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St John Passion

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For other musical settings of the Passion according to St John, see St John Passion (disambiguation).
St John Passion
BWV 245
Passion by J. S. Bach
First page of the autograph
Native namePassio secundum Joannem
OccasionGood Friday
Text
Performed
  • 7 April 1724 (1724-04-07): Leipzig (version 1)
  • 30 March 1725 (1725-03-30): Leipzig (version 2)
  • 1728 (1728)/1730?: Leipzig (version 3)
  • 1739/1749? (1739/1749?): Leipzig (version 4)
Scoring
  • SATB choir and solo
  • orchestra of woodwinds, strings and basso contiuo

The Passio secundum Joannem or St John Passion[a] (German: Johannes-Passion), BWV 245, is a Passion or oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach, the earliest of the surviving Passions by Bach.[1] It was written during his first year as director of church music in Leipzig and was first performed on 7 April 1724, at Good Friday Vespers at the St. Nicholas Church.[2][3]

The structure of the work falls in two halves, intended to flank a sermon. The anonymous libretto draws on existing works (notably by Barthold Heinrich Brockes) and is compiled from recitatives and choruses narrating the Passion of Christ as told in the Gospel of John, ariosos and arias reflecting on the action, and chorales using hymn tunes and texts familiar to a congregation of Bach's contemporaries.[4] Compared with the St Matthew Passion, the St John Passion has been described as more extravagant, with an expressive immediacy, at times more unbridled and less "finished".[5]

The work is most often heard today in the 1739–1749 version (never performed during Bach's lifetime). Bach first performed the oratorio in 1724 and revised it in 1725, 1730,[6] and 1749, adding several numbers. "O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß", a 1725 replacement for the opening chorus, found a new home in the 1736 St Matthew Passion but several arias from the revisions are found only in the appendices to modern editions.

First performance

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The St John Passion was intended for the vesper service on Good Friday of 1724, shortly after Bach's 39th birthday.[7] It was originally planned to be held at St. Thomas in Leipzig, but due to a last-minute change by the music council, it was to be first performed at St. Nicholas. Bach quickly agreed to the move,

but pointed out that the booklet was already printed, that there was no room available and that the harpsichord needed some repair, all of which, however, could be attended to at little cost; but he requested that a little additional room be provided in the choir loft of St. Nicholas Church, where he planned to place the musicians needed to perform the music. He also asked that the harpsichord be repaired.[7]

The council agreed and sent a flyer announcing the new location to all the people around Leipzig. The council made the arrangements requested by Bach regarding the harpsichord and space needed for the choir.[7]

Musical architecture and sources

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Main article: St John Passion structure

The St John Passion is written for a four-part choir with soloists, as well as an instrumental ensemble of strings and basso continuo with pairs of flauti traversi and oboes, the latter both doubling on oboe da caccia. For special colors Bach also used lute, viola d'amore and viola da gamba, instruments that were already old-fashioned at the time.[citation needed]

In present-day performances the part of Jesus is often given to one bass soloist, Pilate and the bass arias to another. Some tenors sing the Evangelist – a very demanding part – and the arias. The smaller parts (Peter, Maid, Servant) are sometimes performed by choir members.[citation needed]

Bach followed chapters 18 and 19 of the Gospel of John in the Luther Bible, and the tenor Evangelist follows exactly the words of that bible. The compiler of the additional poetry is unknown. Models are the Brockes Passion and a Johannes-Passion by Christian Heinrich Postel. The first scene is in the Kidron Valley, and the second in the palace of the high priest Kaiphas. Part Two shows three scenes, one with Pontius Pilate, one at Golgatha, and the third finally at the burial site. The dramatic argument between Pilate, Jesus, and the crowd is not interrupted by reflective elements but a single central chorale.

