Jump to content

National Education Association

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Read Across America)

National Education Association
Founded1857; 167 years ago (1857)
Type501(c)(5)
53-0115260
HeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.
Location
  • United States
Members
2,872,000 (2022)[1]
Key people
Becky Pringle, president
AffiliationsEducation International
Websitenea.org
This article is part of a series on
Education in the
United States
Summary
Curriculum topics
Education policy issues
Levels of education
icon Education portal
flag United States portal
General meeting, National Education Association on July 3, 1916, at Madison Square Garden, New York City

The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union in the United States.[2] It represents public school teachers and other support personnel, faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college students preparing to become teachers. The NEA has just under 3 million members and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.[3] The NEA had a budget of more than $341 million for the 2012–2013 fiscal year.[4] Becky Pringle is the NEA's current president.[5][6]

During the early 20th century, the National Education Association was among the leading progressive advocates of establishing a United States Department of Education.[7]

Driven by pressure from teacher organizing, by the 1970s the NEA transformed from an education advocacy organization to a rank-and-file union. In the decades since, the association has continued to represent organized teachers and other school workers in collective bargaining and to lobby for progressive education policy.[8] The NEA's political agenda frequently brings it into conflict with conservative interest groups.[9] State affiliates of the NEA regularly lobby state legislators for funding, seek to influence education policy, and file legal actions.

At the national level, the NEA lobbies the United States Congress and federal agencies and is active in the nominating process for Democratic candidates.[10] From 1989 through the 2014 election cycle, the NEA spent over $92 million on political campaign contributions, 97% of which went to Democrats.[11]

History

[edit]

Founding

[edit]

The NEA was founded in Philadelphia in 1857 as the National Teachers Association (NTA).[12] Zalmon Richards was elected the NTA's first president and presided over the organization's first annual meeting in 1858.[13] At the beginning and for its first century of history, it had the character of a professional association rather than a labor union.[8] The NTA became the National Education Association (NEA) in 1870 when it merged with the American Normal School Association, the National Association of School Superintendents, and the Central College Association.[14] The union was chartered by Congress in 1906.[13][15]

The NEA was never on good terms with the New Deal. Its main goal was for Congress to pass a multipurpose public finance bill that would supplement local property taxes in funding public schools. Some relief money was used to build schools, but the New Deal avoided channeling any of it through the Office of Education. Legislation never succeeded, because it would condone segregated schools in the South and because President Franklin D. Roosevelt rejected any across-the-board program. He believed that federal money should only go to the poorest schools, and none to rich states.[8] The New Deal set up its own separate educational program through the Civilian Conservation Corps and other relief agencies.[16]

From association to labor union

[edit]

For most of the 20th century, the NEA was dominated by the public school administration in small towns and rural areas. The state organizations played a major role in policy formation for the NEA.[17] Only a small portion of American public school teachers were unionized before the 1960s. That began to change in 1959, when Wisconsin became the first state to pass a collective bargaining law for public employees. Over the next 20 years, most other states adopted similar laws.[18]

The NEA merged with the American Teachers Association, the historically Black teachers association founded as the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools, in 1966.[19] The NEA's merger with the ATA, its transformation into a true labor union, and other factors were to greatly change the organization's demographics.[20] In 1967, the NEA elected its first Hispanic president, Braulio Alonso.[21] In 1968, NEA elected its first black president, Elizabeth Duncan Koontz.[22]

After 1957, the NEA began a process that would transform it into an organization representing the teachers in its districts, rather than just the administrators. It came to resemble the rival American Federation of Teachers (AFT), which was a labor union for teachers in larger cities. The success of the AFT in raising wages through strike activity encouraged the NEA to undertake similar activities.[17] The years between 1957 and 1973 saw a gradual shift in power to the association's classroom teachers, a tentative embrace of collective bargaining and teacher strikes, and the creation of a political action committee. These changes culminated in a new constitution adopted in 1973. The constitution expelled school administrators entirely and made structural changes to allow the NEA to operate as a labor union.[17]

In the 1970s, more militant politics came to characterize the NEA. Its political action committee engaged in local election campaigns, and the union began endorsing political candidates who supported its policy goals. State NEA branches became less important as the national and local levels began direct and unmediated relationships. The NEA's elected leadership often supported teachers in opposition to school administrators.[17]

