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Provinces and territories of Canada

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"Canadian Province" redirects here. For the historic colony, see Province of Canada. For the biological term, see Circumboreal Region.

  • Provinces and territories of Canada
A map of Canada showing its 10 provinces and 3 territories
CategoryFederated state
Number
  • 10 provinces
  • 3 territories
Government

Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly[1] called the British North America Act, 1867), whereas territories are federal territories whose governments are creatures of statute with powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada. The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment, whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government.

In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act, 1867, and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian Crown, the lieutenant governor. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities are devolved directly from the federal level, and as a result, have a commissioner that represents the federal government.

Provinces

[edit]
Provinces of Canada
Name and postal abbr. Cities Entered Confederation[2] Official
language(s)[3] 		Population Area (km2)[4] Seats[5]
Capital[6] Largest[7] 2021 census[8] Q2 2024
estimates[9] 		Land Water Total Commons Senate
Ontario ON Toronto July 1, 1867 English[a]
14,223,942
15,996,989
917,741
158,654
1,076,395
 121 24
Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal July 1, 1867 French[b]
8,501,833
9,030,684
1,356,128
185,928
1,542,056
 78 24
Nova Scotia NS Halifax[c] July 1, 1867 English[a]
969,383
1,072,545
53,338
1,946
55,284
 11 10
New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton July 1, 1867 English, French[d]
775,610
850,894
71,450
1,458
72,908
 10 10
Manitoba MB Winnipeg July 15, 1870 English[a]
1,342,153
1,484,135
553,556
94,241
647,797
 14 6
British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver July 20, 1871 English[a]
5,000,879
5,646,467
925,186
19,549
944,735
 42 6
Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown July 1, 1873 English[a]
154,331
177,081
5,660
0
5,660
 4 4
Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon September 1, 1905 English[e]
1,132,505
1,231,043
591,670
59,366
651,036
 14 6
Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary September 1, 1905 English[e]
4,262,635
4,849,906
642,317
19,531
661,848
 34 6
Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John's March 31, 1949 English[a]
510,550
541,391
373,872
31,340
405,212
 7 6
Total provinces
36,873,821
40,881,135
5,490,918
572,013
6,062,931
 335 102

Territories

[edit]

There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.[10][11][12] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay and all islands north of the Canadian mainland (from those in James Bay to the Queen Elizabeth Islands). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence[clarification needed] (each province has precedence over all the territories, regardless of the date each territory was created).

Another territory, the District of Keewatin, existed from October 7, 1876, until September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the Keewatin Region. It occupied the area that is now the Kenora District of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut. The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.

Territories of Canada
Name and postal abbr. Cities[6] Entered Confederation[2] Official languages Population[9] Area (km2)[4] Seats[5]
Capital Largest 2021 census[8] Q2 2024
estimates[9] 		Land Water Total Commons Senate
Northwest Territories NT Yellowknife July 15, 1870 Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwichʼin, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ[13]
41,070
44,920
1,183,085
163,021
1,346,106
 1 1
Yukon YT Whitehorse June 13, 1898 English, French[14]
40,232
45,750
474,391
8,052
482,443
 1 1
Nunavut NU Iqaluit April 1, 1999 Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French[15]
36,858
40,758
1,936,113
157,077
2,093,190
 1 1
Total territories
118,160
131,428
3,593,589
328,150
3,921,739
 3 3

Population

[edit]
Main article: Population of Canada by province and territory
Breakdown of Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory

The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the Canada–US border. Its four largest provinces by area (Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta) are also (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous; together they account for 86% of the country's population. The territories (the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national population density value.[16]

Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the 2006 and 2011 censuses. Except for New Brunswick, all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was Nunavut with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by Alberta with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.[17]

Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of the West relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of Atlantic Canada has declined.[16]

Territorial evolution

[edit]
Main article: Territorial evolution of Canada
See also: Former colonies and territories in Canada
When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.
Territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories
"O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall, Royal Military College of Canada featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.[18] Prior to this, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada. Over the following years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) were added as provinces.[18]

The British Crown had claimed two large areas north-west of the Canadian colony, known as Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, and assigned them to the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5 million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.[19] Subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.[19] The North-West Territories encompassed all of current northern and western Canada, except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia. NWT included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec. After the province of Manitoba was established in 1870, in a small area in the south of today's province, almost all of present-day Manitoba was still contained in the NWT. (Manitoba expanded to its present size in 1912.)[20]