The numbering of the movements is different in different editions. The following table uses the numbers of the Neue Bach-Ausgabe (NBA).[8]

Part One
NBA Voices German English
1 Coro Herr, unser Herrscher, dessen Ruhm in allen Landen herrlich ist Lord, our Lord, whose glory is magnificent in all the earth
2a Evangelist, Jesus Jesus ging mit seinen Jüngern über den Bach Kidron Jesus went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron
2b Coro Jesum von Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth
2c Evangelist, Jesus Jesus spricht zu ihnen Jesus says to them
2d Coro Jesum von Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth
2e Evangelist, Jesus Jesus antwortete: Ich hab's euch gesagt, daß ich's sei Jesus answered, I have told you that I am
3 Chorale O große Lieb', o Lieb' ohn' alle Maße O great love, o love beyond all measure
4 Evangelist, Jesus Auf daß das Wort erfüllet würde That the saying might be fulfilled
5 Chorale Dein Will' gescheh', Herr Gott, zugleich Thy will be done, Lord God, at the same time
6 Evangelist Die Schar aber und der Oberhauptmann Then the band and the captain
7 Aria (alto) Von den Stricken meiner Sünden From the bonds of my sins
8 Evangelist Simon Petrus aber folgete Jesu nach And Simon Peter followed Jesus
9 Aria (soprano) Ich folge dir gleichfalls mit freudigen Schritten I will follow you likewise with joyful steps
10 Evangelist, Maid, Peter, Jesus, Servant Derselbige Jünger war dem Hohenpriester bekannt That disciple was known to the high priest
11 Chorale Wer hat dich so geschlagen Who hit you so
12a Evangelist Und Hannas sandte ihn gebunden zu dem Hohenpriester Kaiphas Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest
12b Coro Bist du nicht seiner Jünger einer? Are you not one of his disciples?
12c Evangelist, Peter, Servant Er leugnete aber He denied it
13 Aria (tenor) Ach, mein Sinn Oh, my sense
14 Chorale Petrus, der nicht denkt zurück Peter, who does not think back
Part Two
NBA Voices German English
15 Chorale Christus, der uns selig macht Christ, who makes us blessed
16a Evangelist, Pilate Da führeten sie Jesum von Kaiphas vor das Richthaus Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas into the hall of judgment
16b Coro Wäre dieser nicht ein Übeltäter, wir hätten dir ihn nicht überantwortet. If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him to you.
16c Evangelist, Pilate Da sprach Pilatus zu ihnen Then said Pilate to them
16d Coro Wir dürfen niemand töten. We must not put any man to death.
16e Evangelist, Pilate, Jesus Auf daß erfüllet würde das Wort Jesu That the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled
17 Chorale Ach großer König, groß zu allen Zeiten Oh great king, great at all times
18a Evangelist, Pilate, Jesus Da sprach Pilatus zu ihm Pilate therefore said to him
18b Coro Nicht diesen, sondern Barrabam! Not this man, but Barabbas!
18c Evangelist, Pilate, Jesus Barrabas aber war ein Mörder. Now Barabbas was a murderer.
19 Arioso (bass) Betrachte, meine Seel', mit ängstlichem Vergnügen Look, my soul, with anxious pleasure
20 Aria (tenor) Erwäge, wie sein blutgefärbter Rücken Consider how his blood-stained back
21a Evangelist Und die Kriegsknechte flochten eine Krone von Dornen And the soldiers plaited a crown of thorns
21b Coro Sei gegrüßet, lieber Judenkönig! Hail, King of the Jews!
21c Evangelist, Pilate Und gaben ihm Backenstreiche. And they smote him with their hands.
21d Coro Kreuzige, kreuzige! Crucify him, crucify him!
21e Evangelist, Pilate Pilatus sprach zu ihnen Pilate said to them
21f Coro Wir haben ein Gesetz, und nach dem Gesetz soll er sterben We have a law, and by our law he ought to die
21g Evangelist, Pilate, Jesus Da Pilatus das Wort hörete, fürchtet' er sich noch mehr When Pilate heard that saying, he was the more afraid
22 Chorale Durch dein Gefängnis, Gottes Sohn, muß uns die Freiheit kommen Through thy captivity, Son of God, has come to us the freedom
23a Evangelist Die Juden aber schrieen But the Jews cried out, and said
23b Coro Lässest du diesen los, so bist du des Kaisers Freund nicht If you let this man go, you are not Caesar's friend
23c Evangelist, Pilate Da Pilatus das Wort hörete, führete er Jesum heraus When Pilate heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth
23d Coro Weg, weg mit dem, kreuzige ihn! Away, away with him, crucify him!
23e Evangelist, Pilate Spricht Pilatus zu ihnen Pilate says to them
23f Coro Wir haben keinen König denn den Kaiser. We have no king but Caesar.
23g Evangelist Da überantwortete er ihn daß er gekreuziget würde. Then he delivered him to them to be crucified.
24 Aria (bass) Eilt, ihr angefochtnen Seelen Hurry, you souls
25a Evangelist Allda kreuzigten sie ihn There they crucified him
25b Coro Schreibe nicht: der Juden König Write not, The King of the Jews
25c Evangelist, Pilate Pilatus antwortet' Pilate answered
26 Chorale In meines Herzens Grunde In the bottom of my heart
27a Evangelist Die Kriegsknechte aber, da sie Jesum gekreuziget hatten, nahmen seine Kleider Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments
27b Coro Lasset uns den nicht zerteilen, sondern darum losen, wes er sein soll. Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be.
27c Evangelist, Jesus Auf daß erfüllet würde die Schrift That the scripture might be fulfilled
28 Chorale Er nahm alles wohl in acht He was careful of everything
29 Evangelist, Jesus Und von Stund' an nahm sie der Jünger zu sich. And from that hour that disciple took her to his own home.
30 Aria (alto) Es ist vollbracht! It is finished!
31 Evangelist Und neiget' das Haupt und verschied. He bowed his head, and departed.
32 Aria (bass) Mein teurer Heiland, laß dich fragen My precious Savior, let ask you
33 Evangelist Und siehe da, der Vorhang im Tempel zerriß in zwei Stück And, behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two
34 Arioso (tenor) Mein Herz, in dem die ganze Welt bei Jesu Leiden gleichfalls leidet My heart, in which the whole world in Jesus' suffering likewise suffers
35 Aria (soprano) Zerfließe, mein Herze, in Fluten der Zähren Melt, my heart, in floods of tears
36 Evangelist Die Juden aber, dieweil es der Rüsttag war The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation day
37 Chorale O hilf, Christe, Gottes Sohn O help, Christ, Son of God
38 Evangelist Darnach bat Pilatum Joseph von Arimathia And after this Joseph of Arimathea asked Pilate
39 Coro Ruht wohl, ihr heiligen Gebeine Rest well, holy bones
40 Chorale Ach Herr, lass dein' lieb' Engelein O Lord, let your dear little angels

