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Chandipura vesiculovirus

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Chandipura vesiculovirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Rhabdoviridae
Genus: Vesiculovirus
Species:
Chandipura vesiculovirus
Synonyms[1]
  • Chandipura virus

Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness, Chandipura encephalitis or Chandipura viral encephalitis, in humans. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from Chandipura village in Maharashtra state, India[2] and has been associated with a number of otherwise unexplained outbreaks of encephalitic illness in central India. Between June and August 2003, 329 children contracted the virus, and 183 died in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India.[3] Further sporadic cases and deaths in children were observed in Gujarat state in 2004.[4]

In India and West Africa Chandipura vesiculovirus was isolated from sandflies and its bite probably spread the virus.[5][6] The presence of the virus in Africa indicates a wide distribution although no human cases have been observed outside India.

Etymology

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It was named after the village it was first identified in, Chandipura village in Maharashtra, India during an outbreak of encephalitis in 1965.

Virology

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Chandipura vesiculovirus is an enveloped RNA virus with an approximate genome length of ~11 kb. Viral genome codes for five polypeptides, namely, nucleocapsid protein N, phosphoprotein P, matrix protein M, glycoprotein G and large protein L in five monocistronic mRNAs. N protein encapsidates genome RNA into a nuclease-resistant form to protect in from cellular RNAse function. L and P protein together forms viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase; where catalytic functions for RNA polymerization, capping and poly-A polymerase resides within the L protein and P acts as a transcriptional activator. Matrix protein glues the encapsidated genome RNA, also known as nucleocapsid, with the outer membrane envelope. G protein spikes out of the membrane and acts as a major antigenic determinant.[7]

Viral life cycle is cytosolic. During transcription, viral polymerase synthesizes five discrete mRNAs and obeys to stop signals that are present at the gene boundaries. Accumulation of adequate amounts of viral proteins within infected cells through viral transcription and subsequent translation potentiate the onset of viral replicative cycle. In this phase, same L protein acts as a replicase and ignore the gene junctions to generate a polycistronic anti-genomic analogue that acts as a template for further rounds of replication to generate many more copies of the genome RNA. This progeny genome RNA upon packaging by viral proteins bud out as mature virus particles. The precise mechanism underlying the switch in polymerase function during viral replication remains unknown.[7]

Chandipura encephalitis

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Chandipura encephalitis
Other namesChandipura viral encephalitis
SpecialtyInfectious disease
Symptomshigh fever, convulsion, confusion, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, unconsciousness, coma
CausesChandipura vesiculovirus
TreatmentSupportive care
MedicationIncurable

Signs and symptoms

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Symptoms of Chandipura virus infection typically include fever, headache, convulsions, and unconsciousness, progressing rapidly to coma and death in severe cases. There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for Chandipura virus infection, so management focuses on supportive care and prevention measures such as mosquito control.[8]

Past outbreaks

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In 2003, 329 children in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra tested positive for the virus, of which 189 succumbed to the virus. [9] In 2009, there were 52 positive cases, and 15 fatalities. In 2010, there were 50 positive cases and 16 fatalities. Between 2009 and 2011, there were 110 positive cases, and 3 fatalities. [10]

An outbreak in Gujarat in Kheda District, Vadodara District, and Panchmahal District killed 17 people in 2010.[11] Sandfly bites were blamed for the outbreak, as they inhabit cracks in walls or parts of homes made of sand or mud. The sporadic cases appeared in Gujarat in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, a girl from Ahmedabad succumbed to the virus. In 2019, a girl from Bhayli, Vadodara succumbed to the virus.[12]

Recent outbreaks

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In July 2024, Sabarkantha district of Gujarat in India experienced an outbreak particularly in children. This outbreak has raised significant public health concerns due to the rapid spread and the severity of symptoms observed in the affected individuals.[13][8][14] So far, 38 deaths caused by the virus have been confirmed [15], and there remains a speculative death toll of 48[16][17].The significance of researching and getting ready for infections like CHPV cannot be emphasized, as climate change and globalization continue to have an impact on the development of vector-borne diseases By merging current scientific endeavors with public health campaigns and community involvement, we can potentially lessen the consequences of CHPV and enhance our readiness for potential future epidemics [1]