Relations with the American Federation of Teachers

[edit]

In 1998, a tentative merger agreement was reached between NEA and American Federation of Teachers (AFT) negotiators, but ratification failed soundly in the NEA's Representative Assembly meeting in New Orleans in early July 1998.[23] However, five NEA state affiliates have since merged with their AFT counterparts. Mergers occurred in Florida (the Florida Education Association formed in 2000); Minnesota (Education Minnesota formed in 1998), Montana (MEA-MFT formed in 2000), New York (New York State United Teachers formed in 2006) and North Dakota (North Dakota United formed in 2013).[24]

In 2006, the NEA and the AFL–CIO also announced that, for the first time, stand-alone NEA locals as well as those that had merged with the AFT would be allowed to join state and local labor federations affiliated with the AFL-CIO.[25]

2024 NEASO Lockout

[edit]

The National Education Association Staff Organization (NEASO) is the staff union representing employees who work for the NEA. In July 2024, NEASO staff members went on a three-day strike protesting what it charged were NEA’s unfair labor practices. This resulted in the halting of the National Education Association's (NEA) annual representative assembly in Philadelphia. The event, which was scheduled to run for four days over the Fourth of July weekend, brings together thousands of educators to vote on the union's priorities, budget, and strategic plan. President Joe Biden, who was expected to address the delegates, canceled his appearance, citing his refusal to cross the picket line.[26]

Following the strike, the NEA locked out nearly 300 staff members working at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. These staff members will not be paid or allowed to work until a new contract is reached.[27]

Composition

[edit]

According to NEA's Department of Labor records since 2005, when membership classifications were first reported, the majority of the union's membership are "active professional" members, having fallen only slightly from 74% to the current 71%. The second largest category have been "active education support professional" members, with about 15%. The third largest category are "retired" members, which have grown from 8% to 10%. Two other categories, "active life" and "student" members, have both remained with around 2%, falling slightly. These categories are eligible to vote in the union, though the union lists some comparatively marginal categories which are not eligible to vote: "staff", "substitute" and "reserve" members, each with less than 1% of the union's membership. NEA contracts also cover some non-members, known as agency fee payers, which since 2006 have numbered comparatively about 3% of the size of the union's membership.[28][29]

As of 2014 these categories account for about: 2.1 million "active professionals", 457,000 "active education support professionals", 300,000 "retirees", 52,000 "students", 42,000 "active life" members, and just under nine thousand others, plus about 90,000 non-members paying agency fees.[3]

[edit]
Membership (US records; ×1000)[28]
Finances (US records; ×$1000)[28]
     Assets      Liabilities      Receipts      Disbursements

The NEA reported a membership of 766,000 in 1961.[30] In 2007, at the 150th anniversary of its founding, NEA membership had grown to 3.2 million.[31] However, by July 2012, USA Today reported that NEA had lost nearly 0.3% of their members each year since 2010.[32]

Following the Supreme Court's 2018 Janus v. AFSCME case, which ended the compulsion of non-union, public employees to pay agency fees, or what are colloquially known as 'fair-share fees,' the NEA's total membership and agency fee payers dropped from 3,074,841 on its November 28, 2017, report[33] to 2,975,933 in its August 31, 2019, report,[34] a total loss of 98,908 dues payers.

Structure and governance

[edit]

The NEA has a membership of just under 3 million people, with membership levels dropping every year since 2010.[35] The NEA is incorporated as a professional association in a few states and as a Trade union in most. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. It is not a member of the AFL–CIO, but is part of Education International, the global federation of teachers' unions.[36]

NEA members set the union's policies through the Representative Assembly (RA). The RA, which is a delegation comprising elected representatives from each local and state affiliate, coalitions of student members and retired members, and other segments of the united education profession—is the primary legislative and policy-making body of the NEA. RA delegates elect the union's executive officers and members of the Executive Committee.[37]

As of 2024, the executive officers of the NEA are Rebecca Pringle (President), Princess Moss (Vice President), Noel Candelaria (Secretary-Treasurer) and Kim A. Anderson (Executive Director). These posts are elected by the Representative Assembly.[5][37][38][39]

