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European sexuality leading up to and during World War II

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The years leading up to World War II (and during the conflict) saw great changes in the sexual habits of European societies.

France

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Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets.

In the occupation years, as the French dealt with their humiliating defeat and surrender, the morality of sex in Vichy France changed. In his book 1940–1945, The Erotic Years: Vichy, or, the Misfortunes of Virtue, Patrick Buisson talks about "erotic shock ... or exploring new territories of pleasure."[1] The sexual virility of German troops became legendary within France, and as a result of such psychological trauma, France became personified as a 'female' country.[1] Local cinemas and even subway stations became locations for anonymous physical trysts during Allied bombings.[2] After Allied liberation, anyone who had a reputation for associating with the Germans were targeted as collaborators, and faced hazing or worse.

Germany

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Within Germany in the 1930s, many German Protestants and German Catholics shared the view that Jewish people were responsible for the sexual immorality that pervaded Weimar Culture. Many church leaders supported the Nazis, welcoming radical measures against "public immorality" that included shutting down brothels, gay and lesbian bars, and nudist organizations.[3] The initial support of the Nazi leadership from both Catholic and Protestant churches was based on the belief that the Nazis would purify German sexual mores, and reinstitute respect for family values.[3]

In the early 1900s, Germany, and particularly Berlin, had developed a reputation for relaxed sexual mores. As Dagmar Herzog writes in Sexuality In Europe: A Twentieth Century History, “There was more detailed discussion of the best techniques for enhancing female orgasm under Nazism than there would be in the far more conservative decade of the 1950s.”[4] The flip-side to liberalization for some was crackdowns on others.[4] By the 1930s, the Nazi leadership was increasingly anxious about being perceived as “queer”.[5] In 1934, Adolf Hitler facilitated the murder of Ernst Röhm, his openly gay friend and leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. Until then, many bars frequented by members of the SA were well known as gay establishments, and there was no perceived tension between activism for greater rights for homosexuals and right-wing politics.[5] The prevalence of same-sex institutions like the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls fostered suspicions of homoeroticism, and subsequently the regime tried to prove its straightness. All of that would change when the virulently homophobic Heinrich Himmler became one of the most powerful people in the Third Reich.[5] In 1935, Germany strengthened laws that criminalized male (but not female) homosexuality. Not only mutual masturbation but parallel individual masturbation, and even “erotic” glances fell under the purview of such anti-gay laws.[5] Penalties for homosexual behavior escalated considerably by 1937, and by the end of the War, around 100,000 men had been prosecuted for same-sex behavior. Close to half had been convicted, sent to labor camps, prisons, or penitentiaries, subjected to medical experiments, or forced to have sex with female prostitutes.[6] Many Jewish people who were held captive would face a similar fate.[7]

The association between sex, homosexuality, and Jewish people was supported by Catholic and Protestant church leaders and ultimately the Nazi regime.[3] While not all activists who fought for the legalization of abortion and homosexuality were Jewish, many were, and their leadership in these movements made them easy targets of religious vitriol which Nazism exploited.[7] Sexual innuendo was a vital component of Nazi anti-Semitism, exploiting sentiments that readily associated Jewish people with sex.[7]

The reorganization of sexuality was at the heart of the Nazi project. It would be a mischaracterization, however, to declare that the Third Reich was repressive for everyone. For those who did not fall prey to its animus, the Nazi regime's overall goal was not to suppress sexuality, but to foster it as a distinctly Aryan privilege.[8] While structural racism of any kind has always necessarily depended on controlling reproduction, this was especially true of the Third Reich. Restrictions on contraception and abortion coaxed the reproduction of those deemed “healthy” to perpetuate the Volk, or race, who were ushered along through financial incentives and propagandistic enticements, while those deemed unfit to reproduce were prohibited from doing so with sterilization, involuntary abortion, and mass murder.[8] By the early 1940s, it was no secret that the regime was openly encouraging extramarital sex and infidelity, endorsing it not only as a reproductive measure, but also as a pleasurable pursuit reserved for the racially pure.[4] Abortions were denied to the majority of German women, while coercive abortions were violently imposed on Roma and Jewish women. Nazi sexual politics harnessed two competing tendencies, playing into either when politically expedient: conservative currents of consternation and concern with sex on the one hand, and the greater historical trend of liberalization of heterosexual norms on the other, in order to execute a viciously homophobic and racist agenda.[8]

