Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Official portrait, 2016 | |
| 16th President of the Philippines | |
| In office June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022 | |
| Vice President | Leni Robredo |
| Preceded by | Benigno Aquino III |
| Succeeded by | Bongbong Marcos |
| Mayor of Davao City | |
| In office June 30, 2013 – June 30, 2016 | |
| Vice Mayor | Paolo Duterte |
| Preceded by | Sara Duterte |
| Succeeded by | Sara Duterte |
| In office June 30, 2001 – June 30, 2010 | |
| Vice Mayor | Luis Bonguyan (2001–07) Sara Duterte (2007–10) |
| Preceded by | Benjamin de Guzman |
| Succeeded by | Sara Duterte |
| In office February 2, 1988 – June 30, 1998 | |
| Vice Mayor | Dominador Zuño Jr. (acting) Luis Bonguyan Benjamin de Guzman |
| Preceded by | Jacinto Rubillar |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin de Guzman |
| Vice Mayor of Davao City | |
| In office June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2013 | |
| Mayor | Sara Duterte |
| Preceded by | Sara Duterte |
| Succeeded by | Paolo Duterte |
| In office May 2, 1986 – November 27, 1987 Officer In Charge | |
| Mayor | Zafiro Respicio |
| Preceded by | Cornelio Maskariño |
| Succeeded by | Gilbert Abellera |
| Member of the House of Representatives from Davao City's 1st district | |
| In office June 30, 1998 – June 30, 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Prospero Nograles |
| Succeeded by | Prospero Nograles |
| Chairman of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino | |
| Assumed office February 7, 2016 | |
| President | Koko Pimentel Manny Pacquiao Alfonso Cusi Jose Alvarez |
| Preceded by | Ismael Sueno |
| Chairman of the Davao City Liberal Party | |
| In office 2009 – February 21, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Peter T. Laviña |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rodrigo Roa Duterte March 28, 1945 Maasin, Leyte, Philippine Commonwealth |
| Political party | PDP (1998–2009; 2015–present)[b][2][3] |
| Other political affiliations | Liberal (2009–2015)[2][3] Nacionalista (1990–1998)[4] Lakas ng Dabaw (1988)[5] Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod (local party; 2011–present) |
| Spouse | |
| Domestic partner | Honeylet Avanceña (c. 1996–present) |
| Children | |
| Parent(s) | Vicente Duterte Soledad Roa |
| Residence | Davao City |
| Education | Holy Cross College of Digos (secondary) |
| Alma mater | Lyceum of the Philippines University (BA) San Beda College (LL.B) |
| Signature |  |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Early political career
Personal and public image  |
||
.jpg)
Rodrigo Roa Duterte KGCR (English: /dəˈtɜːrteɪ/, Tagalog: [ɾodˈɾiː.ɣo ˈɾoː.ɐ dʊˈtɛːɾ.tɛ] ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody,[6] and by the initials DU30 and PRRD,[7][8] is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (formerly PDP–Laban), the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency. Duterte is the first president of the Philippines to be from Mindanao,[9][10] and is the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.[11]
Born in Maasin, Leyte (now in Southern Leyte), Duterte moved to Davao as a child where his father, Vicente Duterte, served as provincial governor. He studied political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines University, graduating in 1968, before obtaining a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972. He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao City, before becoming vice mayor and, subsequently, mayor of the city in the wake of the 1986 People Power Revolution. Duterte won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years, during which the once crime-ridden city became peaceful and investor-friendly.[12][13]
Duterte's 2016 presidential campaign led to his election victory. During his presidency, his domestic policy focused on combating the illegal drug trade by initiating the controversial war on drugs, fighting crime and corruption,[14][15][16] and intensified efforts against terrorism and communist insurgency. He launched a massive infrastructure plan,[17][18] initiated liberal economic reforms,[19] streamlined government processes,[20] and proposed a shift to a federal system of government which was ultimately unsuccessful.[21] He also oversaw the controversial burial of Ferdinand Marcos,[22][23] the 2017 Battle of Marawi,[24] and the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[25] He declared the intention to pursue an "independent foreign policy", and strengthened relations with China and Russia.[26] He initially announced his candidacy for vice president in the 2022 election; in October 2021, he said he was retiring from politics. The next month, he filed his candidacy for senator but withdrew it on December 14.[27]
Duterte's political positions have been described as populist,[28][29][30] as well as nationalist.[31][32][33] His political success has been aided by his vocal support for the extrajudicial killing of drug users and other criminals.[34] His career has sparked numerous protests and attracted controversy, particularly over human rights issues and his controversial comments. Duterte has repeatedly confirmed to have personally killed criminal suspects during his term as mayor of Davao.[35][36] Extrajudicial killings that were allegedly committed by the Davao Death Squad between 1998 and 2016 during Duterte's mayoralty have also been scrutinized by human-rights groups and the Office of the Ombudsman.[37][38] The victims were mainly alleged drug users, alleged petty criminals, and street children.[39][40] The International Criminal Court opened a preliminary investigation into Duterte's drug war in 2018,[41] prompting Duterte to withdraw the Philippines from the body in response.[42] He is the only president in the history of the Philippines not to declare his assets and liabilities.[43] Duterte's popularity and domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency and by the end of his term, he was the most popular post-EDSA (1986 People Power Revolution) president.[44][45][46]
Early life
Rodrigo Roa Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in Maasin, Southern Leyte.[47] His father was Vicente Gonzales Duterte (1911–1968), a Cebuano lawyer, and his mother, Soledad Gonzales Roa (1916–2012), was a schoolteacher from Cabadbaran, Agusan and a civic leader of Maranao descent. Duterte has said that his grandfather was Chinese and hailed from Xiamen in Fujian, China.[48] Duterte has four siblings: Eleanor, Jocelyn, Emmanuel and Benjamin.[49]
Duterte's father was mayor of Danao, Cebu, and subsequently the provincial governor of (the then-undivided) Davao province. Rodrigo's cousin Ronald was mayor of Cebu City from 1983 to 1986. Ronald's father, Ramon Duterte, also held that position from 1957 to 1959. The Dutertes consider the Cebu-based political families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives.[50][51] Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mother's side.[52] Duterte's family lived in Maasin, and in his father's hometown in Danao, until he was four years old.[53] Duterte was heavily influenced by his mother, who unlike Vicente was a staunch anti-Marcos activist, which led the young Duterte to have a divided opinion on the Marcoses. Duterte later said Marcos could have been the best president, but unfortunately he was a dictator.[54] The Dutertes initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and forth to the Visayas until 1949.[55] They finally settled in the Davao Region in 1950. Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice. Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952, when Vicente entered politics.[56]
Education and early law career
Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin for a year.[52] He spent his remaining elementary days at Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City, where he completed his primary education in 1956. He finished his secondary education in the High School Department of Holy Cross College of Digos (now Cor Jesu College) in Digos, Davao province, after being expelled twice from previous schools, including one in the Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) High School due to misconduct.[57] He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila.[58][59]
He obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972.[60] In the same year, he passed the bar exam.[61] Duterte eventually became a special counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from 1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city prosecutor from 1979 to 1981, third assistant city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and second assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986.[62][63]
Sexual abuse claims
Duterte has claimed he was sexually abused by a priest when he was a minor.[64] After he was challenged by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and AdDU officials to name the priest and file a case against him, Duterte then revealed the priest's name as Mark Falvey (d. 1975).[64] The Jesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines confirmed that according to press reports in the United States, in May 2007, the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout of US$16 million to settle claims that Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975. Accusations against Falvey began in 2002 but he was never charged with a crime. In May 2008, the Diocese of Sacramento paid a $100,000-settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark's brother, Arthur Falvey. However, it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Davao.[65]
When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened, Duterte claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest's abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that time. He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different high school and especially not to his family.[66]
Shooting of student at law school
Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity, while at San Beda law college. He said, "But the truth is, I'm used to shooting people. When we were about to graduate from San Beda, I shot a person." Duterte said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again. He later told a reporter that the student survived, but refused to answer any further questions about the incident.[67]
However, in an interview aired on 24 Oras and published on the official GMA News Online website on April 22, 2016, retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies. Amansec is Duterte's former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident. He added that "the bullet hit the school's wooden floor and was embedded there." Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until Goco died in the United States years later.[68]
Mayor of Davao City
After the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, Duterte was appointed officer-in-charge vice mayor by President Corazon Aquino.[69] In the 1988 local elections, he ran for mayor under the Lakas ng Dabaw banner and won,[4] serving until 1998. He set a precedent by designating deputy mayors to represent the administrative districts, as well as the Lumad and Moro peoples in the city government. This was later copied by other cities in other parts of the Philippines.
In December 1990, Duterte joined the Nacionalista Party upon the persuasion of Senator Juan Ponce Enrile.[4][70] In 1998, because he was term-limited to run again for mayor, he ran for the House of Representatives and won as congressman of the 1st district of Davao City (under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition). In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Davao, with his estranged sister Jocelyn running against him,[71] and was elected for a fourth term. He was re-elected in 2004[72] and in 2007.[73]
In 1995, after Flor Contemplacion, a Filipina, was executed in Singapore after confessing to a double murder, Duterte allegedly burned a flag of Singapore (though this claim was later denied) and joined 1,000 employees of Davao City in protest.[74][75]
In 2010, he was elected vice mayor, succeeding his daughter, Sara Duterte-Carpio, who was elected as mayor.[76]
In 2013, Davao City sent rescue and medical teams to Tacloban to give aid to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan (locally known in the country as Typhoon Yolanda). Financial assistance was also given to Bohol and Cebu for earthquake victims.[77]
Duterte also passed Davao City's Women Development Code, which aims "to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth and dignity as human beings".[78][79] Duterte banned swimsuit competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City.[80] He gained prominence for supporting the first-ever Gawad Kalinga Village inside a jail facility in Davao City. It is a home-type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound, which now serve as homes for female inmates.[81]
Law and order
During Duterte's tenure as mayor, Davao City experienced economic boom and a significant decrease in crime from being a conflict-ridden area between communists and right-wing groups during the 1970s and 80s, and is constantly rated as among the safest in the country.[82][13] The city also ranks high in the world according to crowdsourced survey site Numbeo,[83][84] a narrative that gained currency in the national media, creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for his nationwide drug policy.[85][86][87] The city was also awarded "Most Child-Friendly City for Highly-Urbanized Category" in 1998, 1999, 2013 and 2014.[88][89]
Under Duterte's watch, the city council imposed a prohibition on selling, serving, drinking, and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01:00 until 08:00 each morning. Duterte signed Executive Order No. 39, reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order.[90] Duterte also signed Executive Order No. 04 creating the implementing of rules and regulations for a new comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance.[91] A firecracker ban was also implemented by the City Council through the support of Duterte.[92] Davao acquired 10 ambulances for central 911 intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office.[93] Duterte, through Executive Order No. 24, ordered all shopping malls and commercial centers to install, operate and maintain high end and high definition closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises.[94]
In early September 2015, an incident was reported of a tourist being forced to swallow his own cigarette butt in a local bar in Davao City after the tourist refused to comply with the public anti-smoking ordinance of the city. Duterte was contacted by the bar owner and the then-mayor personally went into the bar and forced the tourist to swallow his cigarette butt. Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from the Commission on Human Rights (CHR).[95]
Alleged involvement with Davao Death Squad
.jpg)
Duterte has been linked by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings of over 1,400 alleged criminals and street children by vigilante death squads.[34][96] In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of the Human Rights Council, the UN report (Eleventh Session Agenda item 3, par 21) said, "The Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings, and his public comments suggest that he is, in fact, supportive."[97] Duterte stressed that the concept of human rights for criminals is Western and should not apply to the Philippines.[98]
We're the ninth-safest city. How do you think I did it? How did I reach that title among the world's safest cities? Kill them all [criminals].
