Circassian languages
Circassian | |
---|---|
Cherkess | |
Ethnicity | Circassians, Cherkesogai |
Geographic distribution | North Caucasus |
Linguistic classification | Northwest Caucasian
|
Proto-language | Proto-Circassian |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | circ1239 |
Circassian |
Circassian (/sɜːrˈkæʃən/ sur-KASH-ən), also known as Cherkess (/tʃɜːrˈkɛs/ chur-KESS), is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe (кӀахыбзэ; also known as West Circassian), with half a million speakers, and Kabardian (къэбэрдейбзэ; also known as East Circassian), with a million. The languages are highly mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century,[1] although the Greek and Georgian alphabets were adapted for them in ancient and medieval times.[2]
There is consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages.[3][4][5] However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves адыгэ (adyge; English: Adyghe) in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea (Russian: Адыгея, Adygeya), enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, the Circassian subdivision is treated as a group of languages and called адыгские (adygskie, meaning the Adyghe languages), whereas the Adyghe language is called адыгейский (adygeyskiy, meaning the language of those in [the Republic of] Adygea). The terms Circassian and Cherkess are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.
Circassian languages
[edit]A Circassian dialects family tree. |
- Circassian languages
- Adyghe language
- The Black Sea coast dialects
- Zhaney dialect
- Natukhai dialect (Adyghe: Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ; Netʼx́uajebze)
- Shapsug dialect (Adyghe: Шапсыгъабзэ; Shapsyǵabze)
- North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Adyghe: Шапсыгъэ шху; Shapsyǵ shyxu)
- Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Adyghe: Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ; Chʼemgueý-shapsyǵ)
- South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Adyghe: Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу; Shapsyǵe-tsʼykʼu) dialect.
- Kfar Kama dialect (Adyghe: Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ; Kfar Kamem ishapsyǵebze): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
- Hakuchi dialect (Adyghe: ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ; Hakʼutsubze, Qaratsxaibze)
- The Kuban river dialects
- Bzhedug dialect (Adyghe: Бжъэдыгъубзэ; Bɀedyǵubze) : Spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea and Biga.
- Temirgoy (Adyghe: КӀэмыгуябзэ, КӀэмгуибзэ; Chʼemıguıyabze, Chʼemguibze) : Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea.
- Abzakh dialect (Adyghe: Aбдзэхабзэ; Abźaxabze) : Spoken by the Circassians in Rehaniya in Israel and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights.
- Mamkhegh dialect
- Yegeruqay dialect
- Hatuqwai dialect
- Mequash dialect
- The Black Sea coast dialects
- Kabardian language[3]
- Kabardian
- West Kabardian
- Kuban
- Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess)
- Central Kabardian
- Baksan (Basis for the literary language)
- Malka
- Eastern Kabardian
- Terek
- Mozdok
- North Kabardian
- Mulka
- Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)
- West Kabardian
- Baslaney dialect (Adyghe: Бэслъыныйбзэ; Besłınıýbze)
- Kabardian
- Adyghe language
Alphabets
[edit]- Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, Adyghe: КӀахыбзэ; Kʼaxıbzə, Russian: Адыгейский язык) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.
А а [aː] |
Б б [b] |
В в [v] |
Г г [ɣ] or [ɡ] |
Гу гу [ɡʷ] |
Гъ гъ [ʁ] |
Гъу гъу [ʁʷ] |
Д д [d] |
Дж дж [d͡ʒ] |
Дз дз [d͡z] |
Дзу дзу [d͡zʷ] |
Е е [ja/aj] |
Ё ё [jo] |
Ж ж [ʒ] |
Жъ жъ [ʐ] |
Жъу жъу [ʒʷ] or [ʐʷ] |
Жь жь [ʑ] |
З з [z] |
И и [jə/əj] |
Й й [j] |
К к [k] |
Ку ку [kʷ] |
Къ къ [q] |
Къу къу [qʷ] |
Кӏ кӏ [t͡ʃʼ/kʼ] |
Кӏу кӏу [kʷʼ] |
Л л [ɮ] or [l] |
Лъ лъ [ɬ] |
Лӏ лӏ [ɬʼ] |
М м [m] |
Н н [n] |
О о [aw/wa] |
П п [p] |
Пӏ пӏ [pʼ] |
Пӏу пӏу [pʷʼ] |
Р р [r] |
С с [s] |
Т т [t] |
Тӏ тӏ [tʼ] |
Тӏу тӏу [tʷʼ] |
У у [w/əw] |
Ф ф [f] |
Х х [x] |
Ху ху [xʷ] |
Хъ хъ [χ] |
Хъу хъу [χʷ] |
Хь хь [ħ] |
Ц ц [t͡s] |
Цу цу [t͡sʷ] |
Цӏ цӏ [t͡sʼ] |
Ч ч [t͡ʃ] |
Чӏ чӏ [t͡ʂʼ] |
Чъ чъ [t͡ʂ] |
Ш ш [ʃ] |
Шъ шъ [ʂ] |
Шъу шъу [ʃʷ] or [ʂʷ] |
Шӏ шӏ [ʃʼ] |
Шӏу шӏу [ʃʷʼ] |
Щ щ [ɕ] |
Ъ ъ [ˠ] |
Ы ы [ə] |
Ь ь [ʲ] |
Э э [a] |
Ю ю [ju] |
Я я [jaː] |
ӏ [ʔ] |
ӏу [ʔʷ] |
- Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, Adyghe: Къэбэрдейбзэ; Qeberdeýbze, Russian: Кабардино-черкесский) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect.
