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List of birds of New Brunswick

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A black-capped chickadee perched on a small tree branch
The black-capped chickadee is the provincial bird of New Brunswick

New Brunswick is a Maritime province within Canada, bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west.[1] Lying within the Appalachian Mountain range,[2] the province is largely covered by temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, with the northern part of the province also containing boreal forest.[3] The coastlines of the province contain a large marine environment.[4] These different ecosystems contribute to the diversity of birds in the province.[5] Additionally, the Atlantic Flyway passes through New Brunswick's coast, with areas within the Bay of Fundy such as the Shepody Bay significantly contributing to the variety of bird species that breed in or migrate through the province.[6][7]

The information provided is from the list of bird species accepted by the New Brunswick Bird Records Committee (NBBRC), which contains 441 species as of November 19, 2023.[8][9] Of these, 94 are accidentals and 55 are noted as rare as defined below. Eight species have been introduced to North America, one species has been extirpated, three are extinct, and another is possibly extinct. This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS).[10] Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

The following tags are used to categorise some species:

  • (A) Accidental - a species that does not often occur in New Brunswick as a vagrant
  • (B) Breeding - a species that currently breeds or has bred in New Brunswick
  • (E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists
  • (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in New Brunswick, but populations still exist elsewhere
  • (R) Rare - "Very rare (not expected annually)" per the NBBRC
  • (I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced through human intervention, either directly or indirectly

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

[edit]
A Canada goose swimming and flapping its wings
Canada goose
A male and female pair of Mallards swimming
Mallard pair
A hooded merganser swimming
Hooded merganser

Order: Anseriformes   Family: Anatidae

Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water.[11]: 13–17 

Pheasants, grouse, and allies

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A ruffed grouse standing in short grass
Ruffed grouse

Order: Galliformes   Family: Phasianidae

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings.[11]: 24–27  Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.[13]

Grebes

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A pied-billed grebe swimming
Pied-billed grebe

Order: Podicipediformes   Family: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.[11]: 30 

Pigeons and doves

[edit]
A mourning dove siting on wood
Mourning dove

Order: Columbiformes   Family: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They have strong flight muscles, allowing them to take off almost vertically and fly for long distances.[11]: 32  They typically feed on seeds and fruit plants, and produce "crop milk" to feed their young.[14]

Cuckoos

[edit]

Order: Cuculiformes   Family: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.[11]: 57–58 

Nightjars and allies

[edit]
A common nighthawk resting on a tree branch
Common nighthawk

Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.[11]: 40 

Swifts

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Order: Apodiformes   Family: Apodidae

The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.[11]: 48 

Hummingbirds

[edit]
A ruby-throated hummingbird in flight
Ruby-throated hummingbird

Order: Apodiformes   Family: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.[11]: 52 

Rails, gallinules, and coots

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A virginia rail standing in marsh waters
Virginia rail

Order: Gruiformes   Family: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.[11]: 61–63 

Cranes

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Order: Gruiformes   Family: Gruidae

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".[11]: 67–69 

Stilts and avocets

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Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.[11]: 110 

Oystercatchers

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Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Haematopodidae

Oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.[16]

Plovers and lapwings

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A piping plover standing on sand
Piping plover

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.[11]: 105 

Sandpipers and allies

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A semipalmated sandpiper foraging in marshy waters
Semipalmated sandpiper
A willet walking across a sandy shoreline
Willet

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.[11]: 116–117 

Skuas and jaegers

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Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Stercorariidae

Skuas and jaegers are medium to large seabirds with strongly hooked talons, hooked bills, and webbed feet. They are pelagic birds and feed on a variety of animals—such as fish, bird eggs, and lemmings—by hunting, scavenging, or kleptoparasitizing them.[18][19][20]

Auks, murres, and puffins

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A razorbill sitting atop a rock
Razorbill
An atlantic puffin standing on a rock
Atlantic puffin

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Alcidae

Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.[11]: 123–125  Many Atlantic puffins and razorbills nest on Machias Seal Island, which has disputed sovereignty between Canada (New Brunswick) and the United States (Maine).[21][22]

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

[edit]
A great black-backed gull standing on a rock
Great black-backed gull
A common tern flying with a fish in its mouth
Common tern

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Laridae

Laridae is a family of seabirds and includes gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability. Both species can be found inland near lakes and rivers, however gulls have adapted well to human presence and can often be found in urban centers.[11]: 127–129 