— Duterte, May 15, 2015[98]
Duterte has denied responsibility for the extrajudicial killings. He has also frequently announced his support for them.[34][99][100] In 2015, Duterte confirmed his links to extrajudicial killings in Davao, and warned that, if elected president, he may kill up to 100,000 criminals; he challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could provide evidence of his links with vigilante groups.[101] In October 2023, Duterte admitted on his talk show program Gikan sa Masa, para sa Masa to using intelligence funds to finance the extrajudicial killings done during his time as mayor.[102][103]
Federalism advocacy
In September 2014, Duterte and former mayors and governors, calling themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders, advocated for a federalist government.[104] A month later, Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City.[105]
In December 2014, Duterte held a summit entitled "Mindanaons Forging Unity Toward a Federal System of Government".[106]
2016 presidential campaign
Prospects of Duterte running for president in the 2016 elections began in February 2015, during which Duterte, then outgoing Mayor of Davao City, re-entered the PDP-Laban party, who courted him to run for president.[107] A month later, Duterte emerged as a preferred presidential candidate in a Pulse Asia poll; tied with Manila mayor and former president Joseph Estrada, Duterte ranked third behind Senator Grace Poe and frontrunner, Vice President Jejomar Binay.[108] In the following months leading to October, however, Duterte repeatedly declined his supporters' clamors for him to run as president because of what he described as a "flawed government system", as well as lack of funds and opposition from his family members—notably, from his daughter Sara.[109][110] Additionally, Duterte said he will retire from politics after his mayorship ends, but only if Sara runs as mayor.[110]
In an unforeseen development, PDP-Laban standard bearer Martin Diño withdrew his candidacy on October 29 and named Duterte as his substitute.[111] A month later, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and accepted Alan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate; Duterte also named Sara as his substitute for Mayor of Davao City.[112][113]
(2016-04-23)_28).jpg)
During his campaign, Duterte made controversial remarks, including promising to kill tens of thousands of criminals and eradicate crime in six months.[114][115] He also said his presidency would be "a bloody one", and that he would pardon himself, the police, and soldiers accused of human rights abuses at the end of his six-year term.[115] Duterte also apologized after saying out of anger when recalling the events[116] that he "should have been first" to rape Jacqueline Hamill, an Australian missionary who was gang-raped and killed during the 1989 Davao hostage crisis.[117] After the United States' and Australia's ambassadors to the Philippines criticized him for the rape comments, Duterte threatened to sever diplomatic ties with the countries if elected.[115]
Constitutional reform
Duterte campaigned for decentralization and a shift to a federal government during the 2016 presidential election.[114] In an October 2014 forum organized by Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City prior to joining the presidential race, the then-mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states for Moro people as a solution to the problems besetting Mindanao.[118] Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his Moro National Liberation Front do not see eye-to-eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which the administration of President Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal with. He also said that the "template of the Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal", but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to other Moro groups and other regions in the country.[119] In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club prior to the elections, Duterte said he is open to "toning down the Constitution" to accommodate more foreign investors to the Philippines.[120] He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years, but will "leave it to Congress to decide".[120]
Election to the presidency
On May 30, 2016, the 16th Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Duterte as the president-elect of the Philippines after he topped the official count by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 presidential election with 16,601,997 votes, 6.6 million more than his closest rival, Mar Roxas.[121][122][123] Camarines Sur representative Leni Robredo on the other hand, was proclaimed as the vice president-elect of the Philippines with 14,418,817 votes, narrowly defeating Senator Bongbong Marcos by 263,473 votes.[124]
Presidency (2016–2022)
| Presidential styles of Rodrigo Duterte[1][125] | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reference style | President Duterte, His Excellency (rarely used)[a][125] |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency (rarely used)[a] |
| Alternative style | Mr. President, President Mayor[126] |
Duterte was inaugurated as the sixteenth president of the Philippines on June 30, 2016, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. At age 71, Duterte became the oldest person elected to the presidency, the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President, the second Cebuano president (after Sergio Osmeña), and the first Visayan president from Mindanao.[127]
Early actions
Shortly after his inauguration, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda, which included the country's disaster risk reduction management, decongesting Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila; he also expressed his ideas and concerns regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the announcement of the verdict of the Philippines' arbitration case against China over the issue,[128] which the Philippines later won.[129] On July 4, he issued his first executive order, allowing his Cabinet Secretary to supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty reduction.[130] He called for the reimposition of capital punishment in the country to execute criminals involved in "heinous" crimes, such as illegal drug trade, insisting on hanging.[131]
During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued an executive order on freedom of information,[132] launched an intensified campaign against illegal drugs, sought to resume peace talks with communist insurgents, formulated a comprehensive tax reform plan, led efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law, made efforts to streamline government transactions, launched the nationwide 9–1–1 rescue and 8888 complaint hotlines, established a one-stop service center for overseas Filipino workers, and increased in the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel.[133]
Duterte made moves to limit US visiting troops in the country, and has reached out to China and Russia to improve relations. He launched tirades against international critics, particularly, United States President Barack Obama, the US government, the United Nations, and the European Union, which expressed condemnation to his unprecedented war on drugs that led to the deaths of about 3,300 people, half of which were killed by unknown assailants, and the arrest of 22,000 drug suspects and surrender of about 731,000 people.[133][134]
Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city's central business district, on September 3 Duterte declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day issued Proclamation No. 55 to officially declare a "state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao".[135][136] On December 7, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 10 creating a consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.[137]
Duterte adjusted to working and residing at the Malacañang Palace by dividing his workweek between Manila and Davao City, spending three days in each city and utilizing the Malacañang of the South while in Davao.[138]
A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since the Marcos dictatorship.[139] In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.[140][141]
Domestic policy
Economic policy
Duterte's socioeconomic policies, referred to as DuterteNomics, include tax reform, infrastructure development, social protection programs, and other policies to promote economic growth and human development in the country.[142][143] Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III has said that the government required what he describes as an "audacious" economic strategy in order for the Philippines to "catch up with its more vibrant neighbors" by 2022 and help it achieve high-income economy status within a generation. The term DuterteNomics was coined to describe the economic policy of the Duterte administration.
Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms to attract foreign investors.[144] In March 2022, he signed Republic Act No. 11647 which amended the Foreign Investment Act of 1991, effectively relaxing restrictions on foreign investments by allowing foreigners to invest in a local enterprise up to 100% of its capital.[145] He signed Republic Act No. 11659, amending the 85-year-old Public Service Act, allowing full foreign ownership of public services, which include airports, expressways, railways, telecommunications, and shipping industries, in the country.[146]
Duterte reformed the country's tax system in an effort to make the country's tax system fairer, simpler, and more efficient.[147] In December 2017, he signed Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law) which excludes those earning an annual taxable income of ₱250,000 and below from paying the personal income tax, while raising higher excise taxes on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and other non-essential goods.[148] Revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration's massive infrastructure program.[149][150] In March 2021, to attract more investments and maintain fiscal stability, Duterte signed the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Act, reducing the 30 percent corporate income tax rate to 25 percent for firms with assets above ₱100 million and to 20 percent for smaller firms.[151] Duterte raised sin taxes on tobacco and vapor products in July 2019, and alcohol beverages and electronic cigarettes in January 2020, to fund the Universal Health Care Act and reduce incidence of deaths and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.[152][153]
Duterte's tax reform program has garnered both support and criticism. Critics have argued that the administration's tax policy would burden the poor.[154] The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left-wing groups. On January 15, 2018, protesters gathered at various public market sites, calling for the revocation of TRAIN.[155] However, proponents of the program cite its appeal to foreign investors and economic benefits as the main reasons behind tax reform.
Infrastructure development
.jpg)
To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion in Metro Manila, the Duterte administration launched its comprehensive infrastructure program, Build, Build, Build,[157] on April 18, 2017.[158] The program, which forms part of the administration's socioeconomic policy,[157] aimed to usher in the country's "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing the share of spending on public infrastructure in the country's gross domestic product (GDP) from 5.4 percent in 2017 to 7.4 percent in 2022.[159][160] The administration, in 2017, shifted its infrastructure funding policy from public-private partnerships (PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues and official development assistance (ODA), particularly from Japan and China,[161] but has since October 2019 engaged with the private sector for additional funding.[162][163]
The administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the Build, Build, Build program from 75 to 100 in November 2019,[164][165] then to 104, and finally, to 112 in 2020,[166] expanding its scope to include health, information and communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some major projects include[165] the Subic-Clark Railway,[167] the North–South Commuter Railway from New Clark City to Calamba, Laguna,[167] the Metro Manila Subway,[168] the expansion of Clark International Airport[167] the Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment),[169] and the Luzon Spine Expressway Network[170][171] By April 2022, 12 IFPs have been completed by the administration, while 88 IFPs, which were on their "advanced stage", have been passed on to the succeeding administration for completion.[166]
From June 2016 to July 2021, a total of 29,264 kilometres (18,184 mi) of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood control projects, 222 evacuation centers, and 150,149 elementary and secondary classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities under the Build, Build, Build program had been completed.[172][173]
War on Drugs
Duterte placed the Philippines' illegal drugs problem at the forefront of his presidential campaign, warning the Philippines was at risk of becoming a narco-state.[174] Upon entering office, Duterte began a nationwide crackdown against illegal drugs. At the forefront of the campaign's operations was Oplan Tokhang, which involved policemen knocking on the doors of suspected drug users and inviting them to surrender.[175] Among Duterte's early actions included naming three Chinese nationals as alleged drug lords in the Philippines,[176] calling for assistance from the New Peoples Army to join the crackdown,[177] and publicly naming 150 public officials allegedly involved in the drug trade.[178]
Concerns arose worldwide due to the rising death toll during police operations,[179] and drug suspects reportedly fighting back ("nanlaban") was a common alibi of several policemen involved.[180] At the height of the drug crackdown in his early presidency, Duterte urged the policemen to kill drug addicts,[181] promising to pardon them for performing their duties;[182][183] Duterte's call prompted thousands to surrender,[175][134] and observers noted this assurance may have emboldened the police to allegedly execute suspects and plant evidence on them.[184] In August 2016, opposition Senator Leila de Lima launched a probe into extrajudicial killings, focusing on cases that took place during Duterte's tenure as mayor of Davao City. De Lima presented as witness an alleged member of Davao City-based vigilante group Davao Death Squad, Edgar Matobato, who testified that Duterte was involved in extrajudicial killings in the city. Duterte dismissed the claims as a lie,[185] and the Senate probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence.[186] Shortly after, Duterte implicated De Lima in the illegal drug trade during her tenure as Justice Secretary under the Aquino III administration. Though De Lima denied the claims, she was later imprisoned in February 2017 due to the drug charges.[187] Two months later, Matobato's lawyer, Jude Josue Sabio, filed charges for crimes against humanity with the International Criminal Court against Duterte and 11 other officials.[188]
Responding to public clamor, in October 2017, Duterte designated the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency to lead anti-drug operations and temporarily barred the police from joining the raids.[189][190] Through an executive order he issued in October 2018, Duterte instituted a more balanced approach to the drug problem by establishing the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, which ordered all government departments and state universities and colleges to implement their own strategies in tackling the country's illegal drug trade; the order also urged local government units, non-government organizations, and private institutions to support and implement the Strategy.[191]
Duterte campaigned to eliminate illegal drugs in the country within three to six months, but later acknowledged he miscalculated the severity of the problem as he based his approach to that of Davao City during his tenure as the city's mayor. Stating it would take him his entire term to eradicate it, he cited the difficulty in border control due to the country's fragmented geography and lamented that several government officials and law enforcers were involved in drug trafficking.[192] Before leaving office, he implored president-elect Bongbong Marcos to continue tackling the illegal drug problem,[193] but declined an appointment offer as Marcos' drug czar, expressing a desire to retire.[194] By the end of Duterte's term, the number of drug suspects killed since Duterte took office was officially tallied by the government as 6,252;[195] human rights groups, however, claim drug casualties reached as high as 12,000 to 30,000.[196]