The board of directors and executive committee are responsible for the general policies and interests of the NEA. The board of directors consists of one director from each state affiliate (plus an additional director for every 20,000 active members in the state), six directors for the retired members, and three directors for the student members. The board also includes at-large representatives of ethnic minorities, administrators, classroom teachers in higher education, and active members employed in educational support positions.[40] The Executive Committee consists of the President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer plus six members elected at large by delegates to the Representative Assembly. It acts for the board of directors when it is not in session.[39]

Funding

[edit]

Most NEA funding comes from dues paid by its members ($295 million in dues from a $341 million total budget in 2005).[41] Typically, local chapters negotiate a contract with automatic deduction of dues from members' paychecks. Part of the dues remain with the local affiliate (the district association), a portion goes to the state association, and a portion is given to the national association. The NEA returned 39 percent of dues money back to state affiliates in 2021 and 2022.[42]

Federal law prohibits unions from using dues money or other assets to contribute to or otherwise assist federal candidates or political parties, in accordance with their tax-exempt status. The NEA Fund for Children and Public Education is a special fund for voluntary contributions from NEA members which can legally be used to assist candidates and political parties. Critics have repeatedly questioned the NEA's actual compliance with such laws, and a number of legal actions focusing on the union's use of money and union personnel in partisan contexts have ensued.[43]

Read Across America Day

[edit]
Hillary Clinton reads a book to an African-American grade-schooler in Maryland during Read Across America Day in 1998
Hillary Clinton participates in Read Across America Day in Maryland, 1998.

National Read Across America Day is an NEA initiative to encourage reading. It has expanded into a year-long program with special celebrations in March as National Reading Month. Read Across America Day began in 1998, on March 2 which was the birthday of the popular children's author, Dr. Seuss. The NEA partnered with Dr. Seuss Enterprises on the venture from 1997 to 2018, when the contract ended.[44] Since 2017, NEA's Read Across America focuses on the importance, value, and fun of reading and sharing diverse books and "celebrating a nation of diverse readers".[45]

Political activities

[edit]
The National Education Association headquarters located at 1201 16th Street near the White House.

NEA has played a role in politics since its founding, as it has sought to influence state and federal laws that would affect public education. The extent to which the NEA and its state and local affiliates engage in political activities, especially during election cycles, has been a source of controversy.[10] The organization tracks legislation related to education and the teaching profession and encourages members to get involved in politics.[46]

