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Shore plover

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Shore plover
Shore plover male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Charadrius
Species:
C. novaeseelandiae
Binomial name
Charadrius novaeseelandiae
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Charadrius novae Seelandiae "Gmelin, 1789: Syst. Nat., 13th edition 1(2): 684. Based on the 'New Zealand Plover' of Latham 1785, Gen. Synop. Birds 3(1): 206, pl. 83 – Dusky Sound, Fiordland (fide Medway 2008 [2007], Notornis 54: 116)."
  • Charadrius Dudoroa "Wagler, 1827: Syst. Avium, Charad.: sp. 14 – New Zealand."
  • Charadrius Torquatula "J.R. Forster, 1829: in J.G. Wagler, Isis von Oken, Heft 6: col. 652 – Dusky Sound, Fiordland (fide Medway 2008 [2007], Notornis 54: 116)."
  • Hiaticula Novae Seelandiae "(Gmelin); G.R. Gray 1843, in E. Dieffenbach, Travels in N.Z. 2: 195."
  • Thinornis novae seelandiae "(Gmelin); G.R.Gray 1845, in Richardson & J.E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror’, Birds 1(8): 12, pl. 11."
  • Thinornis Rossii "G.R. Gray, 1845: in Richardson & J.E. Gray (eds), Zool. Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror’, Birds 1(8): 12, pl. 11 – 'Auckland Island', error (fide C.A. Fleming 1982, George Edward Lodge. The unpublished N.Z. bird paintings: 245)."
  • Charadrius atricinctus "Ellman, 1861: Zoologist 19: 7469 – New Zealand."
  • Thinornis novae zelandiae "(Gmelin); Buller 1865, Essay N.Z. Ornith.: 17. Unjustified emendation."
  • Thinornis novae zealandiae "(Gmelin); Sharpe 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 24: 304. Unjustified emendation."
  • Thinornis novaeseelandiae "(Gmelin); Mathews & Iredale 1913, Ibis 1 (10th ser.): 253"
  • Thinornis novae-seelandiae "(Gmelin); Peters 1934, Check-list Birds World 2: 257."
  • Charadrius novaeseelandiae "Gmelin; Holdaway et al. 2001, New Zealand Journ. Zool. 28(2): 133, 178."

The shore plover (Māori: tūturuatu, Moriori: tchūriwat’, Charadrius novaeseelandiae), also known as the shore dotterel, is a small plover endemic to New Zealand. Once found all around the New Zealand coast, it is now restricted to a few offshore islands. It is one of the world's rarest shorebirds: the population is roughly 200.

Taxonomy

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The shore plover was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the plovers in the genus Charadrius and coined the binomial name Charadrius novaeseelandiae.[3] Gmelin based his description on the "New Zealand plover" that had been described and illustrated in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. The species had been collected near Queen Charlotte Sound.[4] In the early 2000s the shore plover was moved from the original genus Charadrius to the genus Thinornis, along with the hooded plover.[5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 found Thinornis was embedded within the genus Charadrius.[6] This was confirmed by another study published in 2022,[7] and as a result the shore plover was moved back to Charadrius. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[8]

Thinornis rossii, supposedly from the Auckland Islands, is now generally considered to be a juvenile shore plover with an incorrectly recorded location. Some authorities consider the shore plover a species of Charadrius, and further genetic evidence will be needed to resolve the issue.[9]

Description

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Image of Shore plover juvenile
Shore plover juvenile

The shore plover is brown above and white below, with a black (male) or brown (female) mask. There is a distinctive white strip circling its head below its brown skullcap. Its legs and dark-tipped bill are orange, brighter in males.[10]

Distribution

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Although this species was historically found only on the New Zealand coast, subfossil shore plover bones have been recovered from roosts of the extinct laughing owl near rivers many kilometres inland.[11] Cook's second expedition collected them from opposite ends of the South Island, in Fiordland and the Marlborough Sounds. There are 19th century reports of shore plovers from the South Island and several parts of the North Island, but by the 1870s they had vanished from the mainland, surviving only on the Chatham Islands.[10] Introduced predators such as feral cats and Norway rats were the main culprits.[12]

Breeding

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Image of egg of Thinornis novaeseelandiae
Egg, Auckland Museum collection

Shore plovers (unusually for shorebirds) nest under cover (such as driftwood and vegetation) or in burrows under boulders. This is likely to be for protection against avian predators – in their current range, skuas, and past predators would have included the laughing owl and the New Zealand falcon.[11] This is one of the reasons for their decline, as such nests are more vulnerable to mammalian predators.