А а [aː] |
Э э [a] |
Б б [b] |
В в [v] |
Г г [ɣ] |
Гу гу [ɡʷ] |
Гъ гъ [ʁ] |
Гъу гъу [ʁʷ] |
Д д [d] |
Дж дж [d͡ʒ] or [ɡʲ] |
Дз дз [d͡z] |
Е е [ja/aj] |
Ё ё [jo] |
Ж ж [ʒ] |
Жь жь [ʑ] |
З з [z] |
И и [jə/əj] |
Й й [j] |
К к [k] |
Ку ку [kʷ] |
Къ къ [q] |
Къу къу [qʷ] |
Кхъ кхъ [q͡χ] |
Кхъу кхъу [q͡χʷ] |
Кӏ кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] or [kʲʼ] |
Кӏу кӏу [kʷʼ] |
Л л [ɮ] or [l] |
Лъ лъ [ɬ] |
Лӏ лӏ [ɬʼ] |
М м [m] |
Н н [n] |
О о [aw/wa] |
П п [p] |
Пӏ пӏ [pʼ] |
Р р [r] |
С с [s] |
Т т [t] |
Тӏ тӏ [tʼ] |
У у [w/əw] |
Ф ф [f] |
Фӏ фӏ [fʼ] |
Х х [x] |
Ху ху [xʷ] |
Хъ хъ [χ] |
Хъу хъу [χʷ] |
Хь хь [ħ] |
Ц ц [t͡s] |
Цӏ цӏ [t͡sʼ] |
Ч ч [t͡ʃ] |
Ш ш [ʃ] |
Щ щ [ɕ] |
Щӏ щӏ [ɕʼ] |
Ъ ъ [ˠ] |
Ы ы [ə] |
Ь ь [ʲ] |
Ю ю [ju] |
Я я [jaː] |
ӏ [ʔ] |
ӏу [ʔʷ] |
Гь гь [ɡʲ] |
Кь кь [kʲ] |
Кӏь кӏь [kʲʼ] |
Сӏ сӏ [sʼ] |
Чу чу [t͡ʃʷ] |
ӏь [ʔʲ] |
Sound changes
[edit]Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:[6]
- Adyghe a ↔ э Kabardian: адыгабзэ ↔ aдыгэбзэ (Adyghe); бае ↔ бей (rich); аслъан ↔ аслъэн (lion); къэплъан ↔ къаплъэн (tiger); дунай ↔ дуней (world); тхьакӀумэ ↔ тхьэкӀумэ (ear); хьарыф ↔ хьэрф (letter); тхьаркъо ↔ тхьэрыкъуэ (pigeon); Ӏае ↔ Ӏей (ugly); хьамлыу ↔ хьэмбылу (worm); хьау ↔ хьэуэ (no)
- Adyghe ы ↔ э Kabardian: ны ↔ анэ (mother)
- Adyghe э ↔ ы Kabardian: хъэдэн ↔ хъыдан (lilac)
- Adyghe а ↔ ы Kabardian: Ӏахьыл ↔ Ӏыхьлы (cloth)
- Adyghe и ↔ ы Kabardian: мэлэӀич ↔ мэлэӀыч (angel)
- Adyghe ы ↔ и Kabardian: сабый ↔ сабий (child)
- Adyghe ы ↔ е Kabardian: жъэжъый ↔ жьэжьей (kidney); дэжъый ↔ дэжьей (hazelnut)
- Adyghe ц ↔ дз Kabardian: цэ ↔ дзэ (tooth); цыгъо ↔ дзыгъуэ (mouse); пцэжъый ↔ бдзэжьей (fish); уцы ↔ удзы (grass)
- Adyghe цу ↔ в Kabardian: цу ↔ вы (ox); цуакъэ ↔ вакъэ (shoe); цунды ↔ вынд (raven); цунды ↔ вынд (raven); цуабзэ ↔ вабдзэ (ploughshare)
- Adyghe ч ↔ ж Kabardian: чэмы ↔ жэм (cow); чъыгы ↔ жыг (tree); чэщы ↔ жэщ (night); чылэ ↔ жылэ (village, settlement); пчъын ↔ бжын (to count); чъэн ↔ жэн (to run)
- Adyghe ч ↔ дж Kabardian: чэтыу ↔ джэду (cat); чэты ↔ джэд (chicken); апч ↔ абдж (glass)
- Adyghe ч ↔ щ Kabardian: пачъыхь ↔ пащтыхь (king); гъучӏы ↔ гъущӏ (iron); упчӏэ ↔ упщӏэ (question); чыӏу ↔ щӏыӏу (button); чъыӏэ ↔ щӏыӏэ (cold); пчэдыжьы ↔ пщэдджыжь (morning)
- Adyghe дз ↔ з Kabardian: хъырбыдз ↔ хъарбыз (watermelon)