  • 1910–1915: Women played increasing leadership roles in NEA.[47]
  • 1912: The NEA endorsed women's suffrage in the United States[48]
  • 1918: The report "Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education" emphasized the education of students in terms of health, a command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character. They emphasized life adjustment and reflected the social efficiency model of progressive education.[49]
  • 1918: The NEA Commission on the Emergency in Education, with George Strayer as chairman, warned that the evidence from the wartime draft showed millions of potential soldiers were illiterate or poorly educated, and often in bad health. The NEA study said the cause was very low quality rural schools in the South, badly trained teachers, and inequitable financing. It called for $100 million of federal aid to remedy the deficiencies, but none was forthcoming. Many states, however, started setting minimal standards for rural schools.[16]
  • 1920: The "Preliminary Report on the Tenure of Teachers" cautiously recommended that school boards adopt a policy of academic tenure.[50]
  • 1923: The NEA began to promote state pension plans for teachers; by 1950, every state had a pension plan in effect.[51]
  • 1923–1928: Hunter's "Committee of One Hundred on the Problem of Tenure" stressed the advantages of tenure for society. In 1925, it argued that tenure "protects the great body of good teachers from political attack and from dismissal for petty personal and political reasons", but also argued that administrators should maintain control over dismissal decisions.[52]
  • 1920s: The main NEA goals during this period were to raise teacher salaries, raise standards, and to gain a cabinet-level U.S. Secretary of Education. Success on the cabinet issue came only in 1979.[53]
  • 1930s: The NEA lobbied, mostly unsuccessfully, for Congress to pass a multipurpose public finance bill that would supplement local property taxes in funding public schools. Some relief money was used to build schools, but the New Deal avoided channeling any of it through the Office of Education. Legislation never succeeded, because it would condone segregated schools in the South and because Roosevelt rejected any across-the-board program. He believed that federal money should only go to the poorest schools, and none to rich states.[54] The New Deal set up its own separate educational program through the Civilian Conservation Corps and other relief agencies.[16]
  • 1940s: The NEA successfully lobbied Congress for special funding for public schools near military bases.[55]
  • 1944: The NEA lobbied for the G.I. Bill, a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans.[56]
  • 1958: The NEA helped gain passage of the National Defense Education Act.[57]
  • 1964: The NEA lobbied to pass the Civil Rights Act[58]
  • 1965: The NEA worked with Catholic school leaders to pass the Elementary and Secondary Education Act for federal aid to schools.[59][60]
  • 1968: After years of feuding, the AFT suggested a merger with the NEA. The NEA refuses.[61]
  • 1968: The NEA lobbied for passage of the Bilingual Education Act, with federal funding for Spanish-language education in public schools.[62]
  • 1968-68: There was a wave of school strikes outside South, 80% by the NEA.[63]
  • 1969: 450,000 teachers were covered by 1,019 collective bargaining agreements. The NEA accounted for 90 percent of the contracts and 61 percent of the teachers.[64]
  • 1972: The New York State Teachers Association quit the NEA and merged with the AFT.[65]
  • 1970s: State affiliates become powerful lobbyists.[66]
  • 1976: 265 NEA delegates attended the Democratic National Convention; the NEA endorsed Democrat Jimmy Carter for president. He won and secured the creation of the Department of Education in 1979.[66]
  • 1980: 464 NEA delegates attended the Democratic National Convention.[66]
  • 1984: The NEA lobbied for passage of a federal retirement equity law to provide the means to end sex discrimination against women in retirement funds.[67]
  • 2000: The NEA began to lobby for changes to the No Child Left Behind Act.
  • 2009: NEA delegates to the Representative Assembly passed a resolution opposing discriminatory treatment of same-sex couples.[68]
  • 2013: the NEA wrote an open letter to the United States House of Representatives opposing the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res 59; 113th Congress).[69] The NEA urged representatives to vote no because the bill "continues the devastating cuts to education set in motion by the sequester and permanently defunds the Affordable Care Act."[69]
  • 2020: Together with the American Federation of Teachers, NEA issued a report expressing opposition to active shooter drills being held in schools, calling on the drills to be revised or eliminated.[70]

Other policy positions

[edit]

The NEA has taken positions on policy issues including:

  • Reforming the No Child Left Behind Act to reduce the focus on standardized testing[71][72]
  • Increasing education funding[73]
  • A minimum $40,000 starting annual salary for all teachers[74]
  • Mandate high school graduation or equivalency as compulsory for everyone below the age of 21[75]
  • Lowering the achievement gap[76]
  • Reforming Social Security Offsets (GPO/WEP)[77]
  • Discouraging school vouchers and all forms of competition with public schools[78]
  • Reforming laws governing charter schools[79]

The NEA is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition.[80]

Electoral politics

[edit]

In recent decades the NEA has increased its visibility in party politics, contributing funds and other assistance to political campaigns. Like other American labor unions, the NEA has favored the Democratic Party, giving its endorsement and support to every Democratic nominee for President since Jimmy Carter. It has never endorsed any Republican or third party candidate for the presidency.[81]

Based on required filings with the federal government, it is estimated that between 1990 and 2002, eighty percent of the NEA's substantial political contributions went to Democratic Party candidates. Ninety-five percent of contributions went to Democrats in 2012.[82] the NEA maintains that it bases support for candidates primarily on the organization's interpretation of candidates' support for public education and educators. Every presidential candidate endorsed by the NEA must be recommended by the NEA's PAC Council (composed of representatives from every state and caucus) and approved by the Board of Directors by a 58 percent majority.[83] In October 2015, the NEA endorsed Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential bid. Clinton accepted the endorsement in person.[84][85]

Criticism

[edit]