Various international publications and media companies had claimed that Duterte's anti-drugs campaign was a war against the poor due to the abject poverty of those arrested or killed.[197][198] On June 19, 2018, 38 United Nations member states released a collective statement through the United Nations Human Rights Council, calling on the Philippines and Duterte to end the killings in the war on drugs and cooperate in investigating human rights abuses.[199][200] Though many human rights note that Duterte's war on drugs was a stain on his legacy,[201] the anti-narcotics drive received domestic approval during his term,[202][203][204] and 58% of the country's barangays were declared by the government cleared of illegal drugs by February 2022.[205][206]
International Criminal Court
In April 2017, a case was filed by lawyer Jude Sabio before the International Criminal Court (ICC), charging Duterte and 11 other officials with crimes against humanity in relation to the deaths of the controversial war on drugs; in response, outgoing ICC chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda in early 2018 launched a preliminary examination into the charges against the accused. This prompted Duterte in March 2018 to initiate the withdrawal of the Philippines from the ICC,[207] which took effect a year later, on March 17, 2019.[208] Duterte rebuked the idea of allowing foreigners to meddle in the country's justice system and his administration emphasized that cases against him should be filed before the national courts.[209][208] Additionally, he argued that the Rome Statute, which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines as it was never published in the Official Gazette, a requirement for a law in the country to take effect.[210] For its part, the ICC reiterated that it maintains jurisdiction over crimes which took place before the withdrawal.[208]
Stating that his 2017 case was an orchestrated move by the Liberal Party, notably Senators Antonio Trillanes and Leila de Lima, to discredit Duterte, Sabio retracted his allegations in January 2020 and requested the ICC to dismiss the case.[211] The ICC rejected Sabio's request and asserted that it "cannot effectively destroy or return information once it is in its possession or control".[212] Meanwhile, Duterte's ICC withdrawal was challenged before the Supreme Court by three petitions filed by the Philippine Coalition for the ICC, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and opposition senators; though the Court in March 2021 ultimately dismissed all three cases on the grounds that the petitioners were unable to establish legal standing to challenge the ICC withdrawal, the Court ruled that the President has no "unbridled authority" to withdraw from treaties.[213]
The ICC, on September 16, 2021, eventually authorized a formal investigation into the war on drugs[214] in the Philippines, focusing on crimes committed between 2016 and March 2019.[215] In response, the Philippine government in November 2021 requested a deferral of the probe, which was suspended by the ICC to assess the request.[216] Four days before Duterte left office, however, ICC prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan requested the pre-trial chamber of the ICC to immediately resume the investigation after concluding that the deferral request was "not warranted".[217] The succeeding Marcos administration initially declined to allow any ICC probe in the country due to sovereignty issues;[218] however, due to tensions between the Duterte and Marcos political families, the Marcos administration is seen as increasingly open to cooperating with the ICC.[219][220] Duterte stated he remains unfazed at the threat of arrest, saying he would rather "die first" before facing a foreign court. Salvador Panelo, who served as Duterte's chief legal counsel, alleged that Duterte's political opponents were using the ICC as a "political and propaganda apparatus".[221]
Mindanao insurgency
Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in territory.[222]
Duterte was endorsed in the election by Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari[223] due to his background in Mindanao.[224] Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-supported pick.[225]
On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand the Bangsamoro Transition Commission to 21 members from 15, in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro.[226]
Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law on July 26, 2018,[227][228] which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and provided for the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.[229]
Duterte signed proclamations granting amnesty to members of the Moro National Liberation Front, and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in February 2021.[230]
Campaign against terrorism
At the start of 2016, experts warned the Philippines was at risk of having the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) set a foothold in the country.[231] However, Duterte's predecessor, President Aquino III, dismissed the perpetrators of a March 2016 armed attack against the military as mere "mercenaries" wanting to join the ISIS.[232][233] The earliest terrorist attacks in Duterte's presidency occurred in September 2016 in Davao City; November 2016 in Butig, Lanao del Sur; and in April to May 2017 in Inabanga, Bohol, where the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) attempted to establish a position in the Visayas.[234] Though the military eventually quelled the sieges,[234][235] the events were only a prelude to what would become Duterte's greatest challenge in combating terrorism.[236]
On May 23, 2017, Duterte was in his first state visit to Russia, where he met Russian president Vladimir Putin to realign the Philippines's foreign policy away from the United States; among his top priorities in the trip included the acquisition of Russian-made munitions to use against Islamic militants in restive Mindanao.[237] At that time, the Philippine military was in an operation to capture ASG leader Isnilon Hapilon. Duterte cut short his trip and flew back to the Philippines after the Maute Group, which pledged allegiance to the ISIS, occupied the city of Marawi in Lanao del Sur. Upon returning, Duterte declared Martial law across Mindanao and ordered a major offensive on the city to retake it.[238][239] The battle, which lasted for five months, became the country's longest urban warfare; the city, particularly the downtown area, was left in ruins,[240] largely due to militant fire and military airstrikes,[241][242] necessitating rehabilitation.[243] Hapilon and Omar Maute were eventually killed, and on October 17, Duterte declared the city liberated from terrorist influence.[241]
Citing the danger posed by Islamic terrorists, Congress, upon Duterte's requests, thrice granted the extension of martial law in Mindanao between 2017 and 2019.[244][245][246] The moves drew criticism, particularly from rights groups, who claimed that the extensions were part of a campaign on stifling dissent.[247] By the end of 2019, martial law in Mindanao lapsed, after which Duterte decided not to have it extended.[248] In July 2020, Duterte signed the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020,[249] which expanded the powers of the government to address the country's growing security challenges. In its enactment, the law repealed the Human Security Act of 2007, which was described by the 2020 law's proponents as weak and inadequate.[250][251]: 54–55 However, the 2020 law received intense criticism, notably from the academia and rights groups, for allegedly being prone to abuse; a total of 37 petitions were filed by several groups asking the Supreme Court to have the law nullified,[251]: 60 making the law the most assailed legislation in Philippine history;[252] the Court ultimately upheld the validity of the law in December 2021, but struck two of the law's provisions.[253]