The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898 the Yukon Territory, later renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1, 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[20] In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.[21]

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.[22] In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.[23] In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada, Newfoundland underwent a prolonged economic crisis, and the legislature turned over political control to the Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933.[24] Following Canada's participation in the Second World War, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.[25] The province was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.[26]

Bermuda, the last British North American colony,[27][28][29][30] which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two Imperial fortress colonies in British North America – the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.[31][32] Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's North America Station (or, depending on the time period and the extent of the Western Hemisphere it included, the River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station, the North America and Newfoundland Station, the North America and West Indies Station, and finally the America and West Indies Station) main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses. The squadron of the station was based at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, during the summers and Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, in the winters until the 1820s, when Bermuda (which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water) became the main base year round.[33][34][35][36] A large British Army garrison in Bermuda, which fell under the commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia, existed to defend the colony as a naval base (and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary), as well as to support amphibious operations throughout the region (such as the Chesapeake campaign during the American War of 1812).[37][38] Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.[39][40] Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which would be withdrawn when that dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a general officer commanding and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.[41][42][43][44] Bermuda was consequently left out of the confederation of Canada, though it retained naval links with Halifax and the state church (or established church), the Church of England, continued to place Bermuda under the bishop of Newfoundland until 1919 (Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches).[45][46][47][48]

In 1903, resolution of the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary.[49] This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador enlarged at Quebec's expense; this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949.[50] In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories.[51] Yukon lies in the western portion of Northern Canada, while Nunavut is in the east.[52]

All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 (1,514,192 sq mi) in land area.[4] They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.[53] For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration.[54] The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.[55] In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

Government

[edit]
Main article: Canadian federalism
See also: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces, Office-holders of Canada, and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories

Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.[56] They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.[57] In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.[57]

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as legislative councils, with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.[58] In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly.[59] Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.[60] The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada. The head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats.[61] This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.[62] The King's representative in each province is the lieutenant governor.[63] In each of the territories there is an analogous commissioner, but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.[64]

Federal, provincial, and territorial terminology compared
Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Superior court Head of government Viceroy
Canada Parliament House of Commons Member of Parliament (MP) Federal Court Prime minister Governor general
Ontario Parliament Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP)[f] Superior Court of Justice Premier Lieutenant governor
Quebec[g] Legislature National Assembly Member of the National Assembly (MNA) Superior Court
Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Supreme Court
New Brunswick Legislature Legislative Assembly Court of King's Bench
Manitoba
British Columbia Parliament Supreme Court
Prince Edward Island[h] General Assembly
Saskatchewan Legislature Court of King's Bench
Alberta
Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) Supreme Court
Northwest Territories Assembly Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Supreme Court Premier[i] Commissioner
Yukon Legislature
Nunavut Assembly Court of Justice

Provincial legislature buildings

[edit]

Territorial legislature buildings

[edit]

Map

[edit]
Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.VictoriaWhitehorseEdmontonYellowknifeReginaWinnipegIqaluitTorontoOttawaQuebecFrederictonCharlottetownHalifaxSt. John'sNorthwest TerritoriesSaskatchewanNewfoundland and LabradorNew BrunswickVictoriaYukonBritish ColumbiaWhitehorseAlbertaEdmontonReginaYellowknifeNunavutWinnipegManitobaOntarioIqaluitOttawaQuebecTorontoQuebec CityFrederictonCharlottetownNova ScotiaHalifaxPrince Edward IslandSt. John's
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.


Provincial political parties

[edit]
The governing political party or parties in each Canadian province. Multicoloured provinces are governed by a coalition or minority government consisting of more than one party.
Map depicting the elected provincial political parties represented at the riding level. Updated after the 2023 Manitoba general election.

Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.[65] For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada, and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada.

Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party—meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.

The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with Atlantic Canada provincial Liberals in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart.[65]

Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the Alberta Party and Saskatchewan Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between sovereignty, represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire, and federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.[66] The Coalition Avenir Québec, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.

Currently, the one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the Liberals in Yukon. They are in government with a formal confidence and supply agreement from the Yukon New Democratic Party.