Some critics have alleged the NEA puts the interests of teachers ahead of students.[86] The NEA has often opposed measures such as merit pay, school vouchers, weakening of teacher tenure, certain curricular changes, the No Child Left Behind Act, and other reforms that make it easier for school districts to use disciplinary action against teachers. In July 2019, the NEA voted down a resolution that would have "re-dedicate[d] itself to the pursuit of increased student learning in every public school in America by putting a renewed emphasis on quality education".[87]

With the modern scrutiny placed on teacher misconduct, particularly regarding sexual abuse, the NEA has been criticized for its alleged failure to crack down on abusive teachers. From an Associated Press investigation, former NEA President Reg Weaver commented, "Students must be protected from sexual predators and abuse, and teachers must be protected from false accusations". He then refused to be interviewed.[88] The Associated Press reported that much of the resistance to report the problem comes from "where fellow teachers look away", and "school administrators make behind-the-scenes deals".[88]

Inclusion of the "NEA Ex-Gay Caucus" at a convention in 2006 sparked controversy.[89][90] Some critics believe the NEA promotes a gay rights agenda, especially since the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 2005 case Fields v. Palmdale School District. The case originated when some California elementary school students were administered a school survey containing sexual questions. Parents, who had not been told the survey would contain questions of a sexual nature, brought the case forward.[91] The court in that case initially ruled that parents' fundamental right to control the upbringing of their children "does not extend beyond the threshold of the school door", which upon petition for rehearing was struck and clarified to "does not entitle individual parents to enjoin school boards from providing information the boards determine to be appropriate in connection with the performance of their educational functions",[92] and that a public school has the right to provide its students with "whatever information it wishes to provide, sexual or otherwise".[93] NEA states that it does not "encourage schools to teach students to become gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT)", but the NEA does believe that "schools should be safe for all students and advocates that schools should raise awareness of homophobia and intervene when LGBT students are harassed".[94]

A leading critic of NEA from the left is Dr. Rich Gibson, whose article on the NEA–AFT merger convention outlines a critique of unionism itself.[95]

