Great Altar of Hercules

Great Altar of Hercules
	The Forum Boarium and Temple of Hercules Victor in Gismondi's scale model of imperial Rome, Museum of Roman Civilization
	Altar of Hercules Shown within Augustan Rome
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Coordinates	41°53′17″N 12°28′54″E / 41.88813°N 12.48163°E

The Great Altar of Unconquered Hercules (Latin: Herculis Invicti Ara Maxima)^[a] stood in the Forum Boarium near the Tiber River in ancient Rome. It was the earliest cult location of Hercules in Rome, possibly originally dating as early as the 6th century bce. Its foundations possibly lie beneath the present church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome, Italy.

Legend

Roman tradition held that Hercules completed his 10th labor in Italy, driving the cattle through Rome around the location of the latter cattle market (Forum Boarium). It made the location of the altar the place where Hercules slew Cacus and ascribed its creation to Evander of Pallene. Virgil's Aeneid includes a passage where Evander ascribes the origin even earlier, attributing it to Potitius and the Pinarii.^[1]^[b]

History

The altar was the earliest cult location for Hercules in Rome, predating the circular Temple of Hercules Victor and possibly originally dating as early as the 6th century bce. The altar was destroyed during the Great Fire of Rome in the year 64^[3] but was rebuilt and stood at least until the fourth century. The rites at the Ara Maxima were unique within the cult of Hercules in that they were performed in the Greek fashion (ritu Graeco) with uncovered heads.^[4] Surviving sources also state on the authority of Varro that women were excluded from the ceremonies at the altar and from partaking in the sacrificial meat.^[5]

Present location

A tentative identification of a tuff platform in the crypt of Santa Maria in Cosmedin with the foundation of the altar has been made by Filippo Coarelli and other archaeologists.^[6]^[7]

Notes

^ Tacitus and Juvenal both refer to the altar as "great" (magna) instead of "extremely great" or "the greatest" (maxima).
^ See Winter for further treatment of the various foundation myths for the altar in surviving sources.^[2]

References

^ Virgil, Aeneid, Book VIII, l. 270.
^ James G. Winter, The Myth of Hercules at Rome, University of Michigan Studies, No. 4, 1910.
^ Tacitus, Annals, Book XV, §41.
^ Macrobius, Saturnalia, iii.6.17;
^ Celia E. Schultz, "Modern prejudice and ancient praxis: female worship of Hercules at Rome" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133 (2000:291-297) pp 292ff.
^ Coarelli, F. Il foro boario dalle origini alla fine della repubblica. Edizioni Quasar, Rome, 1992, vol. 2:61-77.
^ Claridge, A. Rome. Oxford University Press, 1998, pages 256-258.

External links

Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 1929

[1] Tacitus and Juvenal both refer to the altar as "great" (magna) instead of "extremely great" or "the greatest" (maxima).

[4] See Winter for further treatment of the various foundation myths for the altar in surviving sources.^[2]

[2] Virgil, Aeneid, Book VIII, l. 270.

[3] James G. Winter, The Myth of Hercules at Rome, University of Michigan Studies, No. 4, 1910.

[5] Tacitus, Annals, Book XV, §41.

[6] Macrobius, Saturnalia, iii.6.17;

[7] Celia E. Schultz, "Modern prejudice and ancient praxis: female worship of Hercules at Rome" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133 (2000:291-297) pp 292ff.

[8] Coarelli, F. Il foro boario dalle origini alla fine della repubblica. Edizioni Quasar, Rome, 1992, vol. 2:61-77.

[9] Claridge, A. Rome. Oxford University Press, 1998, pages 256-258.

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