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Cigarette packets in Australia

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A sample package: a variety of warning packages are in use.

Cigarette packets in Australia have undergone significant changes. Since 1 December 2012, all forms of branding logos, colours, and promotional texts are banned from cigarette pack designs. In turn they were replaced with drab dark brown packets (Pantone 448 C)[1] and graphic images of smoking-related images to try to reduce the smoking population of Australia to 10% by 2018 from 15% in 2012.

In addition to other public health measures, packaging requirements have further decreased the prevalence and uptake of smoking,[2][3][4] and have reduced cigarette sales in Australia.[5]

History

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In 1973, Australia's first health warning on cigarette packages appeared with the simple message 'WARNING — SMOKING IS A HEALTH HAZARD'.[6] Since 1 March 2006, graphic images depicting the effects of smoking cigarettes have been required to be displayed on cigarette packets. Warnings must cover 30% of the front and 90% of the back of the box.[7] The 10% of the back not occupied by a warning is used for the message "Sale to underage persons prohibited".

Since 1 December 2012 all forms of branding logos, colours, and promotional texts are banned from cigarette pack designs. The requirement is for plain cigarette packaging showing only brand name and health warning messages. Australia was the first country to have plain packaging cigarette packs.[8] At the same time the plain packets were introduced, the size of the anti-smoking images became larger, so the two effects are difficult to separate.[9]

Canada was the first country to use graphic pictures in conjunction with written warnings on cigarette packages, with the legislation coming in 2000.[10]

Development around the world

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Main article: Plain tobacco packaging
  Plain packaging
  Passed into law, but not yet in force
History of plain tobacco packaging
Year Countries where plain packaging law comes into force (retail level)
2012  Australia (1 December)
2017  France (1 January),  United Kingdom (21 May)
2018  New Zealand (6 June),  Norway (1 July),  Ireland (30 September)
2019  Thailand (9 December),  Uruguay (22 December)
2020  Saudi Arabia (1 January),  Slovenia (1 January),  Turkey (5 January),  Israel (8 January),  Canada (7 February),  Singapore (1 July),  Netherlands (undefined as of yet at the retail level)
2021  Belgium (1 January)
2022  Hungary (1 January)
2023  Georgia (1 January)

Following Australia's lead a number of other countries also require standardized packaging including France (applies to cigarettes sold after 1 January 2017), United Kingdom (21 May 2017), New Zealand (6 June 2018), Norway (1 July 2018) and Ireland (1 October 2018).

France and the United Kingdom are, respectively, the second and third country to have introduced plain tobacco packaging after Australia.

As a result of the enactment of the December 2015 plain tobacco packaging bill, on 1 January 2017 France became the second country in the world, after Australia, and the first in the European Union to require tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging.[11]

In March 2015, the House of Commons voted 367–113 in favour of plain cigarette packaging in the United Kingdom. The sale of plain packs is compulsory since 21 May 2017.[12]

Warnings

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Main article: Tobacco packaging warning messages

For cigarette packets, warnings include:

With each warning is an accompanying graphic, and detailed information on the back of the packet. In addition, cigar and loose tobacco packets show other, slightly altered warnings. These warnings target the misconception that alternative, non-cigarette tobacco products are less harmful.

There have been calls to expand the range of warnings to reflect current research into the effects of smoking, such as impacts on fertility.[13]

Australian cigarette packaging laws also prohibit the use of terms such as 'light', 'mild', 'extra mild', etc. The three major Australian tobacco manufacturers agreed to stop using these terms, after investigation of complaints of misleading and deceptive terms were made to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) in 2005.[14] This has assisted in counteracting the belief that some cigarette varieties are less harmful than others. To the same effect, while the carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar content of particular brands of cigarettes used to be mandated, the display and/or advertisement these figures is now prohibited under the government's "All Cigarettes are Toxic" campaign.

In 2014, an population-wide, interrupted time-series analysis concludes there was a significant increase of calls to Quitline in some states[15] not attributable to other factors that would suggest plain packaging might encourage smokers to attempt or at least seek help with quitting smoking.