In the early 1990s, the Department of Conservation (DOC) started a captive breeding programme at Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre, and later at Isaac Conservation and Wildlife Trust.[13] From a captive population of around 6–10 pairs, over 400 captive-bred juveniles have been released into the wild.[10]

Conservation

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Shore plovers are endangered, with a world population of around 200 birds. The species survived on only one island, Rangatira, in the Chatham Islands, from where it has since been introduced to other offshore islands, such as Mangere Island in the Chathams, Mana Island near Wellington and Motutapu near Auckland. The world population was roughly 70 breeding pairs in 1937 and their habitat was declared a reserve in 1954. The population fluctuated in the 1980s, with only 40 breeding pairs in 1982, rising to 80 pairs in 1987 and a high of 94 pairs in 2010.[10][14] A second wild population of about 20 birds was discovered in 1999 living on Western Reef off Chatham Island, but it gradually declined, and the last bird was taken into captivity in 2003.[9] As of 2016, the wild population comprised 66 breeding pairs, 56 of them in the Chatham Islands.[12] DOC has a stated goal of increasing the population to 250 in five different habitats.[15]

DOC moved a number of captive-reared juveniles to Mana Island, off Wellington's western coast, between March and May 2007. They bred within months of their arrival, and in February 2008 twenty more were translocated. From a high of 87 individuals, the population was reduced to just 10 from the effects of a single Norway rat.[15]

Birds had also been translocated since 2000 to Waikawa (Portland Island), a privately owned island off the Māhia Peninsula in Hawke's Bay. In 2012, the population on Waikawa was discovered to have crashed by 75% to just 20 birds,[16] apparently due to predation by a Norway rat.[17][18] Twelve eggs were rescued for translocation to Mana Island.[16]

A total of 42 captive-bred shore plovers were released onto Motutapu Island in 2012 in the hope they would become established there and on other pest-free islands in the Hauraki Gulf.[13] The birds repeatedly flew away, and only five were still present in 2015 when nineteen more were released.[19] Motutapu had its mammalian predators removed in 2010, and the breeding population there increased from one pair in 2015 to three pairs in 2016.[15] These birds are currently the most accessible to the public.

Six juveniles were released into the wild in 2018.[20] Four additional juveniles were released in February 2019 with a further 21 due to be released on 25 March, having been bred at the Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre.[20] Five more juvenile birds were transported from a captive breeding program in Christchurch to Mana Island in April 2020.[21]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Thinornis novaeseelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693899A93429618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693899A93429618.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Checklist Committee, Ornithological Society of New Zealand (2010). Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica (PDF) (4th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press in association with the Ornithological Society of New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-877385-59-9. Retrieved 17 May 2022 – via New Zealand Birds Online.
  3. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 684.
  4. ^ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 206; Plate 83.
  5. ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
  6. ^ Dos Remedios, N.; Lee, P.L.M.; Burke, T.; Székely, T.; Küpper, C. (2015). "North or south? Phylogenetic and biogeographic origins of a globally distributed avian clade". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89: 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.010.
  7. ^ Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 177: 107620. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Brian J.; Bell, B. D.; Chambers, G. K.; Medway, D. G.; Palma, R. L.; Scofield, R. P.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Worthy, T. H. (2010). Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand (4th ed.). Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-1-877385-59-9.
  10. ^ a b c d Dowding, J.E. (2013). Miskelly, C.M. (ed.). "Shore plover". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  11. ^ a b Worthy, Trevor H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002). The Lost World of the Moa. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253340344.
  12. ^ a b "Shore plover/tuturuatu". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Critically endangered NZ shore plover released on Motutapu Island". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  14. ^ Coomber, Richard (1991). "Charadriiformes: Plovers". Birds of the World. Godalming, Surrey: Colour Library Books Ltd. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0862838061.
  15. ^ a b c Toki, Nicola (29 April 2016). "Critter of the Week – Nicola Toki". RNZ. Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  16. ^ a b "Tragedy strikes endangered New Zealand shore plover population". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  17. ^ Dent, Barry (27 July 2015). "The Waikawa shore plover saga". Fauna Recovery New Zealand. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  18. ^ "The final translocation for Mahia's shore plover?". Conservation Blog. Department of Conservation. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  19. ^ Akel, Torben (27 January 2015). "Shore plovers released on Motutapu Island". Newshub. Mediaworks TV. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  20. ^ a b "Critically Endangered plover enjoys record breeding season". BirdGuides. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  21. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge (14 April 2020). "Endangered New Zealand bird sent to safety offshore despite Covid-19 lockdown". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

Further reading

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