References

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  1. ^ Walker, Peter (15 June 2015). "Implementation of taxon-wide non-Latinized binomial species names in the family Rhabdoviridae" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  2. ^ Bhatt, P. N.; Rodrigues, F. M. (December 1967). "Chandipura: A new Arbovirus Isolated in India from Patients with Febrile Illness". Indian Journal of Medical Research. 55 (12): 1295–1305. PMID 4970067.
  3. ^ Rao, B. L.; Basu, A.; Wairagkar, N. S.; Gore, M. M.; Arankalle, V. A.; Thakare, J. P.; Jadi, R. S.; Rao, K. A.; Mishra, A. C. (2004). "A Large Outbreak of Acute Encephalitis with High Fatality Rate in Children in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003, Associated with Chandipura Virus". Lancet. 364 (9437): 869–874. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16982-1. PMC 7137741. PMID 15351194.
  4. ^ Chadha, M. S.; Arankalle, V. A.; Jadi, R. S.; Joshi, M. V.; Thakare, J. P.; Mahadev, P. V.; Mishra, A. C. (September 2005). "An Outbreak of Chandipura Virus Encephalitis in the Eastern Districts of Gujarat State, India". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 73 (3): 566–570. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.566. PMID 16172482.
  5. ^ Fontenille, D.; Traore-Lamizana, M.; Trouillet, J.; Leclerc, A.; Mondo, M.; Ba, Y.; Digoutte, J. P.; Zeller H. G. (May 1994). "First Isolations of Arboviruses from Phlebotomine Sand Flies in West Africa". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 50 (5): 570–574. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.570. PMID 8203705.
  6. ^ Mani, Reeta S.; Ravi, V.; Desai, Anita; Madhusudana, S.N. (2012-03-01). "Emerging Viral Infections in India". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 82 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1007/s40011-011-0001-1. ISSN 2250-1746. PMC 7100311. PMID 32226201.
  7. ^ a b Basak, S.; Mondal, A.; Polley, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Chattopadhyay, D. (October 2007). "Reviewing Chandipura: A Vesiculovirus in Human Epidemics". Bioscience Reports. 27 (4–5): 275–298. doi:10.1007/s10540-007-9054-z. PMC 7087735. PMID 17610154.
  8. ^ a b "Chandipura virus outbreak reported in Gujarat. What we know". Hindustan Times. 2024-07-15. Archived from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  9. ^ "Four children die in Gujarat from suspected Chandipura virus infection". Gujarat Samachar. Archived from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
  10. ^ "Chandipura virus killed three, infected 11 in Maharashtra last year". The Times of India. 2012-06-11. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
  11. ^ DNA Correspondent (2010-08-05). "Chandipura Virus Kills 17 in Gujarat". DNA—Daily News & Analysis. Gandhinagar. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
  12. ^ "5-year-old girl dies of Chandipura virus in Gujarat". 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  13. ^ "Chandipura Virus claims twenty lives in Gujarat: Symptoms, precautions, treatments, how it spreads and all you need to know". The Economic Times. 2024-07-16. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 2024-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  14. ^ "'12 suspected cases of Chandipura viral encephalitis reported in Gujarat'". The Times of India. 2024-07-16. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 2024-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  15. ^ Mohammed, Manal (2024-07-29). "India is suffering its largest Chandipura virus outbreak in 20 years – what you need to know". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2024-07-30. Retrieved 2024-07-30.
  16. ^ DHNS. "NIV confirms first death due to Chandipura virus in Gujarat; suspected death toll rises to 14". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 2024-07-17. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  17. ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-records-48-aes-deaths-39-confirmed-cases-of-chandipura-virus-101722066014164.html
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