Provincial/territorial governments
Province/territory Premier[67] Party in government[67] Party main ideology Party political position Majority/
minority 		Lieutenant governor /
commissioner[68] 		Last election Next election
Alberta Danielle Smith United Conservative Conservatism (Canadian) Centre-right to right-wing Majority Salma Lakhani 2023 2027
British Columbia David Eby New Democratic Social democracy Centre-left Majority Janet Austin 2020 2024
Manitoba Wab Kinew New Democratic Social democracy Centre-left Majority Anita Neville 2023 2027
New Brunswick Blaine Higgs[69] Progressive Conservative Liberal conservatism Centre-right Majority Brenda Murphy 2020 2024
Newfoundland and Labrador Andrew Furey Liberal Liberalism (Canadian) Centre Majority Joan Marie Aylward 2021 2025
Nova Scotia Tim Houston Progressive Conservative Red Toryism Centre to centre-left Majority Arthur Joseph LeBlanc 2021 2025
Ontario Doug Ford Progressive Conservative Conservatism (Canadian) Centre to centre-right Majority Edith Dumont 2022 2026
Prince Edward Island Dennis King Progressive Conservative Progressive conservatism Centre-right Majority Antoinette Perry 2023 2027
Quebec François Legault Coalition Avenir Québec Quebec nationalism Centre-right Majority Manon Jeannotte 2022 2026
Saskatchewan Scott Moe Saskatchewan Party Conservatism (Canadian) Centre-right to right-wing Majority Russell Mirasty 2020 2024
Northwest Territories R. J. Simpson Nonpartisan consensus government Gerald Kisoun 2023 2027
Nunavut P.J. Akeeagok Nonpartisan consensus government Eva Aariak 2021 2025
Yukon Ranj Pillai Liberal Liberalism (Canadian) Centre Minority Angélique Bernard 2021 2025

Ceremonial territory

[edit]

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, near Beaumont-Hamel, both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.[70] In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".[71] The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland.[70] These sites do not, however, enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law.

Proposed provinces and territories

[edit]
Main article: List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada

Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province[72] but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament, a legislatively simpler process.[73]

In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes.[74]

See also

[edit]
History by province or territory

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f De facto; French has limited constitutional status.
  2. ^ As established under the Charter of the French Language. English has limited constitutional status in Quebec.
  3. ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.
  4. ^ As established under Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
  5. ^ a b As established under Languages Acts passed by Alberta and Saskatchewan's respective legislatures in 1988. French has limited constitutional status.
  6. ^ Members were previously titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".
  7. ^ Quebec's lower house was previously called the "Legislative Assembly" with members titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly". The name was changed at the same time Quebec's upper house was abolished.
  8. ^ Prince Edward Island's lower house was previously called the "House of Assembly" and its members were titled "Assemblyman". After the abolition of its upper house, assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed "Legislative Assembly". Later, this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".
  9. ^ In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled "Government Leader".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Name changed only in Canada by the Canada Act 1982 (UK), s. 1
  2. ^ a b Reader's Digest Association (Canada); Canadian Geographic Enterprises (2004). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  3. ^ Coche, Olivier; Vaillancourt, François; Cadieux, Marc-Antoine; Ronson, Jamie Lee (2012). "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces" (PDF). Fraser Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2005. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
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  6. ^ a b "Provinces and Territories". Government of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  7. ^ "Census Profile". Statistic Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. October 11, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
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  10. ^ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice Canada. 1986. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
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  13. ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 Archived July 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)
  14. ^ "OCOL – Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
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  17. ^ "2016 Census profiles". Statistics Canada. 2016.
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  29. ^ Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852—1886. London: Meteorological Council. HMSO. 1890.
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  31. ^ Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1909). Responsible Government in The Dominions. London: Stevens and Sons Ltd. p. 5.
  32. ^ May, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair (1903). Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. p. 145.
  33. ^ Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977). The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd. ISBN 9780921560036.
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  38. ^ Grove, Tim (January 22, 2021). "Fighting The Power". Chesapeake Bay Magazine. Annapolis: Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  39. ^ Willock USMC, Lieutenant-Colonel Roger (1988). Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. ISBN 9780921560005.
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  41. ^ MacFarlane, Thomas (1891). Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation. Ottawa: James Hope & Co. p. 29.
  42. ^ Kennedy, R.N., Captain W. R. (July 1, 1885). "An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. William Blackwood & Sons. p. 111.
  43. ^ VERAX, (anonymous) (May 1, 1889). "The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine)". The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs. LR Hamersly & Co. p. 552.
  44. ^ Dawson, George M.; Sutherland, Alexander (1898). MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 184.
  45. ^ "Our Churches: Pembroke Parish". Anglican Church of Bermuda. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
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Further reading

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Main article: Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada&oldid=1234361839"