Jump to content

Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Introduction of color television in countries by decade

This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests, closed-circuit demonstrations and broadcasts available from other countries are not included, while including dates when the last black-and-white stations in the country switched to color or shutdown all black-and white television sets, which has been highlighted in red.

List in alphabetical order

[edit]
Note: Asterisks (*) after locations below are for "Television in LOCATION" links.
Location Year color TV was introduced (the year of completion is in red) Network or channel Color system Clarification
 Abkhazia 1980[citation needed] National Television of Abkhaz ASSR SECAM
 Alaska 1966/1972 KENI-TV (now KTUU) NTSC First program in color, on Monday, September 19, 1966, was the premiere episode of That Girl, an ABC show. KENI was a primary affiliate of both NBC and ABC. Transitioned to full color service by 1972.
 Albania * 1981/1982 RTSH PAL Color broadcasts started in 1981, and became full-time by 1982. Color broadcasts had been available from Yugoslavia since 1971, and Italy since 1977. Frequencies have been occasionally jammed due to censorship of some programs in Albania in that time.
 Algeria * 1973 RTA PAL RTA transmitted in the older French 819-line standard System E, until 1973 when it started broadcasting in 625-line standard System B.[1]
 American Samoa 1969 KVZK-2 NTSC KVZK-2 was a National Educational Television affiliate.
 Angola * 1983 TPA PAL
 Argentina * 1978/1980 LS 82 Canal 7 PAL Introduced for the 1978 FIFA World Cup by A78TV (Argentina 78 TV), a purpose-built system that took over the signals of channels 7 and 13 for the telecast of the Cup's games, even though only the finals and several second-round matches were broadcast in color for the domestic market. LS 82 Canal 7 became ATC (Argentina Televisora Color) on May 3, 1979, with sporadic color telecasts, which were officially authorized to begin at midnight on Thursday, May 1, 1980 on both ATC and LS 85 Canal 13, the latter of which had carried out late-night tests for several months beforehand, and previously undertook non-public experimental transmissions under the NTSC system in 1969, but the project was cancelled due to lack of government approval. Full-time color transmissions by late 1980-early 1981. Uses the PAL-N system.
 Armenia *. - Armenian SSR 1973/1981 Armenia 1 SECAM, PAL First transmission was the 1973 May Day Parade in Yerevan. Full-time color transmissions since 1981.[2]
 Aruba 1973/1977 Telearuba NTSC Color broadcasting was introduced in 1973 after tests, but there were still black and white programs that were received from Venezuela until around 1977.[3]
 Australia * 1974/1975 ATV-0 (now ATV-10). PAL Permanent color telecasts since Saturday, 1 March 1975. First color test broadcast on Thursday, 15 June 1967, with live coverage of the Pakenham races.[4] Many television shows were produced and broadcast in color between 1972 and 1974, with limited color telecasts from mid-1974 on.
 Austria * 1969/1975 ORF PAL First transmission was the Eurovision broadcast of the New Year Concert from Vienna on Wednesday, January 1, 1969. Full-time color transmissions since January 15, 1975.
 Azerbaijan *. - Azerbaijan SSR 1973/1978 AzTV SECAM, PAL First color broadcasts in Azerbaijan started in 1973 using the SECAM standard. Full color service started in 1978.
 Bahamas * 1983 ZNS-TV NTSC Color transmissions had been available from Miami since 1954 (WTVJ) and West Palm Beach since the late 1950s[5]
 Bangladesh * 1980 BTV PAL
 Barbados * 1971/1984 CBC NTSC
 Belarus *. - Byelorussian SSR 1974 Belteleradio SECAM Full-time color service came in 1974[6] with SECAM.
 Belize 1984 Channel 7 NTSC Color broadcasts have been available from Mexico since 1967.
 Benin 1982 OTRB SECAM
 Belgium * 1971 RTB, BRT PAL Color broadcasts from France (SECAM), Germany and The Netherlands (PAL) were available since 1967. Early receivers were very costly owing to multiple standards: PAL/SECAM/625 lines and monochrome/819 lines
 Bermuda * 1968 ZBM-TV NTSC ZBM was an affiliate of the U.S. network CBS.
 Bolivia * 1978/1980 TV Boliviana NTSC Experimental color broadcasts began in 1977. Full-time color arrived in 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Brazil since 1972, but were PAL-M.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina *. - SR Bosnia and Herzegovina 1971/1972/1975[citation needed] Radiotelevizija Sarajevo (now BHT 1) PAL First color transmission came from Belgrade in December 1971,[7] local service began regular color broadcasts in 1972,[citation needed] but some programmes on Televizija Sarajevo (like the main news program "Dnevnik") began broadcasting in color by 1974,[citation needed] and full-time broadcasts began in early/mid 1975.[citation needed]
 Brazil * 1962/1972/1978 Bandeirantes, Globo, Record PAL-M First transmissions (unofficial and just for specific programs) were made between 1962 and 1963 in the city of São Paulo by Rede Tupi and also by Rede Excelsior, both using NTSC. Tests for the regular PAL-M transmissions began in 1970 with the Mexico's FIFA World Cup, and the first official transmission was the coverage of the 12th Caxias do Sul Grape Festival on February 19, 1972. Limited color transmissions from 1973 to 1978. Full-time color transmissions since 1978.
 Bulgaria * 1969/1972/1976 BNT SECAM Test transmissions began in 1969. Regular color broadcasting began on September 9, 1972. Full color transmissions achieved by 1976.[8]
 Burkina Faso. - Republic of Upper Volta 1976 Volta Vision SECAM This country is now known as Burkina Faso since 1984.
 Burma * 1980 BBS PAL, NTSC This country is now known as Myanmar since 1988. Color broadcasts began on November 1, 1980.[9]
 Burundi * 1983 RTNB SECAM
 Cambodia * - People's Republic of Kampuchea 1986 National Television of Kampuchea SECAM, PAL Color transmissions started in 1986, switched to PAL from 1991. Last independent country in the world to receive color television.[10][11] The reason why Cambodia started late was due to how after the Khmer Rouge took over in 1975, all television equipment was destroyed and after Vietnam invaded in 1979, resources were so sparse that Cambodia only had enough equipment to start monochrome TV in 1983.[12]
 Canada * 1964/1966/1978 (CBC, SRC), CTV NTSC Test began as early as 1964,[13] and Color Television was officially launched in both English and French at 12:01 a.m. on July 1, 1966, at the beginning of Canada's 100th year as a nation. Color broadcasts from the United States had been available since the mid-1950s. A mandatory transition to color for all transmitters took place between 1969 and 1976 on all English and French channels. CBC began full-time color broadcasts in 1974. Full-time color officially achieved in 1978 on most major market TV Flagship stations but there was a small amount of transmitter chains (Repeaters) and privately owned television stations with low funding that continued to broadcast in black and white until at least the early 1980s when color broadcasting equipment became more readily available and affordable.
 Central African Republic 1985 TVCA SECAM
 Chad * 1982 Télé Tchad SECAM
 Chile * 1977/1978/1979 TVN, Televisión Universidad Católica de Chile (TVUC) now Canal 13 NTSC The first exhibition of closed-circuit color television in Chile was carried out in March 1974 at the State Technical University (Universidad Técnica del Estado, now known as Universidad de Santiago) with equipment supplied by the Embassy of the United States which was then acquired by state-owned network TVN, which broadcast several games from the 1974 FIFA World Cup in color through closed-circuit systems, also transmitting the Viña del Mar Festival in color, but only for export between the 16th and 18th editions. The network eventually rolled out test colorcasts in late 1977 and early 1978. First nationwide color show transmitted was Esta noche fiesta of Canal 13 on Monday, April 10, 1978.[14] First news report in color was shown at Teletrece on April 12, 1978.[15] Full-time color transmissions since mid-1979. Regional network Red Norte made several tests with the PAL system in 1976-77.