Tropicbirds

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Order: Phaethontiformes   Family: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are tropical seabirds with exceptionally long central tail feathers. They are slender and have a white plumage, with long wings that have black markings, as does the head.[24][25]

Loons

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A common loon swimming in water while flapping its wings
Common loon

Order: Gaviiformes   Family: Gaviidae

Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.[11]: 73–74 

Albatrosses

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Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Diomedeidae

Albatrosses are pelagic seabirds, and are amongst the largest of flying birds, with some of the longest wingspans of any extant birds. They are mostly found on the ocean surface, and primarily feed on squid and fish.[26][27]

Southern storm-petrels

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Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Oceanitidae

Storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.[28]

Northern storm-petrels

[edit]
A Leach's storm-petrel foraging on beachy grounds with its wings up
Leach's storm-petrel

Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.[29]

Shearwaters and petrels

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Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Procellariidae

Procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.[30]

Storks

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Order: Ciconiiformes   Family: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime.[31] Storks have underdeveloped syrinxes, and are either mostly or fully mute as a result.[32]

  • Wood stork (tantale d'Amérique), Mycteria americana (A)

Frigatebirds

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Order: Suliformes   Family: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are either black or black-and-white in colour, with long wings and deeply forked tails. Males have coloured inflatable throat pouches used for attracting a female. Their large wingspan allows for them to be essentially aerial, being able to stay aloft for weeks. They lack waterproofing feathers, and cannot swim as a result. They often feed by stealing from other seabirds.[33][34]

Boobies and gannets

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Order: Suliformes   Family: Sulidae

The family Sulidae includes gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.[35]

Cormorants and shags

[edit]
A great cormorant swimming in water with its wings up
Great cormorant

Order: Suliformes   Family: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.[11]: 102–103 

Pelicans

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Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak.[11]: 91  Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.[11]: 88 

Herons, egrets, and bitterns

[edit]
A great blue heron perched on a tree branch
Great blue heron
A black-crowned night heron standing on a tree branch
Black-crowned night heron

Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.[11]: 94–97 

Ibises and spoonbills

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Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Threskiornithidae

The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, downwardly curved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.[11]: 97–98 

New World vultures

[edit]
A turkey vulture perched on a tree branch
Turkey vulture

Order: Cathartiformes   Family: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.[11]: 131–133 

Osprey

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Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Pandionidae

Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.[11]: 135 

  • Osprey (balbuzard pêcheur), Pandion haliaetus (B)

Hawks, eagles, and kites

[edit]
Close-up image showing the top half front of a sharp-shinned hawk
Sharp-shinned hawk
A bald eagle in flight in a forested area
Bald eagle

Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.[11]: 136–137 

Barn-owls

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Order: Strigiformes   Family: Tytonidae

Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls, with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces.[11]: 141–142 

  • Barn owl (effraie des clochers), Tyto Alba (R)

Owls

[edit]
A short-eared owl sitting on a wooden pole in front of a large field
Short-eared owl

Order: Strigiformes   Family: Strigidae

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.[11]: 143–145 

Kingfishers

[edit]
A belted kingfisher perched on the edge of a tree branch
Belted kingfisher

Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.[11]: 180–181 

Woodpeckers

[edit]
A northern flicker standing on a wooden block
Northern flicker

Order: Piciformes   Family: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.[11]: 164–165 

Falcons and caracaras

[edit]
An American kestrel standing on a rugged tree branch
American kestrel

Order: Falconiformes   Family: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.[11]: 184–185 

Tyrant flycatchers

[edit]
An alder flycatcher perched on a small tree branch
Alder flycatcher
An eastern phoebe illuminated by sunlight perched on a wooden surface
Eastern phoebe

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.[11]: 215–217 

Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis

[edit]
A blue-headed vireo perched on the small branch of a large tree
Blue-headed vireo

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.[11]: 255–256 

Shrikes

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.[11]: 270 

Crows, jays, and magpies

[edit]
A Canada jay standing on top of a dead tree
Canada jay

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.[11]: 271–273 

Tits, chickadees, and titmice

[edit]
A boreal chickadee perched on an upward tree branch in front of snowy pine branches
Boreal chickadee

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Paridae

Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.[11]: 355–356 

Larks

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.[11]: 339–340 

  • Horned lark (alouette hausse-col), Eremophila alpestris (B)