Notable members

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. (Search) Report submitted November 29, 2022.
  2. ^ Layton, Lyndsey (March 25, 2014). "Nation's largest labor union: We want 2016 hopefuls talking about schools". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  3. ^ a b US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted September 26, 2014.
  4. ^ "IRS Form 990 2012–2013" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  5. ^ a b "New president of national teachers union a Pitt, Penn State grad". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  6. ^ Grunwald, Michael (September 23, 2015). "Arne Duncan's Wars". Politico. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  7. ^ Slawson, Douglas J. (2005). Department of Education Battle, 1918-1932 Public Schools, Catholic Schools, and the Social Order.
  8. ^ a b c Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: the AFT and the NEA: 1900–1980 (1992)
  9. ^ Shelton, Jon (2017). Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09937-3.
  10. ^ a b Burkins, Glenn; Simpson, Glenn (August 23, 1996). "Teachers' Unions Will Show Political Clout at Convention". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  11. ^ OpenSecrets
  12. ^ Cardinal, Denise. "National Education Association". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Provenzo, Eugene Jr. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education. SAGE Publications. p. 534. ISBN 9781452265971.
  14. ^ Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter; Sadovnik, Alan (2014). Education and Sociology: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 665. ISBN 9781135570859.
  15. ^ "National Education Association Act of 1906 ~ P.L. 59-398" (PDF). 34 Stat. 804 ~ House Bill 10501. Legis★Works. June 30, 1906. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c David B. Tyack; Robert Lowe & Elisabeth Hansot (1984). Public Schools in Hard Times: The Great Depression and Recent Years. Harvard University Press. p. 98.
  17. ^ a b c d Wayne J. Urban, "The Making of a Teachers’ Union: The National Education Association, 1957–‐1972". Historical Studies in Education 5 (1993): 33–53.
  18. ^ John F. Lyons (2007). "American Federation of Teachers". In Eric Arnesen (ed.). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 89.
  19. ^ Cameron, Don (2005). The Inside Story of the Teacher Revolution in America. R&L Education. p. 70. ISBN 9781578861965.
  20. ^ Gender, Race, and the National Education Association: Professionalism and Its Limitations. By Wayne J. Urban. New York: Routledge, 2000.
  21. ^ Rousmaniere, Kate (2013). Principal's Office, The: A Social History of the American School Principal. SUNY Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781438448251.
  22. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (January 8, 1989). "Elizabeth Koontz, 69, Dies; Led Teachers' Union". The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  23. ^ Wayne J. Urban, "Teacher Politics", In Teacher Unions and Education Policy: Retrenchment or Reform? (eds. Ronald D. Henderson, Wayne J. Urban, and Paul Wolman), Emerald Group, 2004. pp. 113–116.
  24. ^ "North Dakota United, Bismarck, ND (2021)". www.govserv.org. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  25. ^ "Teachers local allowed to join AFL-CIO". Washington Times. February 14, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  26. ^ Schultz, Brooke (July 5, 2024). "NEA's Staff Union Is on Strike—Halting NEA's Biggest Annual Gathering". Education Week. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  27. ^ Schultz, Brooke (July 8, 2024). "Staff Who Disrupted NEA's Assembly Will Be Locked Out of Work". Education Week. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  28. ^ a b c US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. (Search)
  29. ^ US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted November 29, 2012.
  30. ^ Peterson, Paul (2006). Choice and Competition in American Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN 9780742545816.
  31. ^ US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted November 26, 2007.
  32. ^ Greg Toppo (July 3, 2012). "USA's top teachers union losing members". USA Today. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  33. ^ "Form LM-2 Labor Organization Annual Report 2017; Schedule 13" (PDF). US Department of Labor. April 17, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  34. ^ "Form LM-2 Labor Organization Annual Report 2019; Schedule 13" (PDF). US Department of Labor. August 31, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  35. ^ Sawchuk, Stephen (July 4, 2013). "Understanding NEA's Current Membership Numbers". Education Week. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  36. ^ International, Education. "Members". Education International. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  37. ^ a b NEA (2007) p15
  38. ^ "Teacher of the Year to Union President", Education Next (Summer 2014)
  39. ^ a b "Our Leaders". nea.org. National Education Association. 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  40. ^ NEA (2007) pp. 15–16
  41. ^ Weyrich, Paul (April 12, 2006). "Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao – A Lady of Achievement". Townhall. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  42. ^ Sawchuk, Stephen (July 1, 2012). "Big Membership Losses for NEA". Education Week. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  43. ^ "Landmark Legal Foundation". Landmarklegal.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  44. ^ Aspegren, Elinor (March 2, 2021). "'Read Across America Day,' once synonymous with Dr. Seuss, is diversifying. Here's why things have changed". USA TODAY. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  45. ^ Jenkins, Tiara; Yarmosky, Jessica (February 26, 2019). "Dr. Seuss Books Can Be Racist, But Students Keep Reading Them". NPR. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  46. ^ Wayne J. Urban, "Foreshadowing the Seventies: Teacher Militancy and the NEA, 1900 – 1922", California Journal of Teacher Education (1978) 5#1 pp. 55–82 in JSTOR
  47. ^ Kate Rousmaniere (2005). Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley. SUNY Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780791464885.
  48. ^ Kate Rousmaniere (2005). Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley. SUNY Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780791464885.
  49. ^ Karen Graves, "The Cardinal Principles",, American Educational History Journal (2010) 37#1–2, pp 95–107
  50. ^ Timothy Reese Cain, "The NEA's Early Conflict over Educational Freedom", American Educational History Journal (2009) 36#1 pp 361–375
