Politics of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
The Politics of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The Mayor of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture or Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Municipal Government. However, in the prefecture's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture" or "Communist Party Secretary of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture".
History
[edit]During the 1950s, debate arose within government institutions of Hunan about what sort of designation to bestow upon present-day Xiangxi, resulting from a wider debate about Tujia identity. In the early portion of the decade, a number of ethnic Tujia in the region and beyond protested initial classifications which labelled them as part of the Miao people.[1]: 370 This classification resulted in Xiangxi being designated as a Miao Autonomous Prefecture during this period.[1]: 370 Provincial officials remained quite hesitant about officially recognizing the Tujia people as their own ethnic group, with one protesting during a meeting that "If the Tujia are an ethnic minority, all of China is [made up of] ethnic minorities, and I am an ethnic minority too".[1]: 371 In February 1954, a team from the national government concluded that the Tujia were a distinct ethnic minority, which Hunan provincials again rejected.[1]: 371 Hunan officials, opposed to create a Tujia Autonomous Prefecture due in part to the affirmative action policies which the region would receive, even claimed that the Tujia language was simply a local dialect.[1]: 371 Finally, on January 3, 1957, the central government recognized the Tujia people as a distinct ethnicity.[1]: 371
This decision shifted the debate over whether the Tujia of Hunan should be awarded their own Autonomous Prefecture, or whether it would be shared with the local Miao people.[1]: 371 Many Tujia in the region supported a distinctly Tujia Autonomous Prefecture, while officials in the Hunan provincial government largely favored a joint Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.[1]: 371 During this time, the national Anti-Rightist Campaign began to intensify, resulting in a number of people in the area being listed as "rightists".[1]: 371–372 Shortly before a provincial meeting regarding the status of the Autonomous Prefecture, a prominent activist for a solely Tujia Autonomous Prefecture was condemned for being a rightist, influencing the meeting participants to recommend a joint Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.[1]: 371–372
Following this recommendation, the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in the summer in 1957.[1]: 372 However, the Anti-Rightist Campaign began to intensify shortly after the Autonomous Prefecture's founding, and began to include ethnic issues among its "rightist" offenses.[1]: 372 Throughout Hunan, over 300 people were labelled as "ethnic problems" (Chinese: 民族问题; pinyin: mínzú wèntí), and 41 Tujia people were labelled as "ethnic rightists" (Chinese: 民族右派分子; pinyin: mínzú yòupài fènzi).[1]: 372 However, the Hunan provincial government's past unwillingness to classify and identify Tujia people prevented any wider targeting within the region.[1]: 372 These problems regarding the Tujia people appear to be isolated to Hunan, with few instances of anti-Tujia targeting being reported among the Tujia population in neighboring Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in Hubei province.[1]: 372–373
Following the death of Mao Zedong, and the end of the Cultural Revolution, the Eleventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party reintroduced policies meant to empower and aid ethnic minorities.[1]: 373 However, many in Hunan remained fearful of ethnic persecution, and the provincial government failed to restart these policies for multiple years.[1]: 373–374 During the mid-1980s, government authorities within the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture began to survey the Autonomous Prefecture's population in order to identify ethnic minorities, often using self-reports to classify people.[1]: 376
One report from 1996 found that the one-child policy, which ethnic minorities were supposed to be exempt from, was loosely enforced among the Tujia people of the Autonomous Prefecture.[1]: 387
On August 14, 2009, Li Dalun was sentenced to life imprisonment for accepting bribes, holding a huge amount of property from an unidentified source and abusing his power by the Higher People's Court in Hunan.[2][3]
On December 18, 2013, Tong Mingqian was placed under investigation by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party for "serious violations of laws and regulations".[4]
List of mayors of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
[edit]| No. | English name | Chinese name | Took office | Left office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ning Sheng | 宁生 | April 1977 | 1978 | |
| 2 | Wu Yunchang | 吴运昌 | 1978 | 1981 | Director of Revolutionary Committee |
| 3 | Wu Yunchang | 吴运昌 | 1981 | 1988 | |
| 4 | Shi Yuzhen | 石玉珍 | January 1988 | December 1992 | |
| 5 | Xiang Shilin | 向世林 | December 1992 | October 1997 | |
| 6 | Wu Jihai | 武吉海 | October 1997 | January 1998 | Acting |
| 7 | Wu Jihai | 武吉海 | January 1998 | March 2003 | |
| 8 | Du Chongyan | 杜崇烟 | April 2003 | February 2004 | Acting |
| 9 | Du Chongyan | 杜崇烟 | February 2004 | December 2007 | |
| 10 | Xu Keqin | 徐克勤 | January 2008 | December 2008 | |
| 11 | Ye Hongzhuan | 叶红专 | December 2008 | February 2013 | |
| 12 | Guo Jianqun | 郭建群 | February 2013 | May 2013 | Acting[5] |
| 13 | Guo Jianqun | 郭建群 | May 2013 | 13 October 2016 | She died[6] |
| 14 | Long Xiaohua | 龙晓华 | October 2016 | January 2017 | Acting |
| 15 | Long Xiaohua | 龙晓华 | January 2017 | [7] |
List of CPC Party secretaries of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
[edit]| No. | English name | Chinese name | Took office | Left office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ning Sheng | 宁生 | April 1977 | May 1983 | |
| 2 | Yang Zhengwu | 杨正午 | June 1983 | February 1990 | |
| 3 | Zheng Peimin | 郑培民 | May 1990 | 1994 | |
| 4 | Shi Changlu | 石昌禄 | 1994 | April 1995 | |
| 5 | Li Dalun | 李大伦 | April 1995 | 1998 | |
| 6 | Peng Duixi | 彭对喜 | January 1997 | February 2003 | |
| 7 | Tong Mingqian | 童名谦 | February 2003 | March 2008 | |
| 8 | He Zezhong | 何泽中 | March 2008 | January 2013 | [8] |
| 9 | Ye Hongzhuan | 叶红专 | January 2013 | March 2021 | [9] |
| 10 | Guo Zhenggui | 虢正贵 | March 2021 | [10] |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Brown, Melissa J. (2002). "Local Government Agency: Manipulating Tujia Identity". Modern China. 28 (3): 362–395. doi:10.1177/00900402028003003. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 3181337.
- ^ 郴州原书记落马. Sohu (in Chinese). 2006.
- ^ Liu Shuang; Liu Zhijie; Zeng Yan (2015-02-03). 湖南去年740名犯人减刑 含郴州市委原书记李大伦. rednet.cn (in Chinese).
- ^ "湖南政协副主席童名谦被查 距巡视组进驻仅48天". Neteast. 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
- ^ 郭建群当选湘西州州长 许显辉当选张家界市市长. Chinanews (in Chinese). 2013-05-26.
- ^ 湘西自治州州长郭建群因病去世. sina (in Chinese). 2016-10-14.
- ^ 湘西州新一届州长、副州长名单(州长龙晓华). 163.com (in Chinese). 2017-01-17.
- ^ 湘西州委书记何泽中调任福建省检察院党组书记. ce.cn (in Chinese). 2013-01-22.
- ^ 中共湘西州委书记叶红专：我们的奋斗 我们的湘西. ifeng (in Chinese). 2017-09-19.
- ^ Zhuang Yu (庄彧) (21 March 2021). 虢正贵任湘西州委书记 叶红专不再兼任. ce.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 31 October 2021.