 People's Republic of China * 1960 BTV Channel 2 (now CCTV-1, not BRTV) NTSC (or possibly OSKM[note 1]) Plans to introduce NTSC began in 1958,[16] Internal tests launched in May 1960,[17] and over-the-air experimental broadcasts were conducted in October 1960,[18] but were canceled a few months later due to economic difficulties.[18]
 People's Republic of China * 1970/1973[19][20]/1977/1984[note 2] BTV Channel 8 (now CCTV-2, not BRTV) PAL

In 1969, the government began to urge the relevant research institutes to carry out research on color television.[22] After that, in 1970, institutes throughout China started the "Color Television Collaborative Research Project"("彩色电视攻关大会战").[23][24][22] Between 1970[25] and 1975, many experimental broadcasts were conducted, including PAL,[18] SECAM,[18][26] as well as a variety of self-developed standards (e.g., HXZ,[note 3] 1035-line line-sequential color system,[note 4] etc.).

In 1971, PAL was set as a temporary standard.[28] In August 1972, PAL inventor Walter Bruch traveled to Shanghai to give an academic lecture.[29] Trial broadcasts since April 1973, and regular full-time color broadcasts since October 1973. full-time color transmissions for all two channels, including Channel 2 (now CCTV-1) since 1977. Microwave relay color transmissions since 1975, and full-time color transmissions throughout all China using satellites DFH-2 2(STTW-T2) were in 1984 (for some newly built CCTV relay stations in Xinjiang, Xizang[30]).[20] Color broadcasts from Taiwan Kinmen relay transmitter (NTSC) (which had been available in some coastal areas of Fujian since 1978[31]), Hong Kong (PAL) (which had been available in most parts of Guangdong since 1967) and the Soviet Union (SECAM) (which had been available in a few border areas of Heilongjiang since 1967[32]).

 Taiwan *. - Republic of China 1969/1975 CTV NTSC Full-time color transmissions since 1975. Color broadcasts from Fujian had been available in Matsu Islands since 1976,[33] and Kinmen since 1982[34] in PAL.
 Colombia * 1979/1981 Cenpro Televisión, Inravisión NTSC Test broadcasts in SECAM were held in 1966.[35] Tests for the regular transmissions began in 1971 with the coverage of that year's Pan American Games held in Cali. In October 1973, the programadora[clarification needed] Cenpro Televisión made a color broadcast during an education seminar with Japanese-made equipment. Color broadcasts from Panama and Venezuela had been available since 1972, while telecasts from Ecuador had been available beginning in 1973. In 1974, the inauguration of West Germany's FIFA World Cup was shown in color in closed circuit at two colosseums in Bogota and Cali.[36] Regular color transmissions since Saturday, December 1, 1979.[37] Full-time color transmissions since 1981.
 DR Congo * - Zaire 1974 Télé-Zaïre SECAM In preparation for color broadcasts, Télé-Zaïre ordered RCA for $1.6 million in equipments and services.[38]
 Congo. - Congo (Brazzaville) 1975 Télé Congo SECAM
 Costa Rica 1969/1974 Televictoria, Telecentro, TICA-TV NTSC Full-time color broadcasts since 1974.
 Croatia *. - SR Croatia, SFRJ, Yugoslavia 1966/1968/1975 Radiotelevizija Zagreb (now HRT 1) PAL Tests began in 1966. The first program was broadcast to the public in 1968, and became full-time by 1975.[39]
 Cuba * 1958/1975/1985 Tele-Color, S.A., Tele Rebelde (1975) NTSC Started in 1958 as the second country in the world to have color telecasts in Havana's channel 4. Ended in 1959 as a result of the Cuban Revolution under Fidel Castro; returned in 1975 this time starting with Tele Rebelde and Havana's channel 2 (which would later become part of Tele Rebelde in April 1979), to broadcast the 1st Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba. Full-time color broadcasts since 1985.[40]
 Cyprus * 1976 CyBC SECAM Regular broadcast in Cyprus since 1976.
 Czech Republic *. - Czech Socialist Republic 1970/1973/1975/1980 ČST SECAM, PAL The first color program was on February 14, 1970.[41] Regular color broadcasts started on May 9, 1973, on second channel and on May 9, 1975, on first channel. Full color transition in 1980,[42] switched to PAL broadcasting in 1993. ČST started color experiments in the late 1960s for PAL. After the Soviet invasion in 1968, SECAM was chosen for broadcasting, but not for production. Television studios worked in PAL and than it was transcoded for SECAM broadcasting until 1993. Color telecasts from East Germany were available since 1969.
 Denmark * 1968/1970 Danmarks Radio PAL First introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.[43] The national broadcaster's programming transitioned to color throughout 1969 and "color tests" were officially ended on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.[43] Color broadcasts had been available from West Germany since 1967.
 Djibouti. - French Territory of the Afars and the Issas 1974 RTD SECAM The country became independent in 1977.
 Dominican Republic 1969 Color Visión NTSC
 Ecuador * 1973/1974/1980 Ecuavisa, Teleamazonas NTSC Teleamazonas was founded in 1973, broadcasting several color programs from its start. However, these would only be officially authorized in 1980, when full-time transmission began.
 Egypt * 1973 ETV PAL
 Equatorial Guinea 1976/1982 RNGE SECAM
 El Salvador * 1973 Canal 4 (Part-time)
Canal 6 (Full-time)
Currently, both channels are part of TCS since 1985. 		NTSC First color transmissions have available from Guatemala in the west of the country since 1970. The first broadcast in color was on Saturday, March 3, 1973 at 8:30 pm on Canal 4 using the NTSC system, provided by RCA color cameras with the program "La Danza de los Colones", the channel was later adopted full-color transmissions during the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany. Canal 6 returned as the first full-color service transmission on April 6, as YSWA-TV. Later that decade, Canal 2 and Televisión Educativa (Channels 8 and 10) adopted full-time color service.[44]
 Estonia *. - Estonian SSR 1967/1972/1981 ETV SECAM, PAL First color broadcasts came from Moscow; first local color program was transmitted on Saturday, December 30, 1972. Full-time color TV broadcasts since July 1981.[45] Transitioned from SECAM to PAL 1992–1999.
 Ethiopia * 1979/1984 ETV PAL The first color broadcasts starting in 1979. Full color broadcasts in 1984.
 Finland * 1969/1970/1976/1979 YLE, MTV PAL The first broadcast in color was the President Urho Kekkonen's New Year speech in 1969,[46] and color television licenses were introduced the same year.[47] Color was introduced gradually; most programs were in color by the end of the 1970s. Some news broadcasts remained in black-and-white until May 1979.[48] MTV's first color broadcast was in 1970,[49] with color production beginning in 1976.
 France * 1967/1975/1983 ORTF SECAM Tested from 1964 to 1966 and introduced on La deuxième chaîne at 2:15pm (14:15) on Sunday, October 1, 1967, although monochrome TV commercials was filmed until 1972. The first channel (later TF1) remained in black and white for years due to being transmitted in the older 819-line standard: its transition to color 625-line began on Saturday, December 20, 1975, and the full nationwide color coverage was only achieved on July 19, 1983.[50]
 French Polynesia 1972 RFO (Télé Tahiti, now Polynésie la Première) SECAM
 French Guiana * 1974 RFO (Guyane RFO TV) SECAM
 Gabon 1973 RTG SECAM
 Gambia 1973/1976/1979 GTN, GRTS, Kerewan TV SECAM Color broadcasts from Guinea have been available since 1971. Test color broadcasts began in 1972. Limited color broadcasts from 1973 to 1976 and full time color broadcasts from 1977 to 1979. GTN switched to PAL in 1996.