  51. ^ Suzanne Saunders Taylor (1986). Public Employee Retirement Systems: The Structure and Politics of Teacher Pensions. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0875461247.
  52. ^ Cain, "The NEA's Early Conflict over Educational Freedom", (2009)
  53. ^ Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 (1991) pp 132, 140.
  54. ^ Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) pp 132–36, 142–49.
  55. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia Annual Supplement: 1951. 1950. pp. 130–36.
  56. ^ Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans (2009) pp 54, 66
  57. ^ Christine Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". Thought & Action (Fall 2007): 71–82; at p 75.
  58. ^ Docherty, James C.; van der Velden, Sjaak (June 14, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor. Scarecrow Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780810861961.
  59. ^ Harvey Kantor, "Education, social reform, and the state: ESEA and federal education policy in the 1960s". American Journal of Education (1991): 47–83.
  60. ^ Mitchell B. Lerner, ed., A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson (2012) pp 264–65
  61. ^ Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 (1991) pp 252–53
  62. ^ Maritza De La Trinidad, "Mexican Americans and the push for culturally relevant education: the bilingual education movement in Tucson, 1958–1969". History of Education 44#3 (2015): 316–338.
  63. ^ Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". p 76.
  64. ^ Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". p 76
  65. ^ Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) pp 253–54.
  66. ^ a b c Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) p 267.
  67. ^ Jay L. Chronister, "Benefits and Retirement in a Decade of Change", The NEA 1999 Almanac of Higher Education (1999) pp: 93–110.
  68. ^ "New Business Items". NEA. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  69. ^ a b Kusler, Mary. "Letter to the House Opposing the Continuing Resolution H. J. Res. 59". National Education Association. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  70. ^ "Teachers unions express opposition to active shooter drills". WCPO. February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  71. ^ Layton, Lyndsey (April 11, 2015). "NEA: No Child Left Behind rewrite doesn't level the playing field". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  72. ^ Brown, Emma (April 6, 2015). "Nation's largest teachers union launches ad campaign as Congress debates No Child Left Behind". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  73. ^ "TEF". NEA. October 21, 2009. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  74. ^ "Professional Pay". NEA. August 18, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  75. ^ "NEA's 12-Point Action Plan for Reducing the School Dropout Rate". NEA. November 7, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  76. ^ "Achievement Gaps". NEA. August 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  77. ^ "Our Position & Actions". NEA. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  78. ^ "Vouchers". NEA. October 30, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  79. ^ "Charter Schools". NEA. October 30, 2008. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  80. ^ "Coalition Members". USGLC. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  81. ^ "NEA endorses Kerry for president". USA Today. July 6, 2004.
  82. ^ "National Education Assn Profile: Recipients". OpenSecrets.
  83. ^ see "Federal endorsements" Education Minnesota (2015) Archived September 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  84. ^ Scott, Eugene (October 3, 2015). "Top teachers union endorses Hillary Clinton". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  85. ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 3, 2015). "Hillary Clinton Gets Backing of National Education Association". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  86. ^ Moe, Terry (July 19, 2006). "A Union by Any Other Name". Education Next. 1 (3). Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  87. ^ "New Business Item 2 - 2019 NEA Annual Meeting". Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  88. ^ a b Irvine, Martha; Tanner, Robert (October 20, 2007). "Thousands of teachers cited for sex misconduct". USA Today. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  89. ^ "Gays, Ex-Gays Square Off At NEA Convention". 365gay.com. July 2, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  90. ^ "(In)Tolerance Education". Crisis Magazine. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  91. ^ Davis, Elliott M. "Unjustly Usupring the Parental Right: Fields v. Palmdale School District, 427 F.3d 1197 (9th Cir. 2005)" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 29. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  92. ^ "447 F.3d 1187". law.resource.org. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  93. ^ Russo, Charles J. (2014). International Perspectives on Education, Religion and Law. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-135-01990-7.
  94. ^ "NEA: A Response to Critics". Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  95. ^ Gibson, Rich (1998). "NEA-AFT-AFL-CIO? 'Not Just No, But HELL NO!'". Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice. 3. doi:10.14288/clogic.v3i0.192686. ISSN 1097-3087.
  96. ^ a b c d e f Binheim, Max; Elvin, Charles A. (1928). Women of the West: A Series of Biographical Sketches of Living Eminent Women in the Eleven Western States of the United States of America. Los Angeles: Publishers Press. Retrieved August 6, 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  97. ^ "Educator Event with First Lady Dr. Jill Biden". nea.org. National Education Association. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  98. ^ Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (March 10, 1996). "William G. Carr Is Dead at 95; Former Head of Teachers' Group". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  99. ^ "They'll Be Here Too, for Teachers Convention". The Austin American. November 30, 1933. p. 3. Retrieved January 4, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. ^ "Alumni Association 150th Anniversary Exhibit". University of Albany Library M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  101. ^ "Doctor Mary Yost, Former Stanford Dean of Women, Is Claimed by Stroke". The Stanford Daily. 125 (24). 1954. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
[edit]
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "National Educational Association".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Education Association.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Education_Association&oldid=1238814914#Read_Across_America_Day"