The German birth rate, like that in most industrial nations, had been falling for decades prior. When Hitler and the Nazi Party took power in 1933 they implemented several revolutionary policies in order to change the sexual practices of the German people and reverse this slide in birth rates. At the same time that it forbade the mixing of Jews and Germans through the Nuremberg Laws, the Nazi government tried a number of policies designed to increase new births. One was to change marriage laws via the 1938 divorce-reform law by the Minister of Justice, Franz Gürtner.[9] Within two years, 30,000 divorces were filed, 80% of which were husbands casting off women over 45 years old.[10] While the new law increased new marriages and children from these marriages, the Nazis looked to illegitimate births in Germany as a way to increase the country’s birthrate.[10]

In the 1920s, there were about 150,000 illegitimate births in Germany, before halving during the Great Depression and rebounding to 100,000 in 1935.[10] The Nazis wanted to increase illegitimate births by encouraging out-of-wedlock births, especially those of Aryan parentage. Part official policy, part propaganda, the Nazi measure manifested itself in the Lebensborn program. The Lebensborn program gave a place where unmarried women could give birth in secret.[11]

SS soldiers standing while a crowd is seated with one woman holding a child
Christening of a Lebensborn child

Only the “purest” of applicants were chosen to join such programs, and only 40% passed the racial purity test (wherein they had to show their family tree three generations back), and were granted admission into the program. The majority of mothers were unmarried, 57.6% until 1939, and about 70% by 1940.[12]

The Lebensborn program was given a further push when Himmler issued a proclamation that every SS soldier should father a child before he left for war, and the child could then be born and raised at Lebensborn facilities.[13] Through these policies the birthrate increased, and Himmler told his doctor Felix Kersten how proud he was to have a role in the change, “Only a few years ago illegitimate children were considered a shameful matter ... [now] my men tell me with shining eyes that a son has been born to them. Their girls consider it an honour, not a source of shame.”

Once World War II broke out, and men were sent to the front, the Nazis changed their promise of “every woman will have a man” to “every woman will have a child”. A 1944 report to the Ministry of Justice stated that:

Leaders of the [League of German Girls have] intimated to their girls that they should bear illegitimate children; these leaders have pointed out that in view of the prevailing shortage of men, not every girl could expect to get a husband in future, and that the girls should at least fulfill their task as German women and donate a child to the Führer.[14]

Had the Germans triumphed, Himmler with Nazi Party Chancellery head and Hitler’s personal secretary to Martin Bormann were considering a post-War institution of double marriage for Nazi party officials and war heroes.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Spotts, Frederic (9 December 2008). The Shameful Peace: How French Artists & Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation. Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-300-14237-2.
  2. ^ "1940–1945, The Erotic Years: Vichy, or, the Misfortunes of Virtue". frenchpubagency.com. 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  3. ^ a b c Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth Century History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 71.
  4. ^ a b c Herzog, Sexuality, 72
  5. ^ a b c d Herzog, Sexuality, 73
  6. ^ Herzog, Sexuality, 74.
  7. ^ a b c Herzog, Sexuality, 67.
  8. ^ a b c Herzog, Sexuality, 70.
  9. ^ Grunberger 2005, p. 10
  10. ^ a b c Grunberger 2005, p. 11
  11. ^ Crossland 2006
  12. ^ Jewish Virtual Library 2010
  13. ^ Grunberger 2005, p. 13
  14. ^ Grunberger 2005, p. 14
  15. ^ Grunberger 2005, p. 15

Sources

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