 Georgia *. Georgian SSR 1968/1984 GPB SECAM Georgia started to air color broadcasts on November 7, 1968 in Tbilisi,[51][52] yet full time color broadcasting wasn't achieved throughout the country, including sporadic areas until circa 1984.
 East Germany 1969/1976 DFF SECAM Introduced on Friday, October 3, 1969, on the new second television channel launched for that purpose with a symbolic launch button pressed by Walter Ulbricht on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic on Tuesday, October 7. The television tower in East Berlin was also opened that day. Switchover on December 31, 1991, because of German reunification. Color broadcasts from West Germany had been available since 1967.
 West Germany 1967/1976 ARD, ZDF PAL First country in Europe to introduce color on two television channels simultaneously, at 9:30am on Friday, August 25, 1967, with a symbolic launch button pressed by Willy Brandt on the International Radio and Television Fair in West Berlin. Full-time color service began in 1970.
 Ghana * 1985 GTV PAL Last country in Africa to introduce color television.
 Gibraltar * 1980 GBC PAL Color broadcasts have been available from Spain and Morocco since 1972.
 Greece * 1977/1981 ERT SECAM, PAL Test color broadcasts began in 1976. Partial color broadcasts started from 1977 to 1981. Full color transmissions since 1981. ERT switched to PAL in 1992.
 Greenland * 1984/1987 KNR NTSC, PAL Color broadcasts from Canada had been available since 1966, but were NTSC. Private transmitters were built to receive television signals from Canada long before Greenland had their native television service which came into broadcast in 1982. Full-time color service came in 1984, remote areas continued to broadcast in black and white until c. 1987–1990.
 Guadeloupe * 1972 RFO (Guadeloupe 1ère) SECAM
 Guinea 1971 RTG PAL Color broadcasts from the Ivory Coast had been available since 1970, but were SECAM.
 Guatemala 1970 RTG NTSC First Central American country to introduce color television; color broadcasts available from Mexico since 1967.
 Guam 1970 KUAM-TV NTSC KUAM was a primary NBC affiliate that also carried some programming from ABC and CBS.
 Guyana 1979 GBC NTSC
 Haiti * 1971 Télé Haïti[53] NTSC
 Hawaii 1957/1961 KONA-TV (now KHON-TV), KHVH-TV (now KITV), KGMB NTSC KHVH-TV (independent) began color broadcasting on May 5, 1957.[54] After purchasing the ABC affiliate station in July 1958,[55] however, color shows stopped by the end of that year.[56] KONA-TV (NBC) started test color shows in September 1961 [57] and began regular color programming on October 1, 1961.[58] KHVH-TV (ABC) returned to color after a nearly 4-year hiatus on July 14, 1962.[59] The last American commercial network affiliate station in Hawaii, KGMB-TV (CBS), started its color showings on December 22, 1965.[60]
 Honduras * 1973 Canal 3 Honduras NTSC
 Hong Kong * - British Hong Kong 1971/1973/1975 TVB, RTV PAL The first country in Greater China to introduce color television in 1967. The first experimental color broadcast was at the 1969 Hong Kong Festival. TVB introduced color broadcasts in 1971, and RTV in 1973. Full-time color broadcasts since 1975.
 Hungary * 1968/1969/1971/1980 Magyar Televízió SECAM, PAL The first experimental color test was in 1968, and then regular tests the following year in 1969,[61] however, there wasn't actual regular color TV broadcasting until 1971, and Full-time Color broadcasting was 1980, when news programs such as Híradó fully switched to color.[62]
 Iceland * 1974/1978 RÚV (Sjónvarpið) PAL Full-time color broadcasts since 1974 to 1978.
 India * 1978/1982 Doordarshan PAL Experimental color broadcasts began in 1978. Full color broadcasts were introduced on 25 April 1982.
 Indonesia * 1977/1979 TVRI PAL Broadcasting began in 1977,[63] with it becoming Full-time on September 1, 1979[64]
 Iran * 1975/1976/1978 NIRT PAL

Although NIRT had the facilities to broadcast in color around 1974 for the Asian Games, Color broadcasts didn't begin until 1975, although reception was largely confined to affluent people who are able to afford colour sets.[65] Regular colour broadcasts were introduced in 1976.[66] full broadcasts in colour were delayed until 1978, on account of the ability of local manufacturers to meet the demand for colour sets.

Iran had switched to SECAM in February 1977, and used it until 1998, when they switched to PAL.[67]

 Iraq * 1968 RTI SECAM First Muslim country to introduce color television.
 Ireland * 1968/1970/1972/1978 RTÉ PAL First color broadcast was in 1968, however, an error in standards conversion may have transmitted the 1968 Wimbledon Men's Finals in color. First original color produced programme was John Hume's Derry shown under the 7 Days banner, first transmitted in 1969. First outside color broadcast were the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 held in Dublin on Saturday, 3 April 1972. Color broadcasts from the United Kingdom available since 1967. Full-time color broadcasts began with RTE 2 launched on 1 November 1978.
 Israel * 1977/1979/1983 IBA, IETV PAL Introduced for the coverage of the Egyptian president's visit to Israel in November 1977, then reintroduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on Saturday, March 31, 1979. Gradual transition to full-time color transmissions from 1982 to 1984. Full-time color transmissions since February 16, 1983.[68] Color broadcasts had been available from Lebanon since 1967 and Egypt since 1973 and Jordan since 1974. Since color TVs were considered more expensive, the government ordered removing the color signals, in the name of public equality. However, Engineers developed a device that restores the colors from programs that were originally shot in color, and thousands of such devices were sold. (see anti-Mehikon on Hebrew Wiki) Major television networks in Israel have been filming programs in color for foreign audiences since at least 1974.
 Italy * 1972/1977/1979 RAI PAL Introduction temporarily stalled by political turmoil. Color broadcasts from France (SECAM) had been available since 1967, from Austria (PAL) since 1969, and from Yugoslavia (PAL) since 1971. Privately operated transmitter chains made these signals available as far as Rome. The first color test was in 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The Sanremo Music Festival began to be broadcast in color in 1973, as well as, in the same year, the Jeux Sans Frontières. Partial color transmissions started on Tuesday, February 1, 1977. Full time since 1979.
 Ivory Coast 1970 RTI SECAM First African country to introduce color television.
 Jamaica * 1975 JBC NTSC Color broadcasts have been available from Jamaica since 1975.
 Japan * 1960/1971/1977 NHK, NTV, KRT (now TBS), YTV, ABC NTSC The first Asian country to introduce color television, beginning telecasts on Saturday, September 10, 1960, through the NHK, NTV, KRT (now TBS) and their Osaka affliates, with NHK's Tokyo station and NTV having started test broadcasts since December 28th 1957, and domestic made color TV's beginning to be made the same year. [69] Full-time color service introduced in 1971, when Fukushima Central Television introduced color TV,[70]: 24  and when NHK General TV ended its black and white transmissions.[71] However, there were still very few select programs on NHK Educational TV that were in Black and White until October 1977.[72] Uses the NTSC-J system.
