ceiling of the new salle des fêtes.
    Ceiling of the new salle des fêtes.
  • Louis-Ernest Barrias, Hunting (1889), grande salle à manger.
    Louis-Ernest Barrias, Hunting (1889), grande salle à manger.
  • Léon Bonnat, Le Triomphe de l'Art (1894), salon des Arts.
    Léon Bonnat, Le Triomphe de l'Art (1894), salon des Arts.
  • Albert Besnard, La Vérité, entraînant les Sciences à sa suite, c. 1890, salon des Sciences.
    Albert Besnard, La Vérité, entraînant les Sciences à sa suite, c. 1890, salon des Sciences.
  • Alexandre Falguière, Fishing (c. 1880), grande salle à manger.
    Alexandre Falguière, Fishing (c. 1880), grande salle à manger.
  • Henri-Camille Danger, North entrance lounge: L'Aurore boréale, 1892 (ceiling)
    Henri-Camille Danger, North entrance lounge: L'Aurore boréale, 1892 (ceiling)
  • Henri-Camille Danger, Sketch for the North entrance lounge. The night. The Dragon.
    Henri-Camille Danger, Sketch for the North entrance lounge. The night. The Dragon.

Notable events

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Since the French Revolution, the building has been the scene of a number of historical events, notably the proclamation of the French Third Republic in 1870 and a speech by Charles de Gaulle on 25 August 1944 during the Liberation of Paris when he greeted a crowd from a front window.[14]

Hôtel de Ville of Paris, featuring a portrait of Charles de Gaulle

In 2002 the mayor, Bertrand Delanoë, a socialist and the city's first openly gay leader, was stabbed during the first all-night, citywide Nuit Blanche (literally, White Night) festival when the doors of the long-inaccessible building were thrown open to the public. But Delanoë recovered and did not lose his zeal for access, later converting the mayor's sumptuous private apartments into a crèche (day nursery) for the children of municipal workers.[15][16]

During the 2024 Summer Olympics, the men's and women's marathons started at the Hôtel de Ville.[17]

Nearby places

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The northern (left) side of the building is located on the Rue de Rivoli. The nearby Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville (BHV) is a department store named after the Hôtel de Ville. The closest church to the Hôtel de Ville is the St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Texier 2012, pp. 26–27.
  2. ^ Milza, 2009a, pp. 397–398
  3. ^ "Hotel de Ville, the Paris City Hall". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  4. ^ Fierro, Alfred (1999). Dictionnaire du Paris disparu. Parigramme. p. 216. ISBN 2-84096-099-0.
  5. ^ The new Hôtel de Ville of the City of Paris. Scientific American. 26 August 1882. p. 5527.
  6. ^ Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt and Company. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-4668-0578-1.
  7. ^ Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris An Architectural Guide. Edition Axel Menges. p. 91. ISBN 978-3930698967.
  8. ^ a b Horne, Alistair (2015). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870-71. Picador. OCLC 922079975.
  9. ^ Horne, Alistair (1965). "Chapter 25: 'La Semaine Sanglante'--II". The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–1. St. Martin's Press, New York. pp. 389–390.
  10. ^ Mead, Christopher Curtis (1991). Charles Garnier's Paris Opéra Architectural Empathy and the Renaissance of French Classicism. Architectural History Foundation. p. 261. ISBN 978-0262132756.
  11. ^ "In Rodin's Parisian Footsteps". Paris Muse. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  12. ^ Viard, Jules (1911). "Marcel, Étienne" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 684.
  13. ^ Summer. Life Magazine. 20 September 1943.
  14. ^ "Paris: la place de l'Hôtel de Ville devient l'Esplanade de la Libération". LExpress.fr (in French). 22 April 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  15. ^ Rapp, Linda (13 August 2007). "Delanoë, Bertrand". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
  16. ^ Steyn, Mark (2006). America Alone. Regnery Pub. pp. 120–121. ISBN 9780895260789.
  17. ^ Grace Goulding (10 August 2024). "Everything you need to know about the Paris 2024 Marathon Pour Tous". Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  18. ^ Dumoulin, Aline (2010). Églises de Paris. Éditions Massin. p. 60. ISBN 978-2-7072-0683-1.

Bibliography

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Books cited in the text

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  • Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-07862-4.}
  • Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  • Poisson, Michel (2009). 1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris. Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-539-8.
  • Texier, Simon (2012). Paris- Panorama de l'architecture. Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-667-8.
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