As Duterte's term approached its end, the military intensified its efforts against Islamic terrorists, which continued to carry a series of attacks in Mindanao and Sulu;[254] notable among these attacks involved suicide bombing, a tactic not commonly used by Filipino terrorists.[251]: 55 In February 2021, Duterte created the National Amnesty Commission, which would process amnesty applications of former rebels and determine their eligibility.[255] Additionally, he expanded his administration's reintegration program to include former violent extremists.[256] From 2016-2021, 1,544 ASG members, 971 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters members, and 1,427 Dawlah Islamiyah members were reportedly captured, killed, or surrendered.[257]
Communist insurgency
Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his presidential campaign.[258] As he initially had good relations with the left,[259] he received campaign support from leftist groups, particularly in Mindanao.[260] Duterte was a student of Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) founder Jose Maria Sison at Lyceum of the Philippines University, and Sison stated during the election campaign that Duterte was "the best President the Philippines can have since Marcos".[261]
Upon Duterte's election into office, prospects of restarting peace talks between the Philippine government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, which stalled in 2011, gained momentum.[259] Duterte temporarily released several communist prisoners, notably couples CPP-NPA chairman Benito and CPP-NPA secretary-general Wilma Tiamzon, to join the peace talks in Oslo.[262][263] In addition, Duterte offered positions for left-leaning activists in his administration, notably in four executive departments: Agrarian Reform, Environment and Natural Resources, Social Welfare and Development, and Labor and Employment.[260] In the months leading to 2017, however, the Duterte administration and the CPP accused each other of not being faithful to the ongoing peace negotiations.[264] The CPP demanded from the administration the release of around 130 political detainees, which—along proposals of the CPP to form a "coalition government"—[265][266] Duterte declined.[264] Additionally, several leftists appointed by Duterte were rejected by the Commission on Appointments, while others resigned or were fired by Duterte amidst the tense relations.[267][268] Compounding these were the continued clashes between the military and the NPA and the alternate declaration and lifting of ceasefire amid the ongoing peace talks;[269][270]
_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_on_April_15,_2019.jpg)
On February 6, 2017, Duterte, citing continued attacks by the NPA on the military, formally terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, designated them as a terrorist organization[271] and ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.[272] Through an executive order he issued in December 2018, Duterte established the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC), an inter-agency body that involved a whole-of-nation approach—from the national to local level—[273] in addressing the root causes of communism.[274] The NTF-ELCAC worked in close coordination with the military and focused on developing far-flung localities infiltrated by the NPA.[275] Duterte also granted amnesty to former communist rebels[230] and launched reintegration programs to support them and their families.[276][256] Ultimately, in March 2019, he permanently terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitating localized peace talks with the rebels.[277][278]
Duterte left office with the number of NPA guerrilla fronts in the country reduced from 89 to 23,[279] and about 20,579 communist rebels reportedly surrendered from 2016 to 2021.[280] Despite its success in reducing communist insurgency in the country,[279] Duterte's administration was marred by numerous allegations of red-tagging, notably the left-leaning Makabayan Bloc; Duterte and the military dismissed the red-tagging accusations and argued the government was merely "identifying" them as communist fronts.[281] Duterte also received criticism after he threatened to order the military in mid-2017 to bomb Lumad schools, which he and the military suspected to shelter rebels and teach subversion.[282] Additionally, the military and the NTF-ELCAC were denounced after they cited clandestine recruitment activities by the communist rebels within university campuses nationwide, notably in both state-run University of the Philippines and Polytechnic University of the Philippines.[283][284] Several human rights organizations called on the succeeding Bongbong Marcos administration to abolish the NTF-ELCAC due to continued red-tagging allegations; the calls, however, were rejected by Marcos.[285]
COVID-19 pandemic
Members of the opposition have criticized the government's efforts against the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.[286][287] The first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Philippines was confirmed on January 30, 2020,[288] triggering outrage on local social media platforms over the government's alleged "inaction".[289] Other criticisms include Duterte's remarks of ordering to "shoot" persons who violate quarantine protocols[290][291] and the delay of the vaccines to arrive in the Philippines were also condemned.[292]
In May 2021, Duterte was criticized for publicly taking the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine before it was approved for use by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration, when the general population had access only to a limited supply of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and lower efficacy CoronaVac vaccines from Sinovac.[293][294][295]
Energy and climate
The Duterte administration initially adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy generation.[296] Earlier in his term, Duterte stressed that coal remains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization,[297] and questioned the sanctions imposed by the United States and European Union on smaller countries including the Philippines when the country's carbon footprint is not significant compared to the superpowers.[298]
The administration shifted its energy policy to prefer renewable sources of energy later in Duterte's term.[299] At his fourth State of the Nation address in July 2019, Duterte issued an order to cut coal dependence and hasten a transition to renewable energy.[300][301] In October 2020, the energy department issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal power plants and favored renewable energy sources.[302] On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order approving the inclusion of nuclear power in the country's energy mix.[303][304]
To hasten the expansion of the nation's power capacity, Duterte established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council tasked with simplifying and streamlining the approval process of big-ticket projects.[296] On January 21, 2022, he signed a law promoting the use of microgrid systems in unserved and underserved areas to accelerate total electrification of the country.[305] The administration made initiatives to liberalize the energy sector,[299][306] allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects starting October 2020.[307][308]
Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in March 2017, after initially having misgivings about the deal which he says might limit the country's industrialization.[309] The Agreement was ratified by the Senate on March 15, 2017.[310] Duterte said that rich countries producing the most carbon emissions must pay smaller countries for damage caused by climate change.[311]
Government streamlining
_Executive_Order_in_Davao_(Ph2-072416-JALL1747-1).jpg)
Duterte introduced reforms to eliminate red tape in the government,[312] and ordered government agencies to remove all processes which are "redundant or burdensome" to the public.[313] Three weeks after assuming office, he issued his second executive order establishing Freedom of Information, allowing citizens to obtain documents and records from public offices under the executive branch to promote transparency in the government.[314][315]
In May 2018, Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business Act which aims to create a better business environment by reducing processing time, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and eliminating corrupt practices in all government agencies.[316][317] In December 2020, he enacted a law authorizing the President to expedite the processing and issuance of national and local permits, licenses, and certifications, by suspending its requirements, in times of national emergency.[318]
Duterte institutionalized the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Hotline in October 2016, allowing the public to report complaints on poor government front-line services and corrupt practices in all government agencies.[319]
Health care
Duterte vowed to improve the health care system,[320][321] certifying the Universal Healthcare Bill as an urgent measure as early as July 2018.[322] In February 2019, he signed the Universal Health Care Act, which automatically enrolls all Filipinos under the government's health insurance program.[323] He also enacted the National Integrated Cancer Control Act which establishes a "national integrated" program to control and prevent cancer by making treatment more accessible and affordable,[324][325] and the Philippine Mental Health Law, which provides free mental health services down to the barangay level while requiring hospitals to provide psychiatric, psychosocial and neurologic services.[326][327]
In December 2019, Duterte signed a law institutionalizing Malasakit Centers in all hospitals run by the Department of Health, allowing indigent patients to efficiently access financial medical assistance from various government agencies.[328]
Duterte ordered the full implementation of the Reproductive Health Law,[329] banned smoking in public places nationwide,[330] and set a price cap on select medicines.[331]
Education
Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act in August 2017, providing free college education in all state universities and colleges nationwide.[332] He signed a law establishing transnational higher education in the country, allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines in an effort to bring international quality standards and expertise into the country.[333][334] He also signed medical scholarships for deserving students in state universities and colleges or partner private higher education institutions through the Doktor Para sa Bayan Act on December 23, 2020.[335]
Duterte approved in January 2021 a law institutionalizing the alternative learning system (ALS), providing free education to those out of school.[336][337] In March 2022, he enacted a law granting inclusive education for learners with disabilities.[338]
On June 9, 2020, Duterte signed a law establishing the country's first National Academy of Sports in New Clark City, Capas, Tarlac.[339]
Foreign policy
The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue what it describes as an "independent foreign policy" that would reject any meddling by foreign governments, reiterating Article II, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination." In September 2016, Duterte said: "We will observe and must insist on the time-honored principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country."[26]
Duterte made his first international trips as president to Vientiane, Laos and Jakarta, Indonesia on September 5–9, 2016.[340]
Duterte pursued improved relations with China and Russia,[341] and lessened the country's dependence on its traditional ally – the United States.[342][343] He has adopted a cautious, pragmatic, and conciliatory stance towards China compared to his predecessor,[344] and has set aside the previous administration's confrontational policy of asserting the Philippines' claims over the South China Sea and its islands.[345]
Militant groups decry the ties between President Duterte and China over the Chinese occupation of contested waters and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[346][347] Also, while the United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign,[348][349][350] most of the militant groups[351] – particularly left-wing groups[352] – also criticize Philippine-US relations due to the United States' "imperialism"[352][353] and neoliberal policies.[354]
Administration and cabinet
2022 Philippine presidential election
Initially stating that he "sees nobody deserving" to replace him as the next president,[360] Duterte in August 2021 announced he would run for vice president in the upcoming 2022 national elections,[361] drawing suspicions from critics that he would extend his term.[362][363] Duterte's political party, the PDP–Laban Cusi faction, named its standard bearer: former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa,[364] who was widely suspected to be a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor Sara.[365] Duterte later withdrew his candidacy, announced his retirement from politics, and had his long-time aide, Senator Bong Go, substitute him.[366]
Despite polls showing she was the preferred candidate for presidency, Sara unexpectedly decided to settle for the vice presidential race.[367] This prompted dela Rosa to withdraw his candidacy, which Go would later fill in.[368] Sara's move had Duterte dismayed and he initially retracted his planned retirement, announcing he would run for vice president.[367] Ultimately, he decided not to face his daughter, endorsed a Go-Sara tandem, and declared his intent on running as Senator.[369][370] In an unexpected turn of events, Sara decided to run in tandem with Bongbong Marcos, who announced his presidential candidacy.[371] Stating his heart and mind contradicted his actions, Go later withdrew his presidential candidacy;[372] shortly after, Duterte officially withdrew his senate bid.[373]
Due to his high popularity, Duterte remained influential before the national elections as several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement.[374][375][376] As the Cusi faction was left without a standard bearer following Go's withdrawal, allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates. The Cusi faction eventually endorsed presidential candidate Marcos and some officials called for Duterte to do the same.[377][378] Stressing he would remain neutral, Duterte refused to heed their calls and insisted on endorsing only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates.[379][380] Additionally, in an effort to protect their integrity, Duterte barred his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate.[381][382] Despite non-endorsement, Duterte hinted on the next president's preferred qualities: decisive, compassionate, a good judge of a person, and preferably, a lawyer;[377] this led a PDP-Laban official to believe Duterte gave a "virtual endorsement" for Vice President Leni Robredo, who was Marcos' chief rival in the presidential race.[383] In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency, but could not say whether Duterte gave Marcos an endorsement.[384][377]
.jpg)