 Jordan * 1974 JTV PAL
 Kazakhstan *. - Kazakh SSR 1969/1981 Kazakhstan SECAM, PAL Color television began only in Almaty in 1969 at first,[73] but eventually, color television became full time in the entire country in January 1981.[74]
 Kenya * 1978 KBC PAL
 North Korea * 1974/1977/1991 KCTV PAL Regular TV transmissions on KCTV started in July 1974, and Full Time since September 1977.[75] However, Ryongnamsan Television switched to color TV on October 10, 1991, making Ryongnamsan TV the last recorded TV channel to switch to color in the world, and also making North Korea the last country to finish the transition to color TV, while already having it on some TV channels in the process.[76]
 South Korea * 1980/1981 KBS, MBC NTSC Regular test color broadcasts began in the late 1970s, with the first color TV sets being built in 1975. Regular color broadcasts began in 1980, with full-time color broadcasts beginning in 1981. Color broadcasts have been available from Japan since 1961, North Korea since 1974, and American Forces Network stations in South Korea since 1977.[77]
 Kosovo *. - SAP Kosovo 1982 RTP PAL
 Kuwait * 1974 KTV PAL
 Kyrgyzstan *. - Kirghiz SSR 1974/1981 KTRK SECAM Color broadcasting started in 1974, and has been full time since 1981.[78]
 Latvia *. - Latvian SSR 1968/1974 LTV SECAM, PAL First color broadcasts came from Moscow. First local color program was transmitted on Monday, January 28, 1974.[79] Switched from SECAM to PAL on February 2, 1998.
 Lebanon * 1967 CLT/Télé Liban SECAM In 1967, CLT became the third television station in the world after the Soviet Union and France to broadcast in color, utilizing the French SECAM technology.[80]
 Liberia * 1975 LBS PAL
 Libya * 1976 Al-Libyah TV PAL
 Lithuania *. - Lithuanian SSR 1968/1975 LRT SECAM, PAL Color broadcasting started on February 26, 1975.[81] Used SECAM from 1968 to 1996. PAL has been in use since 1997.
 Luxembourg * 1967/1972 Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion PAL, SECAM The then only channel for audiences in Luxembourg, France and Belgium originally used the French/Belgian 819-line black and white standard. After Belgium and France opted for different color systems, Luxembourg broadcast two versions of the same channel. All later RTL channels aimed at French, German and Dutch-speaking audiences in Europe adopted the standards of their target markets. Full color telecasts began in 1972.
 North Macedonia *. - SR Macedonia 1971/1975/1978 Televizija Skopje (now MRT 1) PAL Test transmissions from Serbia in December 1971, domestic color programs started in 1975, with it being full time before 1978, when Macedonia's second channel came along.[82]
 Madagascar *. 1977 MBS SECAM
 Malaysia * 1978/1980/1982 RTM PAL Color broadcasts was introduced as a test transmission beginning in late 1977. Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia on beginning 28 December 1978 and in full service by New Year's Day 1979, but was not introduced in Sabah and Sarawak until 31 August 1980 (23rd Merdeka Day). Color broadcasts had been available from Southern Thailand since 1972, the Philippines since 1966, and Singapore since 1974. Full-time color broadcasts began from 1979 to 1981 and became fully operational with effect from Friday, 1 January 1982 (New Year's Day).
 Maldives 1984 TVM PAL Color broadcasts had been available from India and Sri Lanka since 1982.
 Mali * 1984 ORTM SECAM
 Malta * 1978/1981 TVM PAL Color broadcasts from Italy had been available since 1978, regular test transmissions from Wednesday, 1 January 1975. Full-time color transmissions began in 1981.
 Martinique * 1969 RFO (Martinique 1ère) SECAM
 Mauritania * 1984 TV de Mauritanie SECAM
 Mauritius 1975/1978 MBC SECAM Color television arrived on a full-time schedule in 1978.
 Mexico * 1963/1968/1970 Canal 5 Telesistema Mexicano (now Televisa) NTSC Launched Friday, February 8, 1963, with the program Paraiso Infantil. Color had been available previously in a few border cities from the United States, on a limited basis. Regular color transmissions started with the 1968 Summer Olympic Games, with full service by late 1970. Curiously, Mexico had its own system of color television, invented by Guillermo González, prior to NTSC adoption, which would be used for the 1964 Summer Olympic Games.
 Moldova *. - Moldavian SSR 1974/1981 TeleRadio-Moldova SECAM, PAL First transmissions from Russia in 1967. regular color broadcasting since 1974, and full-time in 1981.[83]
 Monaco * 1973 TMC PAL, SECAM Color broadcasts from France had been available since 1967, but the first TV's color broadcasts from Monaco begins in December 1973 on the national TV Channel TMC.
 Mongolia * 1976/1981/1988 MNB SECAM, PAL The first color program was shown in 1976.[84] Regular Color broadcasting began in 1981,[85] but full-time color broadcasting was not achieved until December 1988.[86]
 Montenegro *. - SR Montenegro 1974 Radiotelevizija Titograd (now TVCG 1) PAL
 Morocco * 1972 RTM SECAM First test transmission was in 1972.
 Mozambique * 1984 TVM PAL
 Netherlands * 1967 NPO PAL Introduced on both national channels (Nederland 1 and Nederland 2) on Thursday, September 21, 1967, opened by Leo de Block, at the Firato '67 exhibition.[87]
 Netherlands Antilles 1973 TeleCuraçao NTSC
 New Caledonia 1972 RFO (France Ô - Nouvelle Calédonie) SECAM New Caledonia began to broadcast in color for the 1972 Summer Olympic Games, full color broadcasts became official in 1978.[citation needed]
 New Zealand * 1973/1975 NZBC PAL Introduced on 31 October 1973, as part of preparations for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in February 1974.[88] Colour was initially available in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch, with other areas added as transmitters were upgraded. Full-time colour broadcasting started 1 April 1975 coinciding with the move to the new Avalon studios and launch of Television One.[89]
 Nicaragua * 1973 Televicentro Canal 2 NTSC
 Niger * 1979 Télé Sahel SECAM Color broadcasts had been available from Nigeria from 1974, but were PAL.
 Nigeria * 1974 WNTV (now called the NTA) PAL
 Norway * 1972/1975 NRK PAL Experimental color broadcasts introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Regular test transmissions from Saturday, January 1, 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since Wednesday, January 1, 1975. Color broadcasts had been available from Sweden since 1970, in parts of Norway and Finland since 1969.
 Oman * 1975 Oman TV PAL Introduced in the New Year's Day in 1975. Color broadcasts has been available from Saudi Arabia since 1973 and United Arab Emirates from 1974.
 Pakistan * 1976/1982 PTV PAL Full-time color transmissions since 1982.
 Panama 1972[90] TVN NTSC
 Paraguay * 1979 TV Cerro Corá PAL Uses the PAL-N system.
 Peru * 1978/1980 TV Perú, América Televisión, Panamericana Televisión NTSC First color test transmission was done in 1967 by Panamericana Televisión for a soap opera but for economic and political reasons the project was canceled. Color broadcasts from Ecuador had been available since 1973. Channel 7 made test broadcasts with their own content since 1974, using the three existing standards (NTSC, PAL and SECAM), later mostly using NTSC since late-1976/1977. In Thursday January 17, 1978, the Peruvian government approved the NTSC color television standard and official broadcasts were authorised. The first official color broadcast was the 20th anniversary of Lima's Channel 7 on January 17, 1978,[91] the same day the Peruvian government approved color broadcasts. The coverage of the 1978 election was probably the first official color broadcast in the 2 main networks (América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión). América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión began their regular color broadcasting with the broadcast of the 1978 Argentina's FIFA World Cup; however, most main programming still aired in black-and-white until April 1980, after the now-private stations announced their new full-color programming in February 1980. Also, color receivers were not widely available before late 1979 due to import restrictions.[92] Transition completed on October 1, 1980.
