Isotopes of titanium

Isotopes of titanium (₂₂Ti)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ti)
	47.867±0.001; 47.867±0.001 (abridged);
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Naturally occurring titanium (₂₂Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a half-life of 60 years, ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, ⁵¹Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and ⁵²Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.^[4]

The isotopes of titanium range in atomic mass from 39.00 u (³⁹Ti) to 64.00 u (⁶⁴Ti). The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes (lighter than ⁴⁶Ti) is β⁺ and the primary mode for the heavier ones (heavier than ⁵⁰Ti) is β⁻; their respective decay products are scandium isotopes and the primary products after are vanadium isotopes.^[4]

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
³⁹Ti	22	17	39.00161(22)#	31(4) ms [31(+6-4) ms]	β⁺, p (85%)	³⁸Ca	3/2+#
					β⁺ (15%)	³⁹Sc
					β⁺, 2p (<.1%)	³⁷K
⁴⁰Ti	22	18	39.99050(17)	53.3(15) ms	β⁺ (56.99%)	⁴⁰Sc	0+
⁴⁰Ti	22	18	39.99050(17)	53.3(15) ms	β⁺, p (43.01%)	³⁹Ca	0+
⁴¹Ti	22	19	40.98315(11)#	80.4(9) ms	β⁺, p (>99.9%)	⁴⁰Ca	3/2+
⁴¹Ti	22	19	40.98315(11)#	80.4(9) ms	β⁺ (<.1%)	⁴¹Sc	3/2+
⁴²Ti	22	20	41.973031(6)	199(6) ms	β⁺	⁴²Sc	0+
⁴³Ti	22	21	42.968522(7)	509(5) ms	β⁺	⁴³Sc	7/2−
^43m1Ti	313.0(10) keV			12.6(6) μs			(3/2+)
^43m2Ti	3066.4(10) keV			560(6) ns			(19/2−)
⁴⁴Ti	22	22	43.9596901(8)	60.0(11) y	EC	⁴⁴Sc	0+
⁴⁵Ti	22	23	44.9581256(11)	184.8(5) min	β⁺	⁴⁵Sc	7/2−
⁴⁶Ti	22	24	45.9526316(9)	Stable			0+	0.0825(3)
⁴⁷Ti	22	25	46.9517631(9)	Stable			5/2−	0.0744(2)
⁴⁸Ti	22	26	47.9479463(9)	Stable			0+	0.7372(3)
⁴⁹Ti	22	27	48.9478700(9)	Stable			7/2−	0.0541(2)
⁵⁰Ti	22	28	49.9447912(9)	Stable			0+	0.0518(2)
⁵¹Ti	22	29	50.946615(1)	5.76(1) min	β⁻	⁵¹V	3/2−
⁵²Ti	22	30	51.946897(8)	1.7(1) min	β⁻	⁵²V	0+
⁵³Ti	22	31	52.94973(11)	32.7(9) s	β⁻	⁵³V	(3/2)−
⁵⁴Ti	22	32	53.95105(13)	1.5(4) s	β⁻	⁵⁴V	0+
⁵⁵Ti	22	33	54.95527(16)	490(90) ms	β⁻	⁵⁵V	3/2−#
⁵⁶Ti	22	34	55.95820(21)	164(24) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁵⁶V	0+
⁵⁶Ti	22	34	55.95820(21)	164(24) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁵⁵V	0+
⁵⁷Ti	22	35	56.96399(49)	60(16) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁵⁷V	5/2−#
⁵⁷Ti	22	35	56.96399(49)	60(16) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁵⁶V	5/2−#
⁵⁸Ti	22	36	57.96697(75)#	54(7) ms	β⁻	⁵⁸V	0+
⁵⁹Ti	22	37	58.97293(75)#	30(3) ms	β⁻	⁵⁹V	(5/2−)#
⁶⁰Ti	22	38	59.97676(86)#	22(2) ms	β⁻	⁶⁰V	0+
⁶¹Ti	22	39	60.98320(97)#	10# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	⁶¹V	1/2−#
⁶¹Ti	22	39	60.98320(97)#	10# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻, n	⁶⁰V	1/2−#
⁶²Ti	22	40	61.98749(97)#	10# ms			0+
⁶³Ti	22	41	62.99442(107)#	3# ms			1/2−#
⁶⁴Ti^[5]	22	42	63.998410(640)#	5# ms [>620 ns]			0+
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mTi – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ ^a ^b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

Titanium-44

Titanium-44 (⁴⁴Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes electron capture to an excited state of scandium-44 with a half-life of 60 years, before the ground state of ⁴⁴Sc and ultimately ⁴⁴Ca are populated.^[6] Because titanium-44 can only undergo electron capture, its half-life increases with ionization and it becomes stable in its fully ionized state (that is, having a charge of +22).^[7]

Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis and the early stages of supernova explosions.^[8] It is produced when calcium-40 fuses with an alpha particle (helium-4 nucleus) in a star's high-temperature environment; the resulting ⁴⁴Ti nucleus can then fuse with another alpha particle to form chromium-48. The age of supernovae may be determined through measurements of gamma-ray emissions from titanium-44 and its abundance.^[7] It was observed in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and SN 1987A at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions.^[6]^[7]

References

^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium". Retrieved 2006-12-26.
^ Tarasov, O. B. (20 May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612.
^ ^a ^b Motizuki, Y.; Kumagai, S. (2004). "Radioactivity of the key isotope ⁴⁴Ti in SN 1987A". AIP Conference Proceedings. 704 (1): 369–374. arXiv:astro-ph/0312620. Bibcode:2004AIPC..704..369M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.315.8412. doi:10.1063/1.1737130. S2CID 1700673.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mochizuki, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Janka, H.-Th.; Hillebrandt, W.; Diehl, R. (2008). "Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 346 (3): 831–842. arXiv:astro-ph/9904378.
^ Fryer, C.; Dimonte, G.; Ellinger, E.; Hungerford, A.; Kares, B.; Magkotsios, G.; Rockefeller, G.; Timmes, F.; Woodward, P.; Young, P. (2011). Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding ⁴⁴Ti (PDF). ADTSC Science Highlights (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 42–43.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[5] Ti – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-8] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[9] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[EnvChem-4] Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium". Retrieved 2006-12-26.

[12] Tarasov, O. B. (20 May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612.

[sn1987-13] Motizuki, Y.; Kumagai, S. (2004). "Radioactivity of the key isotope ⁴⁴Ti in SN 1987A". AIP Conference Proceedings. 704 (1): 369–374. arXiv:astro-ph/0312620. Bibcode:2004AIPC..704..369M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.315.8412. doi:10.1063/1.1737130. S2CID 1700673.

[ti44-14] Mochizuki, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Janka, H.-Th.; Hillebrandt, W.; Diehl, R. (2008). "Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 346 (3): 831–842. arXiv:astro-ph/9904378.

[laur-15] Fryer, C.; Dimonte, G.; Ellinger, E.; Hungerford, A.; Kares, B.; Magkotsios, G.; Rockefeller, G.; Timmes, F.; Woodward, P.; Young, P. (2011). Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding ⁴⁴Ti (PDF). ADTSC Science Highlights (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 42–43.

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