Swallows

[edit]
A purple martin perched on a metal beam
Purple martin

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.[11]: 350–351 

Kinglets

[edit]
A golden-crowned kinglet perched on a small tree branch
Golden-crowned kinglet

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Regulidae

Kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.[11]: 366–367  They are found in many different types of forests, with a preference for coniferous forests.[36]

Waxwings

[edit]
A cedar waxwing perched on a low-hanging tree branch
Cedar waxwing

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Bombycillidae

Waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.[11]: 368–370 

Nuthatches

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.[11]: 374–375 

Treecreepers

[edit]
A brown creeper perched on the side of a tree
Brown creeper

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.[11]: 373–374 

Gnatcatchers

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. Gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.[11]: 377–378 

Wrens

[edit]
A winter wren calling while standing on top of a wooden surface
Winter wren

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Troglodytidae

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.[11]: 376–377 

  • House wren (troglodyte familier), Troglodytes aedon
  • Winter wren (troglodyte des forêts), Troglodytes hiemalis (B)
  • Sedge wren (troglodyte à bec court), Cistothorus platensis (R)
  • Marsh wren (troglodyte des marais), Cistothorus palustris (B)
  • Carolina wren (troglodyte de Caroline), Thryothorus ludovicianus
  • Bewick's wren (troglodyte de Bewick), Thryomanes bewickii (A)

Mockingbirds and thrashers

[edit]
A northern mockingbird standing on the top of a rock
Northern mockingbird

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.[11]: 380–381 

Starlings

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sturnidae

Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.[11]: 381–383 

Thrushes and allies

[edit]
A bicknell's thrush standing on a wet, pavement ground
Bicknell's thrush
An American robin standing in short, beige grass with dead leaves
American robin

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.[11]: 391–393 

Old World flycatchers

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Muscicapidae

The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.[11]: 387 

Old World sparrows

[edit]
A house sparrow standing on the edge of a concrete surface
House sparrow

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passeridae

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.[11]: 300–301 

Wagtails and pipits

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.[11]: 302–303 

Finches, euphonias, and allies

[edit]
A female pine grosbeak perched on a snowy tree branch
Pine grosbeak
A red crossbill perched on the side of a bird feeder
Red crossbill

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.[11]: 305–306 

Longspurs and snow buntings

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Order: Passeriformes   Family: Calcariidae

Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that are mostly endemic to North America. They are primarily found in open fields, where their plumage helps them blend into their surroundings.[37]

New World sparrows

[edit]
A song sparrow perched on the top of an upward-facing twig
Song sparrow
A dark-eyed junco standing on a wood surface
Dark-eyed junco

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passerellidae

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.[38] Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.[11]: 314–315 

Yellow-breasted chat

[edit]

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteriidae

The yellow-breasted chat is the sole member of the family Icteriidae and is a bright, colourful songbird found in open shrubs throughout North and Central America. This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.[39]

Troupials and allies

[edit]
A red-winged blackbird perched on a small, upward-facing tree branch with its head facing upwards
Red-winged blackbird

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Icteridae

Icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.[11]: 322 

New World warblers

[edit]
A northern waterthrush standing on a rock in shallow water
Northern waterthrush
A yellow warbler perched on a small tree branch
Yellow warbler

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Parulidae

New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.[11]: 319–320 

Cardinals and allies

[edit]
A northern cardinal perched on a tree branch
Northern cardinal

Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.[11]: 327–328 

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Forbes, Ernest R. (April 3, 2008). "New Brunswick". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  2. ^ Burrel, Brian C; Anderson, James E (1991). "Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick". Canadian Water Resources Journal. 16 (4): 317–330. Bibcode:1991CaWRJ..16..317B. doi:10.4296/cwrj1604317.
  3. ^ Albert, Cédric; Taylor, Anthony R.; Logan, Travis; D’Orangeville, Loïc (December 4, 2023). "The Acadian Forest of New Brunswick in the 21st century: what shifting heat and water balance imply for future stand dynamics and management". Environmental Reviews. 31 (4): 690–707. doi:10.1139/er-2022-0122. ISSN 1181-8700.
  4. ^ "Coastal Conservation". Nature Trust of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  5. ^ "Birdwatching". Tourism New Brunswick. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  6. ^ "Bird Watching". Bay of Fundy. June 15, 2023. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
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