 Philippines 1966/1969/1971 ABS-CBN, Kanlaon Broadcasting System (later RPN) NTSC First color test transmission was in 1963. Commercial launch on June 12, 1966 using RCA color from 1:00 to 3:00 pm. A special newscast was broadcast in color when Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon. Full-time color transmissions began in 1971 when color sets became more widespread in the Manila area and suburbs within RBS 7 and ABC 5. KBS-9 was the first Philippine TV station to launch in color (1969), funded in part by ABS-CBN. It was the second Asian country to broadcast in color.
 Poland * 1971 TVP SECAM, PAL First time color program was broadcast on March 16, 1971 & regular broadcasting began on December 6, 1971, for 6th PUWP congress. The 1972 Olympic Games in Munich used color in SECAM. Transitioned to PAL on January 1, 1994, for all TVP channels except for TVP1 which transitioned on January 1, 1995.
 Portugal * 1976/1979/1980 RTP PAL First experimental broadcasts for the coverage of the 1976 election[93] and the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal.[citation needed] Introduced for the Portuguese-language version of Jeux Sans Frontières on Wednesday, September 5, 1979;[citation needed] color broadcasts from Spain available since 1972. Full-color transmissions started March 7, 1980.[94]
 Qatar * 1973 QBS PAL Color broadcasts from Bahrain had been available since 1972.
 Réunion 1972 RFO (1ère Réunion) SECAM Introduced for the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.
 Romania * 1981/1983/1985/1990 TVR PAL Test color broadcasting began in 1981. Introduced for the 39th anniversary of King Michael's Coup on 23 August 1983 without the Ceaușescu family being notified. Unlike the other Warsaw Pact countries, Romania chose to adopt PAL rather than SECAM. Regular color broadcasting began in 1985,[95] but Full-time color broadcasts introduced between 1986 and 1990.
 Russia *. - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1967/1977/1987 Soviet Central Television (now Channel One) OSKM, SECAM Test color broadcasting started in Moscow as early as January 14, 1960 using the OSKM system (based on NTSC, which was adapted to the European 625 lines standard, using a 4.43 MHz color subcarrier) from the Moscow Experimental TV Studio at Shabolovka street, but lasted only a few months as this system was rejected. Only about 4000 television sets were built for this system (Raduga, Temp 22, Izumrud 201/203). SECAM broadcasting was introduced specifically for the 50th Golden Jubilee Anniversary of the October Revolution in 1967. The Song of the Year festival and the New Year's address by the leader of the USSR began to be filmed in color in 1973. Full-time colorcasts by 1977, but however, there were small, peripheral stations at the edge of the country such as Siberia and low-income citizens finishing the switch in 1987.[96][97] Some parts of the USSR received color from Alaska since 1966 in some circumstances when signals were not jammed in some parts and were received by contraband receivers to pick up signals.[citation needed]
 Rwanda * 1982 ORINFOR SECAM
 Saint Kitts and Nevis. - Saint Christopher, Nevis, and Anguilla 1981 ZIZ-TV NTSC This former British colony is the current Saint Kitts and Nevis. Color broadcasts have been available from Guadeloupe since 1972, but were SECAM. Full-color broadcast since 1981.
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon * 1967 RFO (1ère SPM TV; Previously known as ORTF) SECAM Color transmissions had been available from Newfoundland and Labrador since 1967, but were NTSC. There are transmitters in SPM that can carry a signal from Newfoundland and Labrador which converts it to SECAM from NTSC and in some cases, In Fortune, Newfoundland, 1ère is converted to NTSC by a transmitter that is placed there.
 Saudi Arabia * 1973 SAGTS SECAM
 Senegal * 1975 RTS SECAM
 Serbia *. - SR Serbia 1971/1979 Televizija Beograd (now RTS1) PAL Introduced on the launch of the second TVB channel (TVB 2) on New Year's Eve of 1971,[7] as it was the first Yugoslav channel to start in color. From the late 1970s, TVB 1 switched to color, thus making all channels broadcast in color. (both TVB 1 and TVB 2, as they were only the channels available in that time) Full-time color broadcasts in SR Serbia since May 25, 1979.[98] Color broadcasts had been available from Italy since 1972.
 Sierra Leone * 1978 SLBS PAL [99]
 Singapore * 1974/1975/1976/1977 Radio Television Singapore (RTS) PAL Test transmissions began for the 1974 Asian Games and officially introduced on July 8 for the 1974 World Cup Final. Full-time color broadcasts began on November 1, 1975, and from 1976 to 1977.
 Slovakia *. - Slovak Socialist Republic. 1973/1980 ČST SECAM, PAL First color transmission in 1970 during World Ski Championship which was broadcast in PAL. Adopted SECAM in 1973 with full-color transition in 1980.[100] Switched to PAL from 1993.
 Slovenia *. - SR Slovenia 1966/1972/1978 Radiotelevizija Ljubljana (now TV Slovenija 1) PAL The first test color broadcasts were in 1966, with it becoming regular by 1972, and finally full-time in 1978, when the news programs switched to color.[101]
 Spain * 1972/1973/1978 RTVE SECAM, PAL Color broadcasts had been available from France since 1967, but were SECAM. The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid was produced in color, but it was televised in black and white to the local audience. First color tests were carried out in 1972. Regular color broadcasts were introduced between 1973 and 1977, although monochrome commercials continued to be made until 1978.
 Sudan * 1976 Sudan TV PAL
 Suriname 1977 STVS NTSC
 Sweden * 1970 Sveriges Radio TV PAL Test transmissions started on Wednesday, December 14, 1966. Regular color service and color license fee introduced on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.
 Switzerland * 1968 SBC PAL Switzerland used PAL to broadcast the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, color transmissions had been available from France and West Germany since 1967.
 Syria * 1976/1980 STV PAL
 Tajikistan. - Tajik SSR 1975/1982 TVT SECAM Color broadcasting started on January 25, 1975,[102][103] then full-time broadcasting throughout the country by 1982.
 Thailand * 1967/1975 Channel 7 PAL Although television in Thailand originally employed a 525-line screen (System M, US standard at the time), the country opted for PAL color, which necessitated a conversion to system B (625 lines), starting with Channel 7 in November 1967. Regional stations converted between 1972 and 1975.
 Togo 1981 TVT SECAM Tests began around 1979, with regular color service in 1981.[104]
 Trinidad and Tobago * 1977 TTT NTSC
 Tunisia * 1972 RTT SECAM Color broadcasts have been available from Italy since 1977 and Malta since at least 1975.
 Turkey * 1981/1984 TRT PAL Test transmissions started with the New Year's Eve celebrations on Thursday, December 31, 1981, and Friday, January 1, 1982; full color television did not start until Thursday, March 16, 1984. Color broadcasts from Greece had been available since 1976 and Bulgaria since at least 1971.[105]
 Turkmenistan * - Turkmen SSR 1974 Turkmen Television SECAM Talks, plans and minor tests began from Moscow in 1967.[106] First Central Asian country to introduce color television. Regular color broadcasting then started around 1974, but full-time color broadcasting wasn't until later.[107]
 Uganda * 1975 UTV PAL
 Ukraine *. - Ukrainian SSR 1967/1969/1976 UT-1 SECAM, PAL First transmission came from Moscow in 1967, Ukraine uses SECAM in for the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. Local color broadcasts began in 1969,[108] and full time since 1976.[109]
 United Arab Emirates 1974 UAE-TV PAL
 United Kingdom * 1967/1969/1976/1985 BBC2 (1967), BBC1 and ITV (1969) PAL First experimental 405 line broadcasts using a variation of the NTSC system in 1955[110] and later showcased during the 1961 National Radio Show at Earls Court as an experiment.[111] In early 1966, the PAL system was adopted and introduced on BBC2 for Wimbledon coverage on Saturday, July 1, 1967. Some British television programmes, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. Full-time color broadcasts on BBC1 and the ITV network started November 15, 1969.[112] BBC Schools programming didn't begin color broadcasting until 1974 and full nationwide color broadcasting was achieved in 1976, when BBC East (Norwich) became the last region to adopt color for regional broadcasts and locally produced programmes. Monochrome 405-line Televisions ended transmissions in January 1985, thus ending black-and-white television in the UK permanently.[113]
 United States * 1950 CBS FSC Field-sequential color system (FSC);[114] experimental; ended 1951.[115] The first country with black and white transmission to introduce color television.