- Adyghe дж ↔ ж Kabardian: баджэ ↔ бажэ (fox); лъэмыдж ↔ лъэмыж (arch, bridge); аджал ↔ ажал (death); хьаджыгъэ ↔ хьэжыгъэ (flour); лъэгуанджэ ↔ лъэгуажьэ (knee); къуаджэ ↔ къуажэ (village)
- Adyghe жь ↔ з Kabardian: ежь ↔ езы (him, itself)
- Adyghe жъ ↔ жь Kabardian: жъы ↔ жьы (old); бжъэ ↔ бжьэ (bowl, horn, slander); жъэн ↔ жьэн (to fry, to grill)
- Adyghe ж ↔ жь Kabardian: бжыхьэ ↔ бжьыхьэ (autumn); жакӀэ ↔ жьакӀэ (beard); бжыдзэ ↔ бжьыдзэ (flea); жэ ↔ жьэ (mouth)
- Adyghe жъу ↔ в Kabardian: жъуагъо ↔ вагъо (star); зэжъу ↔ зэвы (narrow); ӏужъу ↔ ӏувы (wide); гъэжъон ↔ гъэвэн (to boil)
- Adyghe ш ↔ щ Kabardian: нашэ ↔ нащэ (melon)
- Adyghe щ ↔ ш Kabardian: щэ ↔ шэ (milk); щай ↔ шай (tea); щыгъу ↔ шыгъу (salt); ахъщэ ↔ ахъшэ (fund, money); щэбзащ ↔ шабзэ (arrow); щыды ↔ шыд (donkey); щынагъо ↔ шынагъуэ (fear); щыбжьый ↔ шыбжий (black pepper); щэджагъо ↔ шэджагъуэ (noon)
- Adyghe шъ ↔ щ Kabardian: шъабэ ↔ щабэ; шъхьэ ↔ щхьэ (head); шъынэ ↔ щынэ (lamp); дышъэ ↔ дыщэ (gold); пшъашъэ ↔ пщащэ (girl); мышъэ ↔ мыщэ (bear); псэушъхь ↔ псэущхьэ (animal); шъэ ↔ ща (100)
- Adyghe шӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: шӀын ↔ щӀын (to do); шӀэн ↔ щӀэн (to know); гъашӀэ ↔ гъащӀэ (life); пшӀы ↔ пщӀы (ten)
- Adyghe кӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: кӀэ ↔ щӀэ (new); кӀалэ ↔ щӀалэ (young-man); мэгыкӀэ ↔ мэгыщӀэ (to launder, to wash); тӀэкӀын ↔ тӀэщӀын (to go off on); икӀыӀу ↔ ищӀыӀу (above); макӀэ ↔ мащӀэ (few); хьакӀэ ↔ хьэщӀэ (guest); ӀункӀыбзэ ↔ ӀунщӀыбз (key)
- Adyghe шъу ↔ ф Kabardian: шъоу ↔ фо (honey); шъуз ↔ фыз (wife); ешъон ↔ ефэн (to drink); уашъо ↔ уафэ (sky); уцышъо ↔ удзыфэ (green); къашъо ↔ къафэ (dance); шъо ↔ фэ (color, skin, you (plural)); шъо ↔ фэ (color, skin, you (plural)); нэшъу ↔ нэф (blind)
- Adyghe шӀу ↔ фӀ Kabardian: шӀу ↔ фӀы (well, good); машӀо ↔ мафӀэ (fire); шӀуцӀэ ↔ фӀыцӀэ (black); шӀомыкӀы ↔ фӀамыщӀ (coal); ошӀу ↔ уэфӀ (weather); ӏэшӀу ↔ ӏэфӀ (sweet); шӀошӏын ↔ фӀэщын (sweet)
- Adyghe ф ↔ ху Kabardian: фыжьы ↔ хужьы (white); Ӏофы ↔ Ӏуэху (work, job); мафэ ↔ махуэ (day); гъэмафэ ↔ гъэмахуэ (summer); цӀыфы ↔ цӀыху (person); фабэ ↔ хуабэ (hot); фае ↔ хуей (want, need); фэд ↔ хуэд (like); нэфы ↔ нэху (light); нартыф ↔ нартыху (maize); фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун (to forgive); фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун (to forgive); бжьыныф ↔ бжьыныху (garlic); бзылъфыгъэ ↔ бзылъхугъэ (woman)