Bach followed the Gospel of John but added two lines from the Gospel of Matthew, the account of Peter's weeping and the rending of the veil in the temple (in Version I, this second line was replaced by the line from the Gospel of Mark).

He chose the chorales:

For the words of the aria "Ach, mein Sinn" (#13), Bach used an adaptation of a 1675 poem by Christian Weise, "Der weinende Petrus".[9]

For the central chorale (#22) "Durch dein Gefängnis, Gottes Sohn, muß uns die Freiheit kommen" ("Through Your prison, Son of God, must freedom come to us) Bach adapted the words of an aria from the Johannes-Passion of Christian Heinrich Postel (1700) and used the melody of "Mach's mit mir, Gott, nach deiner Güt" by Johann Hermann Schein. The architecture of Part Two shows symmetry around this movement, the music of the preceding chorus #21f "Wir haben ein Gesetz" corresponds to #23b "Lässest du diesen los", the demand #21d "Kreuzige ihn!" is repeated in an intensified way in #23d "Weg, weg mit dem, kreuzige ihn!", #21b "Sei gegrüßet, lieber Judenkönig" reappears as #25b "Schreibe nicht: der Juden König".[10][11]

Versions

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Researchers have discovered that Bach revised his St John Passion several times before producing a final version in the 1740s.[12] Alternate numbers that Bach introduced in 1725 but later removed can be found in the appendix to scores of the work, such as that of the Neue Bach-Ausgabe (and heard in the recording by Emmanuel Music directed by Craig Smith, cited below).[13]