 United States * 1953/1972/1986 NBC, CBS NTSC Dot sequential system.[116] The US began a gradual transition to color in late 1953. The first color TV sets were very expensive and the audience for color was accordingly very small, so only specials and a handful of regularly scheduled shows aired in color during the 1950s. Market penetration slowly increased as more affordable sets and more color programming became available. A tipping point came in 1965, when the commercial networks first aired the majority of their prime-time shows in color. By the end of 1966, prime-time was all-color, but an ever-dwindling number of daytime, local and educational programs continued in black-and-white for a few more years. The percentage of color TV users crossed the 50% mark by 1972, and the last station to introduce color was WQEX-TV (a low-power repeater of WQED-TV) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1986.
 Uruguay * 1980/1981/1984[citation needed] CXB-10 PAL Introduced for the 1980 Mundialito but locally broadcast in black and white. Local color broadcasting started in August 25, 1981 when Canal 10 brought regular color broadcasting, Montecarlo TV started to broadcast some Formula One editions in colour by late 1980-mid 1981, but full time color broadcasts wasn't achieved until around 1984. Uses PAL-N system.[citation needed]
 Uzbekistan *. Uzbek SSR 1977/1984 MTRK SECAM Experimental color broadcasts in 1971,[117] and then, Uzbekistan started regular Color TV broadcasts in 1978. Full-time color broadcasting since 1984.[118]
 Venezuela * 1974/1975/1979/1980 RCTV, Venevision NTSC The first color transmission took place in 1970 with that year's FIFA World Cup aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. In 1972, Venezolana de Televisión broadcast Renny Ottolina's documentary Churun Meru in color through a closed-circuit system installed in a number of hotels. That year, both RCTV and Venevisión began the production of color programs, mostly for foreign sales, but also for the transmission of special events and some programs. In 1974, President Carlos Andrés Pérez banned the transmission of color programs until all Venezuelans could acquire any television with color reception capacity. However, by 1975 both private broadcasters had color-ready technical facilities and beginning in June 1978 several programs were clandestinely broadcast in color. On December 1, 1979, public broadcaster TVN Canal 5 aired the country's first officially-authorized color telecast, followed just one week later on December 8 with the broadcast of the OTI 1979 Festival, produced by the two private channels with President Luis Herrera Campins finally decreeing permission for color television on June 1, 1980, already full-time on all television stations.
 Vietnam * 1976/1977/1986/1987 VTV SECAM, PAL Test color transmissions began in Ho Chi Minh City, South Vietnam in 1976. The first color television program aired during Tết of 1977.[119] Color televisions were available only in big cities until August 1, 1986.[120] The last station to switch to color TV was Ho Chi Minh City Television which switched on August 24, 1987 after a fire destroyed the entire television center the previous day. Switched to PAL from 1990.
 U.S. Virgin Islands 1968 WBNB-TV NTSC WBNB was a CBS affiliate whose first color broadcasts took place during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. This station was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo on September 18, 1989.
 North Yemen 1975 NYRTC PAL Television started to broadcast in color the same year as it was introduced.[121]
 South Yemen 1981 SYRTC PAL On March 8, 1981, South Yemen started color TV. Became the united Yemen's channel 2 after reunification in 1990.[122]
 Zambia * 1977 ZNBC PAL
 Zimbabwe * 1982/1984 ZBC PAL Nevertheless, in October 1982 they began experimental broadcasts.[123][124] Color broadcasts have been available from Zambia since 1977 and South Africa since 1976.[125] Full-time color broadcast in 1984.[125]

List of territories that never had black and white television

[edit]

Countries and territories that never had black and white television (i.e., their first broadcasts were in color) are not included in the table above.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ It also could have been the OSKM system, but all the references available say "American NTSC standard".[16][17][18] At that time, it was only 2 years since the first black-and-white TV broadcasting in China at 1958, and only about a dozen cities had TV stations.[17] Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the standard of the experimental color broadcast was different from OSKM (e.g., it might not use YUV, but used YIQ like the original NTSC), or that it might have used System M, which was incompatible with System D, the de facto standard for black-and-white TVs of China at that time.
  2. ^ The exact time is undetermined, Xizang Television launched partial color broadcasting in October 1979, and Xinjiang Television in December 1979, but they may use black-and-white devices to broadcast recorded programmes from CCTV before 1984, and there are some black-and-white transmitters in used.[21]
  3. ^ one of standards developed by Tianjin team, bases on PAL, swaps U component's phase and V component's phase with each other by each line.[27]
  4. ^ one of standards developed by Chengdu team.[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cheurfi, Achour (4 February 2011). "Radio et télévision: histoire d'un monopole". La presse algérienne : génèse, conflits et défis (in French).
  2. ^ "Հայաստանի Հանրային հեռուստաընկերությունը նշում է իր 65-ամյակը". Radio Fama. November 29, 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  3. ^ "ABOUT". Telearuba. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  4. ^ The Age- Thursday June 15, 1967- Page 23- Pakenham Races Form Guide (First color television test transmission in Australia), Flickr
  5. ^ rogersimmons.com: "West Palm Beach TV Station Ads"
  6. ^ "Телевидение". Историко-информационный Центр Связи. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Zbog čega je televizor neprevaziđeni kućni uređaj?". rtvslon.ba. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  8. ^ "История на Българската телевизия". Predavatel. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  9. ^ "On This Day | the Day in 1980 when Color TV Arrived in Myanmar". November 2019.
  10. ^ "Country report‑ television Kampuchea" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Cambodia: Telecommunications". Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Encyclopedia of Television" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  13. ^ "Colour (1960-1969)". Library and Archives of Canada. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  14. ^ Llegada del color a canal 13 en Esta noche Fiesta (1978)
  15. ^ La llegada de la televisión en colores (The beginning of color television), video in Youtube
  16. ^ a b 中国电子视像行业协会; 全子一 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 一 • 中国广播电视产业发展历史回顾". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  17. ^ a b c 郭, 镇之 (1989-05-01). "中国电视大事记(1955—1978)". 新闻研究资料 (in Chinese (China)). 1989 (2): 175. ISSN 1005-2577.
  18. ^ a b c d e 中国电子视像行业协会; 董瑞祥 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 二 • 广播电视演播设备制造业回顾". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. pp. 119–137. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  19. ^ "一个专业化电视频道的成长路线图 ------由"CCTV-2到CCTV经济 "的四个关键阶段". CCTV.com (in Chinese (China)). 16 October 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2024. 1973年5月1日，北京电视台开始了彩色电视的试播，每周二、四、六晚上用8频道在北京地区播出，当年10月1日，转为正式播出。(On May 1, 1973, BTV began trial broadcast of color television on Channel 8 every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday night in the Beijing area, and switched to regular broadcast on October 1.)