- Adyghe хь ↔ хъ Kabardian: нахь ↔ нэхъ (more); шынахьыкӏ ↔ шынэхъыщӏ (younger brother); шынахьыжъ ↔ шынэхъыжь (older brother)
- Adyghe къ ↔ кхъ Kabardian: къэ ↔ кхъэ (grave)
- Adyghe къу ↔ кхъу Kabardian: къуае ↔ кхъуей (cheese); къужъы ↔ кхъужь (pear); къухьэ ↔ кхъухь (ship)
- Adyghe т ↔ д Kabardian: тэ ↔ дэ (we); тамэ ↔ дамэ (shoulder); тамыгь ↔ дамыгъэ (stamp, letter); тыгъужъы ↔ дыгъужь (wolf); тыгъуас ↔ дыгъуасэ (yesterday); ты ↔ адэ (father); тыжьыны ↔ дыжьын (silver); такъикъ ↔ дакъикъэ (minute); атакъэ ↔ адакъэ (rooster, cock); хатэ ↔ хадэ (garden); псычэт ↔ псыджэд (duck); тхьаматэ ↔ тхьэмадэ (leader, boss)
- Adyghe п ↔ б Kabardian: панэ ↔ банэ (thorn); пытэ ↔ быдэ (hard); пчэны ↔ бжэн (goat); пыи ↔ бий (enemy); непэ ↔ нобэ (today); пчъын ↔ бжын (to count)
- Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: мамун ↔ номин (monkey)
- Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: гъунджэ ↔ гъуджэ (mirror)
- Adyghe -Ø ↔ -р Kabardian: Ӏехы ↔ Ӏехыр; сӀехы ↔ сӀехыр; тӀехы ↔ тӀехыр
- Adyghe -Ø ↔ -щ Kabardian: тӀыгъ ↔ тӀыгъщ
- Adyghe Ø- ↔ и- Kabardian: джыри ↔ иджыри (yet)
Loanwords
[edit]Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from Arabic, Turkish, Persian (particularly in the area of religion) and Russian".[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Papşu, Murat (2006)."Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006. (in Turkish)
- ^ "The Circassian Alphabet". circassianweb.com. Circassian Family Tree. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (eastern Adyghe). The Hague: Mouton & Co. p. 7.
- ^ Smeets, Henricus Joannes (1984). Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology. Leiden: The Hakuchi Press. p. 41. ISBN 90-71176-01-0.
- ^ Hewitt, George (2005). "North West Caucasian". Lingua. 115 (1–2): 17. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.003. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri, ISBN 9786056569111
- ^ Reza, Hirtenstein & Gholami 2021.
Sources
[edit]- Reza, Enayotallah; Hirtenstein, Stephen; Gholami, Rahim (2021). "Cherkess (Circassian)". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
Literature
[edit]- A Dictionary of the Circassian Language, in Two Parts. By Dr. L. Loewe.
- Кумахов М. А. Адыгские языки // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999. (in Russian)