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LGarde

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"L'Garde" redirects here. Not to be confused with Legarde, Lagarde, Le Garde, or Garde.
L.Garde, Inc.
Company typePrivate Company
IndustryAerospace
Founded1971
FoundersBill Larkin, Gayle Bilyeu, Alan Hirasuna, Rick Walstrom, Don Davis
Headquarters15181 Woodlawn Ave, Tustin, CA 92780
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsDeployable Antennas, Space Propulsion, Space Structures, Missile Defense Targets and Countermeasures
Website[1]

LGarde, also L'Garde or L·Garde, is an American aerospace and defense technology company founded in 1971 in Orange County, CA[1] and is the primary contractor for the Sunjammer spacecraft, the world largest solar sail.[2] The company was an early pioneer of thin-skinned, multi-task inflatable structures used in various military and space applications.[3] At the height of the Cold War, L·Garde developed and manufactured inflatable targets and decoy systems for U.S. military defense, and countermeasure systems for the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars).[4] After the Cold-War, the company used the technologies and manufacturing techniques it had developed to land a contract to design and build the inflatable antenna experiment[5][6] and other thin-film inflatable space structures using its unique application of rigidizable tube technology.[7] The company's unusual name is an acronym formed by the initials of the founding partners: Bill Larkin, Gayle Bilyeu, Alan Hirasuna, Rich Walstrom, Don Davis. The "E" comes from the Latin term "et al" (and others) as a tip to other partners and original employees of the company.[1]

History

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LGarde engineers took their experience with inflatable structures for military use to space applications around 1992 as a means of controlling the cost of deploying instrumentation into Earth orbit and beyond.[8] They studied development work and lessons learned from projects for the United States Department of Defense and the NASA going back to the 1960s.[9] Observing the advantages and challenges of deploying a very large inflatable antenna and other structures in Earth orbit using this technology, LGarde engineers also observed changes in structural principles when such structures are used in a zero-gravity environment, and other technical issues arising for large precision structures including surface accuracy, analysis and electrical properties.[8]

LGarde's first inflatable space structure project was the Spartan 207 Project, also known as the Inflatable Antenna Experiment, which was launched with Space Shuttle Endeavour on mission STS-77, May 19. 1996.[10] The goal of this mission was to inflate a 14-meter antenna on three 28-meter struts built by LGarde under contract with JPL. The project was developed under NASA's In-STEP technology development program.[11]

Deployed using the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System, the antenna was successfully inflated and the correct final shape was attained. According to the final mission report, the mission was successful and gained a great deal of information about inflating large structures in space.[12] Among the points that the Spartan 207 project proved was the viability of inflatable space structures as a cost-saving concept. The inflatable antenna weighed only about 132 pounds (60 kilograms) and an operational version of the antenna may be developed for less than $10 million - a substantial savings over current mechanically deployable hard structures that may cost as much as $200 million to develop and deliver to space.[11]

LGarde engineers expanded their development of inflatable rigidizable structures with low mass structures strong enough to support orbital large solar arrays as well as much smaller nanosats.[13] Among the many detail design parameters they considered were tube design (for rigidizable material), alternative beam types and designs (e.g., trusses), material thickness, laminates, and the best way to resolve Euler buckling.[13]

A project, conducted with JPL under NASA's Gossamer Spacecraft program in 1999, sought to build an inflatable reflector to concentrate solar energy for space electrical power generation, while acting as a large aperture high gain antenna.[14] Among the goals of the Gossamer Spacecraft program was to reduce the mass and stowage volumes of a power antenna while maintaining comparable yield from electrical power generation.[14]

Additional development came in 2005, when LGarde began utilizing material rigidization methods that provide a long lasting reflector shape without requiring continuous inflation.[15] Engineers settled on an aluminum/plastic laminate as the rigidization method of choice over cold rigidization of a Kevlar thermoplasticelastomer composite as a means of accomplishing two goals: 1) diminish stowage space and thereby expanding the potential aperture size of the mirror reflectors and 2) eliminate the need for “make-up” gas needed for purely inflatable reflectors to remain inflated in space.[15] LGarde engineers later advanced the readiness level of the inflatable planar support structure for the gossamer antenna system with additional design, analysis, testing, and fabrication of an inflation-deployed rigidized support structure for the waveguide array.[16]

Going into 2002, LGarde was developing polyurethane resins for a 3-ply composite laminate that could be used in the fabrication of rigidizable structures suitable for use in space.[17] In a paper submitted to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), engineers found that such composites can be used to fabricate ultra-lightweight deployable rigidizable structures for space applications and that polyurethane was chosen because it could become rigid when exposed to the low temperatures of space.[17] The paper goes on to observe that under NASA's SSP program (Space Solar Power Truss), a 24-foot long inflatable-rigidizable truss using polyurethane composites withstood a compression load of 556 pounds, 10% above its designed compression strength while reducing mass of comparable mechanical structures by a factor of 4.[17]