The St John Passion was not Bach's first passion. While he was working as Konzertmeister (1714–1717) in Weimar, Bach possibly wrote a Passion, known as the Weimarer Passion, but it is now lost.[1] Sometimes while listening to the St John Passion today one can sense an older feel to some of the music, and some scholars believe that those portions are the surviving parts of the Weimar Passion.[1] Unlike the St Matthew Passion, to which Bach made very few and insignificant changes, the St John Passion was subject to several major revisions.[14] The version most familiar to us today is not the original version from 1724, but rather the version of 1739–1749.[15] In the 1724 version, the Recitative Movement No. 33 reads "Und die Vorhang im Tempel zerriß in zwei Stück; von oben an bis unten aus." (Mark 15, 33) and was in 3 measures. From 1725 on, this was replaced by the more familiar 7-measure quote from Matthew 27: 51–52 (except in the 3rd version, in which this was taken out altogether).[citation needed]

In 1725, Bach replaced the opening and closing choruses and added three arias (BWV 245a-c) while cutting one (Ach, mein Sinn) from the original version.[13] The opening chorus was replaced by O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß, which was later transposed and reused at the end of part one of the St Matthew Passion.[13] The closing chorale was replaced by a brilliant setting of "Christe, du Lamm Gottes", taken from the cantata Du wahrer Gott und Davids Sohn, BWV 23.[13] The three new arias are not known to have been reused.[3][16]

In the 1730s, Bach revised the St John Passion again, restoring the original opening chorus, removing the final Chorale (thus ending the work with the choral Movement No. 39), and removing the three new arias.[16] He also excised the two interpolations from the Gospel of Matthew that appeared in the work, probably due to objections by the ecclesiastical authorities.[13] The first of these he simply removed; he composed a new instrumental sinfonia in lieu of the second.[17] He also inserted an aria to replace the still-missing Ach, mein Sinn.[18] Neither the aria nor the sinfonia has been preserved.[citation needed] Overall, Bach chose to keep the biblical text, and inserted Lutheran hymn verses so that he could return the work to its liturgical substance.[19]

In 1749, he reverted more or less to the original of 1724, making only slight changes to the orchestration, most notably replacing the by-then almost obsolete viola d'amore with muted violins.[13] Also, Bach's orchestra for this piece would have been very delicate in nature because he called for many gamba strings.[clarification needed][20]

In the summer of 1815, Bach's Passions began to be studied once again. Parts of the St John Passion were being rehearsed and the St Matthew Passion was soon to follow.[21] Fred Wolle, with his Choral Union of 1888 at the Moravian town of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was the first to perform the St John Passion in the Americas. This spurred a revival of Bach's choral music in the New World.[22]

Congregational use

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While writing the St John Passion, Bach intended to retain the congregational spirit of the worship service.[19] The text for the body of the work is taken from the Gospel of John chapters 18 and 19.[19] To augment these chapters, which he summarized in the music, Bach used an elaborate body of commentary consisting of hymns, which were often called chorales, and arias.[23] He adhered to Martin Luther's translation of the Bible and made no noticeable modifications.[24] Bach proved that the sacred opera as a musical genre did not have to become shallow in liturgical use by remaining loyal to the cantus firmus and the scriptural word.[19] He did not want the Passion taken as a lesser sacred concert.[19] The text for the opening prayer, "Herr, unser Herrscher, dessen Ruhm", as well as the arias, chorales and the penultimate chorus "Ruht wohl, ihr heiligen Gebeine", come from various other sources.[25] Two recitative passages, the first dealing with Peter's weeping after his betrayal and the second portraying the temple veil's ripping during the crucifixion, do not appear in the Gospel of John, but the Gospel of Matthew.[16]

A modern example originating in Communist Hungary demonstrates the congregational character of St John Passion. In the early 1950s musicians were allowed to play church music only in the frame of liturgy. However, the St John Passion is an almost complete Lutheran liturgy, focused on the Evangelium. Hence, by inserting four missing features, the whole Passion could be performed as if it were part of the liturgy.[b] There would have been no applause, either at the beginning or at the end. The Passion contains quite a few chorales that were in regular use in worship. The congregation and the audience, however, remained silent.[26][better source needed][27]

More recently, the tradition of including the St John Passion in a full-scale Good Friday service was revived in Kokkola, Finland in 2023.[28][29]

