Caesalpinioideae

Caesalpinioideae; Temporal range: Middle Paleocene - recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Royal poinciana, Delonix regia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae; DC. 1825
Type genus
	Caesalpinia; L.
Clades
	See text
Synonyms
	Cercidoideae Burmeist. 1837; GCM Clade Marazzi et al. 2012; MCC Clade Doyle 2011; Mimosoideae DC. 1825;

Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. Its name is formed from the generic name Caesalpinia. It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily.^[5] The Caesalpinioideae are mainly trees distributed in the moist tropics, but include such temperate species as the honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus). It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Arcoa gonavensis Urb. and Mimosa pudica L., but not Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, Duparquetia orchidacea Baill., or Poeppigia procera C.Presl^[6]

In some classifications, for example the Cronquist system, the group is recognized at the rank of family, Caesalpiniaceae.

Characteristics

Specialised extrafloral nectaries often present on the petiole and / or on the primary and secondary rachises, usually between pinnae or leaflet pairs
Leaves commonly bipinnate
Inflorescences globose, spicate
Aestivation valvate
Anthers often with a stipitate or sessile apical gland
Pollen commonly in tetrads, bitetrads or polyads
Seeds usually with an open or closed pleurogram on both faces
Root nodules variably present and indeterminate
10 Stamens, aside from various core mimosoid genera bearing a few factors more

Taxonomy

Caesalpinieae Clade

Cassieae Clade
- Batesia Spruce
- Cassia L.
- Chamaecrista Moench
- Melanoxylum Schott
- Recordoxylon Ducke
- Senna Mill.
- Vouacapoua Aubl.
Dimorphandra Group A
- Burkea Benth.
- Campsiandra Benth.
- Dimorphandra Schott pro parte
- Dinizia Ducke
- Mora Benth.
- Stachyothyrsus Harms
Dimorphandra Group B
- Dimorphandra Schott pro parte
- Diptychandra Tul.
- Erythrophleum Afzel. ex R.Br.
- Moldenhawera Schrad.
- Pachyelasma Harms
- Sympetalandra Stapf
- Mimosoid clade (~40 genera)
Peltophorum Clade
- Bussea Harms
- Colvillea Bojer ex Hook.
- Conzattia Rose
- Delonix Raf.
- Heteroflorum M. Sousa
- Lemuropisum H.Perrier
- Parkinsonia L.
- Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth.
- Schizolobium Vogel
Tachigali Clade
- Arapatiella Rizzini & A.Mattos
- Jacqueshuberia Ducke
- Tachigali Aubl. (including Sclerolobium)
Umtiza Clade
- Acrocarpus Wight & Arn.
- Arcoa Urb.
- Ceratonia L.
- Gleditsia L.
- Gymnocladus Lam.
- Tetrapterocarpon Humbert
- Umtiza Sim
Unassigned
- Pterogyne Tul.

Phylogenetics

Caesalpinioideae, as it was traditionally circumscribed, was paraphyletic. Several molecular phylogenies in the early 2000s showed that the other two subfamilies of Fabaceae (Faboideae and Mimosoideae) were both nested within Caesalpinioideae.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Consequently, the subfamilies of Fabaceae were reorganized to make them monophyletic.^[6] Caesalpinioideae, as currently defined, contains the following subclades:^[8]

Fabales

Faboideae (outgroup)

Caesalpinioideae

Umtiza clade

Cassieae clade

	Pterogyne

	Caesalpinieae clade

Dimorphandra group A

	Tachigali clade

	Peltophorum clade

Dimorphandra group B (with the mimosoid clade nested within)

References

^ "Fabales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
^ Marazzi B, Ané C, Simon MF, Delgado-Salinas A, Luckow M, Sanderson MJ (2012). "Locating evolutionary precursors on a phylogenetic tree". Evolution. 66 (12): 3918–3930. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01720.x. PMID 23206146. S2CID 8336248.
^ Doyle JJ (2011). "Phylogenetic perspectives on the origins of nodulation". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 24 (11): 1289–1295. doi:10.1094/MPMI-05-11-0114. PMID 21995796.
^ Doyle JJ (2012). "Polyploidy in legumes". In Soltis PS, Soltis DE (eds.). Polyploidy and genome evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 147–180. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31442-1_9. ISBN 978-3-642-31441-4.
^ "Flowers in Singapore".
^ ^a ^b The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658.
^ Bruneau A, Forest F, Herendeen PS, Klitgaard BB, Lewis GP (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as Inferred from Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences". Syst Bot. 26 (3): 487–514. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ ^a ^b Bruneau A, Mercure M, Lewis GP, Herendeen PS (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes". Botany. 86 (7): 697–718. doi:10.1139/B08-058.
^ Manzanilla V, Bruneau A (2012). "Phylogeny reconstruction in the Caesalpinieae grade (Leguminosae) based on duplicated copies of the sucrose synthase gene and plastid markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 149–162. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.035. PMID 22699157.
^ Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd B-E, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S. Afr. J. Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001. hdl:10566/3193.

Media related to Caesalpinioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Caesalpinioideae at Wikispecies

[mobot-1] "Fabales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.

[2] Marazzi B, Ané C, Simon MF, Delgado-Salinas A, Luckow M, Sanderson MJ (2012). "Locating evolutionary precursors on a phylogenetic tree". Evolution. 66 (12): 3918–3930. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01720.x. PMID 23206146. S2CID 8336248.

[3] Doyle JJ (2011). "Phylogenetic perspectives on the origins of nodulation". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 24 (11): 1289–1295. doi:10.1094/MPMI-05-11-0114. PMID 21995796.

[4] Doyle JJ (2012). "Polyploidy in legumes". In Soltis PS, Soltis DE (eds.). Polyploidy and genome evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 147–180. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31442-1_9. ISBN 978-3-642-31441-4.

[5] "Flowers in Singapore".

[6subfamilies-6] The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658.

[Bruneau1-7] Bruneau A, Forest F, Herendeen PS, Klitgaard BB, Lewis GP (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as Inferred from Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences". Syst Bot. 26 (3): 487–514. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)

[Bruneau2008-8] Bruneau A, Mercure M, Lewis GP, Herendeen PS (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes". Botany. 86 (7): 697–718. doi:10.1139/B08-058.

[9] Manzanilla V, Bruneau A (2012). "Phylogeny reconstruction in the Caesalpinieae grade (Leguminosae) based on duplicated copies of the sucrose synthase gene and plastid markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 149–162. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.035. PMID 22699157.

[10] Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd B-E, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S. Afr. J. Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001. hdl:10566/3193.

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