Sunjammer Solar Sail
Sunjammer Solar Sail

It had been long theorized that solar sails could reflect photons streaming from the sun and convert some of the energy into thrust. The resulting thrust, though small, is continuous and acts for the life of the mission without the need for propellant. In 2003, LGarde, together with partners JPL, Ball Aerospace, and Langley Research Center, under the direction of NASA, developed a solar sail configuration that utilized inflatable rigidized boom components to achieve 10,000 m2 sailcraft with a real density of 14.1 g/m2 and potential acceleration of 0.58 mm/s2.[18] The entire configuration released by the upper stage has a mass of 232.9 kg and required just 1.7 m3 of volume in the booster.[18] Additional advancement of the solar sail project came as LGarde engineers improved “sailcraft” coordinate systems and proposed a standard to report propulsion performance.[19]

LGarde was selected by NASA to build construct the Sunjammer spacecraft, which would have been the world's largest solar sail.[20] Slated for launch in January 2015, Sunjammer was constructed of Kapton and was 38 metres (125 ft) square with a total surface area of over 1,200 square metres (13,000 sq ft), providing a thrust of about 0.01 N.[20][21] The ultrathin 'sail' material was only 5 μm thick with a low weight of about 32 kilograms (70 lb).[22] To control its orientation, Sunjammer would have used gimballed vanes (each of which is itself a small solar sail) located at the tips of each of its 4 booms completely eliminating the need for standard propellant.[21]

On October 17, 2014, NASA cancelled the Sunjammer project after investing four years and more than $21 million on the project.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b "LGarde Website". LGarde, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  2. ^ David, Leonard (31 January 2013). "NASA to Launch World's Largest Solar Sail in 2014". Space.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  3. ^ Takahashi, Dean (9 May 1990). "Trial Balloons : L'Garde Plans 'Space Art' for Goodwill Games". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  4. ^ Christian, Susan; Cristina Lee (24 January 1992). "O.C.'s Military Contractors Are Vulnerable but Hopeful". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  5. ^ "NASA Chief Technologist to Visit Tustin's L'Garde Inc Thursday". NASA News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  6. ^ Cohn, Meredith (22 May 1996). "Technology on the Rise: Tustin Firm's Inflatable Antenna Passes a Key Test in Orbit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  7. ^ Lichodziejewski, D; G Veal; R Helms; R Freeland; M Kruer. "Inflatable Rigidizable Solar Array for Small Satellites" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  8. ^ a b Thomas, M (December 1992). "Inflatable Space Structures Redefining Aerospace Design Concepts Keeps Costs from Ballooning". Potentials. 11 (4).
  9. ^ Cassapakis, C; M. Thomas (26 September 1995). "Inflatable Structures Technology Development Overview". AIAA 1995 Space Programs and Technologies Conference. AIAA 95-3738.
  10. ^ "NASA Report, Space Shuttle Mission STS-77". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  11. ^ a b "NASA Press Kit, Mission STS-77". NASA. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Mission Report, Spartan Project - Inflatable Antenna Experiment (Sp207/IAE)". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. February 14, 1997.
  13. ^ a b Derbès, B (1999). "Case Studies in Inflatable Rigidizable Structural Concepts for Space Power". 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. AIAA-99-1089.
  14. ^ a b Lichodziejewski, D.; C. Cassapakis (1999). "Inflatable Power Antenna Technology". 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. AIAA 99-1074.
  15. ^ a b Redell, F.H.; J Kleber; D Lichodziejewski; G Greschik (2005). "Inflatable-Rigidizable Solar Concentrators for Space Power Applications". Collection of Technical Papers for AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. 2.
  16. ^ Ridell, F. H.; D. Lichodziejewski; J. Kleber; G. Greschik (18 April 2005). "Testing of an inflation-deployed sub-Tg rigidized support structure for a planar membrane waveguide antenna". Collection of Technical Papers, for AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. AIAA-2005-1880.
  17. ^ a b c Guidanean, K; D. Lichodziejewski (2002). "An Inflatable Rigidizable Truss Structure Based on New Sub-Tg Polyurethane Composites". 43rd AIAA SDM Conference Proceedings. AIAA-02-1593.
  18. ^ a b Lichodziejewski, D; B. Derbès; J. West; R. Reinert; K. Belvin; R. Pappa (20 July 2003). "Bringing an Effective Solar Sail Design Toward TRL 6". 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. AIAA 2003-4659.
  19. ^ Derbes, B.; D Lichodziejewski; J Ellis; D Scheeres (8 February 2004). "Sailcraft Coordinate Systems And Format For Reporting Propulsive Performance". AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting. AAS 04-100.
  20. ^ a b Wall, Mike (June 13, 2013). "World's Largest Solar Sail to Launch in November 2014". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  21. ^ a b Brooke, Boen, ed. (December 16, 2011). "Solar Sail Demonstration (The Sunjammer Project)". Technology Demonstration Missions. NASA. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  22. ^ David, Leonard (January 31, 2013). "World's Largest Solar Sail to Launch in November 2014". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  23. ^ Leone, Dan (17 October 2014). "NASA Nixes Sunjammer Mission, Cites Integration, Schedule Risk". Space News. NASA. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
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