Highlights

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\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"viola" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \clef treble \key b \minor \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto adagio" 4 = 28 r8. fis16 \appoggiatura e8 d( cis16 d32 b) \appoggiatura b8 ais r16 g' \appoggiatura g8 fis(e16 g32 fis) | \appoggiatura e8 d16.(cis32) b16.(cis32) d16.(e32) fis16.(g32) a16.(fis32) dis16.(e32) e16(fis32 g fis16. e32) | e8 r16 g \appoggiatura fis8 e(d16 e32 cis) a'8 r16 g \appoggiatura fis8 e(d16 e32 cis)| \appoggiatura b'8 ais r16 b \appoggiatura a8 g16.(fis32) e16.(d32) cis16.(b64 ais b16. cis32) cis8. \trill b16| b4 }
Es ist vollbracht: Alto enters after these first few bars of Viola da gamba solo. Continuo omitted
  • 'opening chorus': "Herr, unser Herrscher ..." ("Lord, our master, ..."). There is an orchestral intonation of 36 bars before the explosive entrance of the chorus. Each of these bars is a single stress of lower tones, weakening till the end of the bar. These bass beats are accompanied by the remaining instruments of higher tones, by legato singing the prospective theme. The last six bars of the orchestral intro produce a robust crescendo, ending with the loud shouts of "Herr, Herr, Herr!" in the first bars of the chorus. Soon, after the first part of the theme, comes the triple shout again, but this time, at the end of the bars, as a contra answer for the corresponding orchestral deep stresses at the beginning of the bars. Finally, the entire A section is repeated.[citation needed]
    "Herr, unser Herrscher" and "O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß" are very different in character.[18] The latter is full of torment in its text, but a serenely majestic piece of music. "Herr, unser Herrscher" sounds as if it has chains of dissonance between the two oboes and the turmoil of the roiling sixteenth notes in the strings. Especially, when they invade the bass, it is full of anguish and therefore it characterizes the St John Passion.[18]
  • commenting arias: The first part of the St John Passion includes three commenting arias. There is an alto aria, "Von den Stricken meiner Sünden" (From the bonds of my sins). This includes an intertwined oboe line that brings back many characteristics of the opening chorus.[18] Another aria is an enchanting flute and soprano duet, "Ich folge dir gleichfalls". In this piece the verbs "ziehen" (to pull) and "schieben" (to push) stimulate Bach's delight in musical illustration.[18] The third aria is a passionate tenor solo that is accompanied by all the instruments, "Ach, mein Sinn" (O my soul).[18]
  • the death of Jesus: "Es ist vollbracht! ..." ("It is accomplished; what comfort for suffering human souls! I can see the end of the night of sorrow. The hero from Judah ends his victorious fight. It is accomplished!"). The central part is essentially a viola da gamba solo and an alto aria. The theme is introduced by the viola da gamba gently accompanied by the basso continuo setting. Then comes the solo vocal interpretation.[citation needed]
  • closing chorale: Ach Herr, lass dein lieb Engelein ... (O Lord, let your dear little angels ...). This chorale – with alternative lyrics – is still in regular use in the congregations.[30] The beginning of the theme is a descending sequence, but in overall the theme is full of emotion as well.[17] Singing this chorale standalone, however, does not sound as a closing chorale, except if it is sung at the end of a real ceremony.[citation needed]

Criticism

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The text Bach set to music has been criticized as anti-Semitic.[31] This accusation is closely connected to a wider controversy regarding the tone of the New Testament's Gospel of John with regards to Judaism.[32]