  20. ^ a b 郭, 镇之 (1989-05-01). "中国电视大事记(1955—1978)". 新闻研究资料 (in Chinese (China)). 1989 (2): 182. ISSN 1005-2577.
  21. ^ "附：中国少数民族新闻传播发展大事记（1949-2010". 新闻学论集 第29辑 (in Chinese (China)). 经济日报出版社. 1 June 2013. pp. 167–169. ISBN 9787802575202.
  22. ^ a b 郭, 镇之 (1989-05-01). "中国电视大事记(1955—1978)". 新闻研究资料 (in Chinese (China)). 1989 (2): 179. ISSN 1005-2577.
  23. ^ a b "咱成电那些事儿 | 彩电攻关大会战". Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  24. ^ 中国电子视像行业协会; 武世鹏; 李倜 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 二 • 中国广播电视设备的发展历程". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 139. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  25. ^ "上海广播电视志". 上海通 (in Chinese (China)). 上海市地方志办公室. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  26. ^ 中国电子视像行业协会; 武世鹏; 李倜 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 二 • 中国广播电视设备的发展历程". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 129. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  27. ^ "相位逐行对换的正交平衡调幅制——一种性能优良的彩色广播电视新制式". 天津大学学报. 1974: 1–14. ISSN 0493-2137.
  28. ^ 中国电子视像行业协会 (March 2010). "中国电视产业发展大事记". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 532. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  29. ^ 中国电子视像行业协会 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 二". 中国彩电工业发展回顾 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 118. ISBN 978-7-121-07439-4.
  30. ^ 刘, 嘉兴 (April 1988). "卫星电视接收技术的现状及其发展趋势". 电讯技术 (in Chinese (China)). 28 (2): 30. ISSN 1001-893X. 1984年4月我国发射了第一颗试验通信卫星，其EIRPs=22.5dBW，频率上行6GHz，下行4GHz，实现了对新疆、西藏、内蒙等偏远地区的电视广播，使之能收看当天的中央电视节目。(In April 1984, China launched its first experimental communications satellite, have a 6 GHz band uplink and a 4 GHz band downlink with 22.5 dBW EIRPs. It realized television broadcasting to remote areas including Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia, making it possible to watch CCTV programmes lives.)
  31. ^ 陳, 清河 (August 2009). "「台灣地區電視產業歷史考察及文物史料調查研究」研究案（結案報告）" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 55. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  32. ^ ГЕННАДЬЕВ, Антон (28 July 2005). "Приморскому телевидению - 50!". VLADNEWS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  33. ^ 福建省地方志编纂委员会. "福建省志 广播电视志 - 第一章•广播电视网 - 第四节•发送网 - 一、广播电视发送". 福建党史方志网 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  34. ^ 厦门市地方志编纂委员会. "厦门市志 - 卷四十•文化 - 第十二章•无线电视 - 第三节•技术设备 - 二、发射技术设施". 福建党史方志网 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  35. ^ Universidad y Medios Masivos, Del Estado de Bienestar Al Mercado. By Milcíades Vizcaíno Gutiérrez. Page 37
  36. ^ Luís Ángel Arango Library, Las primeras imágenes a color 1974 Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Historia de la televisión en Colombia, accessed 6 July 2011
  37. ^ "Desde mañana TV en color. By Gonzalo Guillen. El Tiempo, Nov 30, 1979". Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  38. ^ "RCA Broadcast News" (PDF). RCA. February 1974. p. 5. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  39. ^ "Razvoj radija i televizije: Osnivanje, postignuća i stalni napredak" (PDF). Hrvatska radiotelevizija (in Croatian). p. 3. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  40. ^ "El blog de Pedraza Ginori: Joven Joven (3): por encima y a millón". 25 September 2015.
  41. ^ Štefek, Jiří. "To byla veliká událost! Před 50 lety v Československu poprvé vysílala barevná televize". Reflex. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  42. ^ Švanda, Martin (2022). Zavedení barevné televize v Československu (PDF) (Thesis) (in Czech). Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci. p. 172. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  43. ^ a b 40 år med farve-tv fra DR
  44. ^ "Canal 6: 50 años de entretenimiento a las pantallas salvadoreñas" [Canal 6: Fifty Years of Entertainment in Salvadoran Screens]. tcsahora.com (in Spanish). Telecorporación Salvadoreña (TCS). Archived from the original on 2024-07-12. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  45. ^ "TV ajalugu eestis". Telekommunikatsiooni alused. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  46. ^ Uusitorppa, Harri (28 April 2017). "Ensimmäiset värilliset tv-uutiset nähtiin Suomessa vapunpäivänä tasan 40 vuotta sitten – ja siitä syntyi kohu". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  47. ^ Hahtola, Minttu (28 February 2012). "Tietoisku: Väritelevisiolupa". Yle Elävä Arkisto (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  48. ^ Oy Yleisradio Ab (1979). Yleisradion vuosikirja 1.6.1978–31.5.1979 (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus. p. 116. ISBN 951-43-0188-9. (available from [1])
  49. ^ "Historia - MTV yritysinfo". MTV Oy (in Finnish). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  50. ^ [2], INA, accessed 21 January 2011
  51. ^ "ტელემაუწყებლობის 65 წელი - საქართველოს პირველი არხი 65 წლის გახდა". First Channel. Georgian Public Broadcaster. Georgian Public Broadcaster. December 30, 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  52. ^ "საქართველოს ტელევიზიის ისტორია". old.mpress.ge (in Georgian). November 21, 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  53. ^ "Memoire Online - Télévision haà¯tienne par cà¢ble et couleur locale ( la télé Haà¯ti ) - Joêl Lorquet".
  54. ^ "Kaiser Station On The Air Tonight", Honolulu Advertiser; May 5, 1957.
  55. ^ "KHVH-TV Will Switch To Channel 4 Wednesday", Honolulu Star-Bulletin; July 14, 1958
  56. ^ "Deals, Rumors Spot Isle Entertainment Picture", Honolulu Star-Bulletin; January 1, 1959
  57. ^ "Color TV Movie", Honolulu Advertiser; September 30, 1981
  58. ^ "NBC's Color Television Programs To Debut Tomorrow In Hawaii", Honolulu Advertiser; October 1, 1961
  59. ^ "KHVH-TV To Inaugurate Color Programs Tomorrow", Honolulu Star-Bulletin; July 13, 1962
  60. ^ "KGMB-TV Debuts Color", Honolulu Advertiser; December 19, 1965
  61. ^ "Ötven éve indult a színes televízió". PestBuda. Domonkos Csaba. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  62. ^ "Ötven éve sugározta első színes adását a Magyar Televízió". Hirado.hu. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  63. ^ Sejarah Departemen Penerangan RI.
  64. ^ "Sejarah Panjang Perkembangan Pertelevisian dan Penyiaran di Indonesia: Okezone Edukasi". Okedukasi (in Indonesian). November 24, 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  65. ^ Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization, Jerrold D. Green, Holt McDougal, 1982, page 22
  66. ^ Iran: An Economic Profile, Jahangir Amuzegar, Middle East Institute, 1977, page 126
  67. ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, Volume 16, Echo of Iran., 1977, page 125
  68. ^ Mabat, February 16, 1983, First Edition in Color
  69. ^ "テレビ編（昭和２０年～６０年代／２００６年５月・７月号掲載）". 一般社団法人 家庭電気文化会. ＡＬＬＥ. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  70. ^ 福島中央テレビ50年史: 中テレは, 上テレ.: ふくしまを盛り上げるテレビ [Fukushima Central Television 50 Years History] (in Japanese). Fukushima Central TV. 2020. OCLC 1200688192.
