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Reintegrationism

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Reintegrationism (Galician and Portuguese: reintegracionismo; Galician: [rejnteɣɾaθjoˈnizmʊ, -asjo-], European Portuguese: [ʁɛĩtɨɣɾɐsjuˈniʒmu]) or Lusism is a linguistic movement in Galicia that advocates for the recognition of Galician, along with other varieties of the Portuguese language, as a single language.[citation needed] Reintegrationists argue that the different dialects of Galician and Portuguese should be classified as part of the Galician-Portuguese language, rather than two languages within a common branch. The largest reintegrationist association is the Galician Language Association (AGAL).

Background

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The reintegrationists also believe that the official orthography of the Galician language, regulated by the Royal Galician Academy, is way too Castilianized and artificially separates it from the northern varieties of Portuguese. However, the Spanish influence on Galician dates back to centuries prior to standardization, namely the Dark Centuries, when Galician lost its official recognition and stopped being a written language, thus becoming the spoken language of the lower classes in the region.[citation needed] During the Rexurdimento, many Galician authors initially found that they didn't know how to write Galician,[citation needed] since it didn't have a standard form yet. The current Galician grammar is thought to have been influenced by the Spanish one since it could've been seen as a crucial step for recognition within the Spanish state.[citation needed]

The Galician Language Association (Reintegrationist Galician: Associaçom Galega da Língua) was founded in 1981 under the name "Estudo crítica das normativas ortográficos e morfolóxicas do idioma galego" and officially published its own standard grammar in 1983,[citation needed] which closely resembles the grammar of Old Galician-Portuguese and thus the modern varieties of Portuguese. The main goal of the association is to reinsert Galician, especially in its written form, in a Galician-Portuguese-Brazilian diasystem.[citation needed]

Practicalities

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In writing, the most obvious differences from the official norm (NOMIGa) are (according to AGAL):[1]

  • Use of ⟨nh⟩ instead of the letter ⟨ñ⟩ to represent the palatal nasal sound. For example: caminho instead of camiño (way).
  • Use of ⟨mh⟩ instead of ⟨nh⟩ to represent the velar nasal sound. For example: algumha instead of algunha.
  • Use of the digraph ⟨lh⟩ instead of ⟨ll⟩ to represent the palatal lateral sound. For example: coelho instead of coello (rabbit)
  • Use of ⟨çom⟩/⟨ção⟩ and ⟨çons⟩/⟨ções⟩ instead of the suffix ⟨ción⟩ and ⟨cións⟩. For example: associaçom/associação instead of asociación and associaçons/associações instead of asociacións (association, associations)
  • Preference for the use of suffixes ⟨aria⟩ and ⟨vel⟩ over ⟨ería⟩ and ⟨ble⟩ or even ⟨bel⟩. For example: livraria instead of librería (bookshop); incrível instead of incrible or incríbel (incredible)
  • Use of ⟨ss⟩ between vowels, when appropriate, instead of the simplified ⟨s⟩ for all cases. For example: associação instead of asociación
  • Use of either ⟨x⟩, ⟨j⟩ or ⟨g⟩ preceding ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, according to the etymology of the word, instead of ⟨x⟩ for all cases. For example: hoje instead of hoxe (today), geral instead of xeral (general), but exército as in exército (army)
  • Use of ⟨m⟩ instead of ⟨n⟩ at the end of a word. For example: som instead of son (sound)
  • Use of a wider range of accentuation signs instead of the simplified single stroke. For example: português instead of portugués (Portuguese), comentário instead of comentario (commentary). Note that the official orthography, being a calque of the Spanish one in that respect, does not cater for any difference between open and closed vowels, since Spanish does not have them.
  • Avoidance of specific lexical choices introduced by Spanish

Galician members of the European Parliament (such as José Posada, Camilo Nogueira and Xosé Manuel Beiras) have used spoken Galician when addressing the chamber and have used standard Portuguese orthography to encode their Galician speech. In all cases, these interventions and encodings have been accepted by the Parliament as a valid form of Portuguese, that is, an official language of the European Union.[2][3][4]

Furthermore, members of Galician reintegrationist associations have been regularly present at meetings of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries. In 2008, Galician delegates were invited as speakers to the Portuguese Parliament when discussing the new spelling norms for the Portuguese language.[5]

Controversy

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The majority of the Galician population was educated in Spanish only (as official use of Galician was forbidden for centuries,[6][page needed][7][page needed][clarification needed : In which sense was it "forbidden"?] especially in Francoist Spain[8]).

In this fashion, it is argued that Galician would be faithful to its history and etymology and subsequently its written norm would be more scientific and precise.[citation needed] Thus, it would allow Galician speakers to have direct access to a world culture and it would also clarify some spelling problems of the isolationist norm (for example in terms of stress).[9][10]

A number of Portuguese linguists and authors such as Luís Lindley Cintra, Manuel Rodrigues Lapa, Fernando Venâncio, Carlos Reis or Malaca Casteleiro have expressed their agreement with the reintegrationist views.[11]

Genesis of the debate

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Authors such as Castelao, among others, stated that Galician should gradually merge with Portuguese, namely in its written form.[12][13]

The Lusitanian and Galician languages are the same.

— Padre Feijóo, Theatro Critico Universal, 1726

There are two opinions on the orthographic norms of our native language: the phonetic ... influenced by the domination of Spanish, and another one ... where etymology is its main and most logical attribute ... because (Portuguese orthography) is the natural orthography of the Galician language, and I cannot understand how there still are not only doubts about this, but even opinions against it ... with no scientific basis.

— Roberto Blanco Torres, La unificación ortográfica del idioma gallego, 1930

There is a reason why our language is the same as in Portugal ... Our languages must become the same one again.

— Otero Pedrayo, Discursos Parlamentarios, 1933

Galician is a wide-spread and useful language which—with small variations—is spoken in Brazil, Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies.

— Castelao, Sempre en Galiza, 1944

However, political issues forced the resignation of Carvalho Calero and, consequently, the 1979 pro-reintegrationist norms were revoked. The new official norms and reforms passed from 1982 onwards would be strongly pro-isolationist.[14]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Associaçom Galega da Língua".
  2. ^ O galego já é oficial na Uniom Europeia[permanent dead link], by José Manuel Barbosa, 2004
  3. ^ O galego na União Europea, sound file, by Camilo Nogueira, Celso Álvarez Cáccamo et al., 2004
  4. ^ Interview to Manuel Garcia: "I spoke Galician in the European Parliament" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2005
  5. ^ Presença galega no parlamento português na comunicaçom social Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2008
  6. ^ Freitas, M.P. (2008). A represión linguística en Galiza no S.XX. Ed. Xerais.
  7. ^ Callón, Carlos (2022). O libro negro da língua galega. Ed. Xerais.
  8. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 279. ISBN 0-313-04866-5. Following Franco's 1939 victory, the Galicians suffered severe punishment – their culture was suppressed, and edicts were issued forbidding the speaking, teaching, or publishing of books or newspapers in the Galician language.
  9. ^ Accentuation section on the 'Critical Study' to the ILG-RAG norm, by AGAL Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Access date 1 September 2011
  10. ^ Article about the 'Continuum' of the norms in Galicia. Access date 1 September 2011
  11. ^ On the opening of the Galician Academy for Portuguese Language. Access date 8 October 2008
  12. ^ Selected quotes of Castelao and other Galician classics Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, commenting on Galician language and politics
  13. ^ Selected quotes Galician classics on Reintegrationism and the Galician-Portuguese issue, commenting on Galician language and politics
  14. ^ Biography of Carvalho Calero Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, explaining the development of the language norm and his implication in it

Further reading

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