Lukas Foss, who came to the United States in 1937 as a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany, changed the text from "Juden" to "Leute" (people) when he conducted performances of the work.[31] This has been the trend of numerous mainline Christian denominations since the late 20th century as well, for instance, the Episcopal Church, when they read the gospel during Good Friday services. Michael Marissen's Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach's 'St John's Passion' examines the controversy in detail.[33] He concludes that Bach's St John Passion and St Matthew Passion contain fewer statements derogatory toward Jews than many other contemporary musical settings of the Passion. He also noted that Bach used words for the commenting arias and hymns that tended to shift the blame for the death of Jesus from "the Jews" to the congregation of Christians.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Steinberg 2005, p. 19
  2. ^ Williams, Peter. The Life of Bach, 114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004.
  3. ^ a b Rathey 2016
  4. ^ Daw, Stephen. The Music of Johann Sebastian Bach: The Choral Works, 107. Canada: Associated University Presses, Inc. 1981.
  5. ^ Steinberg 2005, p. 22.
  6. ^ Wollny, Peter (2018-07-24). "Zwei Bach-Funde in Mügeln. C. P. E. Bach, Picander und die Leipziger Kirchenmusik in den 1730er Jahren". Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). 96: 111–131. doi:10.13141/bjb.v20101883. ISSN 0084-7682.
  7. ^ a b c Wolff 2000, p. 291
  8. ^ "St John Passion – Bach". www.bachvereniging.nl.
  9. ^ Dreyfus, Laurence. The Triumph of 'Instrumental Melody': Aspects of Musical Poetics in Bach's St John Passion. In Melamed, Daniel R. Bach Perspectives, Volume 8: J. S. Bach and the Oratorio Tradition, 100–101. University of Illinois Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-252-03584-5.
  10. ^ The Passion of Saint John, BWV 245 commentary of Michael Steinberg (2004)
  11. ^ Architecture and Sources of the St John Passion Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Neuer Basler Kammerchor (in German)
  12. ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 293–294.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Wolff 2000, p. 294
  14. ^ Wolff 2000, p. 297.
  15. ^ Melamed 2005, p. 72
  16. ^ a b c Melamed 2005, p. 75
  17. ^ a b Steinberg 2005, p. 25
  18. ^ a b c d e f Steinberg 2005, p. 21
  19. ^ a b c d e Herz1985, p. 58
  20. ^ Hochreither, Karl. Performance Practice of the Instrumental-Vocal Works of Johann Sebastian Bach, 11. Maryland, The Scarecrow Press. 2002.
  21. ^ Herz 1985, p. 94.
  22. ^ Herz 1985, p. 199.
  23. ^ Steinberg 2005, p. 20.
  24. ^ Wolff 2000, p. 292.
  25. ^ Wolff 2000, p. 293.
  26. ^ BWV 245, 10 April 2009, TajKéAp (in Hungarian)
  27. ^ A Deák téri János passió-előadások kulisszatitkaiból I. Archived 2012-08-02 at archive.today (in Hungarian)
  28. ^ Paluu kansankielisyyteen ‒ Johannes-passio esitetään Martti Laitisen johdolla ruotsiksi Kokkolassa pitkäperjantaina, 7 April 2023, Keskipohjanmaa (in Finnish)
  29. ^ "Vi ger åhörarna något de antagligen aldrig tidigare hört" – på långfredagen får musiken dominera i gudstjänsten, 7 April 2023, Österbottens Tidning (in Swedish)
  30. ^ see the score of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary
  31. ^ a b Steinberg 2005, p. 23
  32. ^ a b Steinberg 2005, p. 26
  33. ^ Marissen 1998.

Notes

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  1. ^ Bach's Latin title is more literally "Passion according to John".
  2. ^ These missing features are, in order:
    1. Before the beginning of the service, "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.", announced by the priest; this is the start of a Lutheran liturgy.
    2. Between the first and second part of the Passion, the priest gives a very short sermon, intended to be understood even by non-believers.
    3. The congregation prays the Pater noster together, after Jesus' death "Und neiget das Haupt und verschied" and before the aria-chorale "Mein teurer Heiland, lass dich fragen".
    4. At the end, the blessing is given by the priest: "The LORD bless you, and keep you; the LORD make His face shine on you, and be gracious to you; the LORD lift up His countenance on you, and give you peace." (Numbers 6:24–26).

Sources

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  • Herz, Gerhard (1985). Essays on J. S. Bach. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press.
  • Marissen, Michael (1998). Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach's St. John Passion. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195344349.
  • Melamed, Daniel R. (2005). Hearing Bach's Passions. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rathey, Markus (2016). Bach's Major Vocal Works. Music, Drama, Liturgy. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300217209.
  • Steinberg, Michael (2005). Choral Masterworks: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-802921-7.
  • Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. New York: W. W. Norton.

Further reading

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