  71. ^ "Corporate Overview". Nippon Hoso Kyokai. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  72. ^ "International media corporations: Nippon Hoso Kyokai". European Media Database. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  73. ^ "История развития ТВ от аналога к цифре". Tsetv.kz (in Russian). Kazakhstan. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  74. ^ "Развитие телевидения в Казахстане: 1958-2013 гг". Studbooks.net. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  75. ^ "Korean Central Television". Korean Friendship Association. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  76. ^ "북한자료". North Korea Defector Association. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  77. ^ "About American Forces Network Korea". Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  78. ^ "Телевидениенин тарыхы жана өнүгүү тенденциялары". journalist.kg (in Kyrgyz). June 13, 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  79. ^ "Televīzora vēsture". spoki.lv. SHINYSTAR. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  80. ^ Harb, Zahera (2011). Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media. I.B.Tauris. pp. 93–95.
  81. ^ "Lietuvos televizijos pradžia: beprotiškas karštis ir neįtikėtinai ankšta studija". lrytas.lt. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  82. ^ "МРТ јавен сервис на граѓаните?" (PDF). Фондација Oтворено општество - Македонија (in Macedonian). Skopje, Macedonia. January 2013. p. 63. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  83. ^ "televiziunii din Moldova în amintirile primilor ei realizatori" (PDF). Instrumentul Bibliometric Național (in Romanian). p. 7. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  84. ^ "Сократ нэгэнтээ "Миний хувьд, би юу ч мэдэхгүй гэдгээ л сайн мэднэ" гэжээ". Blogspot. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  85. ^ "Монгол Улсад телевизийн салбар үүсч хөгжсөний 54 жилийн ой өнөөдөр тохиож байна". Монголын Үндэсний Олон Нийтийн Телевиз (in Mongolian). 2021-09-27. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  86. ^ "Өрхийн мэдээлэл, харилцаа холбоо, технологийн хэрэглээ, хүртээмжийн судалгаа Танилцуулга 2022" (PDF). Цахим хөгжил харилцаа холбооны яам (in Mongolian). p. 20. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  87. ^ "Vanavond op uw scherm" [On your screen tonight]. Limburgs Dagblad (in Dutch). Heerlen, Netherlands. 21 September 1967. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2024 – via Delpher.
  88. ^ "Colour should give lift to life". The Press. 1 November 1973. p. 1.
  89. ^ "Colour is on way for Christchurch". The Press. 6 February 1975. p. 4.
  90. ^ "TVN se renueva a sus 54 años". 23 April 2016.
  91. ^ "El color se instaló también primero en TV Perú- Canal 7". 17 April 2019.
  92. ^ Andonaire, Jean (October 17, 2019). "Cuando la televisión a color empezó en el Perú". El Comercio (in Spanish).
  93. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHpINu58-9E
  94. ^ "Emissões a cores da RTP começaram há 32 anos" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  95. ^ "TVR a scris istorie: 30 de ani de la prima transmisie tv color din România". Știrile TVR. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  96. ^ "История телевидения в СССР: 55 лет отечественной "цветной картинке"". Kuban 24. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  97. ^ "Начало регулярного цветного телевизионного вещания в CCCР". ria.ru. October 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  98. ^ "My journey of adapting and staying ahead of the media evolution". Intelier. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  99. ^ World Broadcasting: A Comparative View, Alan Wells, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, page 173
  100. ^ Švanda, Martin (2022). Zavedení barevné televize v Československu (PDF) (Thesis) (in Czech). Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci. p. 108. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  101. ^ "Zgodovina". RTV Slovenija. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  102. ^ "Телевизиони ранга". Kitobam. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  103. ^ "Аввалин барномаҳои "Ахбор" аз 3 дақиқа иборат буданд. Имрӯз ба таъсиси Телевизиони Тоҷикистон 59 сол пур шуд". Television Tajikistan. 2018-03-18. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  104. ^ "Présentation de la TVT". TVT (in French). Togo. August 9, 2006. Archived from the original on August 31, 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  105. ^ "Historial background of radio and relevision broadcasting in Turkey". Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  106. ^ GELENLER, SIZDEN (October 28, 2021). "Türkmen telewideniýesiniň döreýşi hem ösüşi". Atavatan Turkmenistan (in Turkmen). Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  107. ^ "Из недавнего прошлого". Хроника Туркменистана (in Russian). November 30, 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  108. ^ "До 70-річчя з часу створення українського телебачення (1951)". Національна бібліотека України імені Ярослава Мудрого. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  109. ^ "Коротка історія українського телебачення. Події і дати". TV-REMONT.INFO. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  110. ^ "Colour Television: 50 Years on". 30 June 2017.
  111. ^ https://www.bbceng.info/Technical%20Reviews/early_colour_tv.htm
  112. ^ "Color Television Chronology". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012., British TV History.
  113. ^ "The UK 405-Line Television Network". 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  114. ^ "CBS Color Television System Chronology". Archived from the original on 2006-12-06.
  115. ^ "Color Television Enchants Viewers at Its Public Debut", The Washington Post, January 13, 1950, p. B2. "CBS Color Television To Make Public Debut In N.Y. Next Week," The Wall Street Journal, November 9, 1950, p. 18. "CBS Color Preview Seen By 2,000 in Philadelphia", The Wall Street Journal, December 16, 1950, p. 10. "Commercial Color TV To Have Its 'Premiere' Over CBS Monday", The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 1951, p. 14. "All Color TV Put on Shelf Indefinitely", The Washington Post, October 20, 1951, p. 1.
  116. ^ "NBC Launches First Publicly-Announced Color Television Show", The Wall Street Journal, August 31, 1953, p. 4. "First Home Reception of Color TV Proves Effective in Operatic Field," The New York Times, November 1, 1953, p. 1. "Radio-TV Notes," The New York Times, November 20, 1953, p. 32. "F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once", The New York Times, December 19, 1953, p. 1.
  117. ^ "Телевидение Узбекистана: история, проблемы, перспективы" (PDF). Аналитика Родис. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  118. ^ Qizi, Mahmudova Shoxistaalisher (June 5, 2021). "O'zbekiston Televideniyesi Tarixini Ilmiy O'rganish Asoslari". Conferencea (in Uzbek). Berlin, Germany: 359–362. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  119. ^ "New Year quiet in South Vietnam". The Citizen. Vol. 134, no. 193. Ottawa. Associated Press. February 17, 1977. p. 47. South Vietnam ... announced Thursday that it will broadcast the country's first color television program for this year's Tet holiday.
  120. ^ "MỤC LỤC" (PDF). ctvcamau.vn (in Vietnamese). p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  121. ^ "اخخبار السفينة الايرئيلية* تردد قناة اليمن الفضائية الاخبارية 2023 , تردد قناة اليمن اليوم الجديد". Elqnah News (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  122. ^ "في الذكرى الـ 53 لتأسيس أول صرح إعلامي مرئي بالجزيرة العربية.. تلفزيون عدن.. وعود العودة وعود عرقوب.. من غزا عدن أهمل قناتها ومن انتصر في عدن مارس نفس الإهمال". Al-Ayyam News. September 12, 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  123. ^ International TV & Video Guide, Tantivy Press, 1985, page 204
  124. ^ BM/E's World Broadcast News, Broadband Information Services, 1982
  125. ^ a b A Concise Encyclopedia of Zimbabwe, Donatus Bonde, Mambo Press, 1988, page 410
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_introduction_of_color_television_in_countries&oldid=1239272707"