In 2018, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel Report on Australia's Tobacco Plain Packaging (TPP) policy determined that "there is some econometric evidence suggesting that the TPP measures, in combination with the enlarged GHWs implemented at the same time, contributed to the reduction in wholesale cigarette sales, and therefore cigarette consumption, after their entry into force" and that, overall, the decrease in cigarette sales accelerated after TPP measures based on a review of the evidence regarding tobacco sales.[16][4]

In 2020, an World Trade Organization Appellate Body (WTOAB) assessment of the Panel's findings upheld the findings of the Panel regarding the effect of TPP on reducing smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, concluding that "while the appellants may disagree with the Panel's review of the factual evidence, as well as its conclusion, the Panel's explanation for how it reviewed the evidence and its reasons for its ultimate conclusion are quite clearly expressed. There is no doubt, in our view, about how and why the Panel concluded that "[t]he downward trend in cigarette sales in Australia appears to have accelerated in the post-TPP period."[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rachel Wells (17 August 2012). Does this colour turn you off?. The Age. Retrieved on 7 December 2012.
  2. ^ Chipty, Tasneem (2016). Study of the Impact of the Tobacco Plain Packaging Measure on Smoking Prevalence in Australia (PDF).
  3. ^ Underwood, David; Sun, Sizhong; Welters, Riccardo A. M. H. M. (December 2020). "The effectiveness of plain packaging in discouraging tobacco consumption in Australia". Nature Human Behaviour. 4 (12): 1273–1284. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00940-6. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 32958901. S2CID 221841840.
  4. ^ a b WT/DS435/R/Suppl.1, WT/DS441/R/Suppl.1, WT/DS458/R/Suppl.1, WT/DS467/R/Suppl.1 AUSTRALIA – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING TRADEMARKS, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND OTHER PLAIN PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND PACKAGING REPORTS OF THE PANELS Appendices (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2018. pp. D39.
  5. ^ a b WT/DS435/AB/R, WT/DS441/AB/R AUSTRALIA – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING TRADEMARKS, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND OTHER PLAIN PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND PACKAGING AB-2018-4 AB-2018-6 Reports of the Appellate Body (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2020.
  6. ^ Scollo, Michelle & Haslam, Indra (2008). "Attachment 12.1 Health warnings". Tobacco in Australia. Cancer Council Victoria. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  7. ^ "Australia – Warnings". www.smoke-free.ca. 1 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  8. ^ "Australia plans plain-packaging rule for cigarettes". BBC News. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  9. ^ Gage, Suzi (27 April 2017). "Standardised cigarette packaging is on its way, will it reduce smoking?". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  10. ^ Haines-Saah, R. J., Bell, K., & Dennis, S. (2015). A Qualitative Content Analysis of Cigarette Health Warning Labels in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), e61-9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302362
  11. ^ "France and the UK join Australia as plain packing leaders". Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  12. ^ Perraudin, Frances (11 March 2015). "MPs pass legislation to introduce standardised cigarette packaging". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  13. ^ Taylor, Tegan (9 July 2018). "Everyone knows smoking causes lung cancer, but what about infertility and arthritis?". ABC News. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  14. ^ Liberman, Jonathan (2008). "16.2.1 ACCC action on 'light' and 'mild' cigarettes". Tobacco in Australia. Cancer Council of Victoria. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  15. ^ Young, J., Stacey, I., Dobbins, T., Dunlop, S., Dessaix, A., & Currow, D. (2014). Association between tobacco plain packaging and Quitline calls: a population-based, interrupted time-series analysis. Medical Journal of Australia, 200(1), 29-32. doi:10.5694/mja13.11070
  16. ^ WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R, WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R AUSTRALIA – CERTAIN MEASURES CONCERNING TRADEMARKS, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND OTHER PLAIN PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND PACKAGING REPORTS OF THE PANELS (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2018.
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