By May 5, 2022, Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration.[385] Several analysts believe Duterte had his popularity "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, who both won landslides in the election.[386]
Impeachment efforts
Post-presidency (2022–present)
At the end of his presidency, Duterte returned to Davao City and kept a low profile.[393][394] Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a political ally of Duterte, convinced him in September 2023 to actively participate in the Philippine political landscape.[395] In January 2023, Duterte resumed hosting his weekly show, Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa (From the Masses, For The Masses), on SMNI; co-hosted by Duterte's friend and spiritual adviser Pastor Apollo Quiboloy, Duterte would speak about current political issues besetting the country.[396] Some of Duterte's strong statements in the show, such as his opposition to the expansion of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) sites in the Philippines, attracted attention and were covered by the media.[397][398][399]
2023 visit to China
In July 2023, amid escalating tensions in the South China Sea, Chinese President Xi Jinping invited Duterte to Beijing. During the meeting, Xi asked Duterte to "play an important role" in improving Philippine-China relations, which were rapidly deteriorating under the Marcos administration that sought to gravitate towards the United States by expanding the number of bases American troops can access under the EDCA.[400] As the meeting did not involve the Marcos administration, the event gained much attention, and the administration wanted details of the Xi-Duterte discussion.[401][402] Duterte visited Malacanang Palace later and, in a closed-door session, discussed the matter with Marcos, though no further details were provided to the media.[403]
Feud with the House and Marcos-Duterte rift
A rift between the Duterte and Marcos families had begun under House Speaker Martin Romualdez' leadership.[404] In the House of Representatives, unconfirmed reports of Deputy House Speaker Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo allegedly attempting to unseat Romualdez as House Speaker circulated. Despite Arroyo dismissing the accusations, Arroyo was later demoted by the House from her senior deputy Speaker position.[405][406]
Duterte's daughter, Vice President and Education Secretary Sara, subsequently resigned from the Romualdez-led Lakas-CMD[407] and, in a veiled reference to Romualdez, called him a "tambaloslos".[408] In October 2023, Sara requested Congress for the allocation of confidential funds for the office of the vice president (OVP) and the education department which can be used for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. Her requests came under intense scrutiny by the Senate and also the House, which was dominated by Romualdez' allies. Congress ultimately rejected her appeals[409] while swiftly approving the confidential funds of the Office of the President;[410] Sara eventually dropped her requests, reasoning that the move was being "divisive".[411]
In the aftermath of events, Duterte criticized the House[412] for denying his daughter's confidential funds; alleging a collusion between Romualdez and the left-wing Makabayan bloc,[409] he demanded an audit of the House under Romualdez.[413] Duterte's comments offended some House members[414] including Romualdez,[415] prompting the House to issue a loyalty check resolution in support of Romualdez; Duterte's political allies, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Congressman Isidro Ungab, were later expelled by the House from their Deputy House Speaker positions for failing to sign the House resolution.[416] Several House members also pledged support for Romualdez,[416] including a majority of members of Duterte's political party, PDP-Laban, who switched parties mostly to the Romualdez-led Lakas-CMD.[417][418] After ACT Teachers Representative France Castro of the Makabayan Bloc pushed to remove the OVP and education department's confidential funds, Duterte urged Sara to reveal the use of such funds, which included the supposed killing of communists such as Castro.[414] In response, Castro filed a legal case against Duterte for labeling her as a communist rebel and allegedly threatening her life;[419] Castro's legal case was later denied by the Quezon City Prosecutor’s Office due to insufficient evidence.[420]
SMNI suspension and ICC investigation
Despite sustained domestic popularity,[421][422] Duterte found himself increasingly politically isolated. SMNI, which hosted his talk show Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa, was later suspended (first for 30 days,[423] and later indefinitely)[424] by the National Telecommunications Commission on grounds of alleged dissemination of fake information.[425] Gikan was also suspended after ACT Teachers Representative France Castro filed a complaint against Duterte for allegedly threatening her life during one of the shows.[426] Duterte initially intended to speak to Marcos about the SMNI suspension issue as it has affected his talk show,[427] decrying the suspension as censorship.[428] Additionally, the Liberal Party, who opposed Marcos' 2022 presidential campaign, were increasingly silent in criticizing the Marcos administration, instead, directing criticism at Duterte and his daughter, Vice President Sara.[429] Duterte and his former aide, Senator Bong Go, also faced alleged plunder charges initiated in July 2024 by Duterte's staunch critic, former Senator Antonio Trillanes.[430]
The Marcos administration also was seen as altering its stance, albeit discreetly, on controversial issues hounding Duterte.[219] Despite Marcos' early assurance of the Philippines' non-cooperation on the looming International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation on Duterte's war on drugs, conflicting statements and moves by House Speaker Romualdez,[431] the House,[432] Marcos' Justice Secretary Crispin Remulla and Solicitor General Menardo Guevarra muddled the administration's official stance.[433][434] In addition, Marcos limited his position on the matter through oral statements and avoided issuing an executive order formalizing his stance.[219] There were also unconfirmed reports, including by former Senator Antonio Trillanes, stating that ICC members had already entered the Philippines and were already secretly conducting the investigation.[435] A House probe initiated in April 2024 by Romualdez into a "status quo" agreement in the South China Sea Duterte made during his presidency with Chinese president Xi Jinping was also seen as a "political payback" to Duterte's verbal attacks on Marcos and diminish Duterte's political influence ahead of the 2025 midterm elections.[436] Amidst growing isolation, Duterte found allies who were previously loyal to Marcos. Among them were Marcos' longtime lawyer, Vic Rodriguez, who served as executive secretary in Marcos' first 79 days before resigning;[437] and Marcos' sister, Senator Imee Marcos.[438]
Quiboloy's arrest order and Duterte as KOJC administrator
On March 9, 2024, Duterte's longtime friend and KOJC leader, Pastor Apollo Quiboloy, was ordered arrested by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation after his conviction by a US District Court for alleged cases of sex trafficking, rape, fraud, and cash smuggling.[439] No extradition request was received by the Marcos administration for Quiboloy's arrest,[440] although a probe in the Senate was previously initiated on January 23 by Liberal Party member, Senator Risa Hontiveros, who invited Quiboloy to attend the hearings.[441] Quiboloy demanded a fair trial as a requirement to attend,[442] though this was rebuked by Hontiveros and Marcos.[443][444] Claiming his life was under threat through what he described as a connivance between Marcos and the US government,[445] Quiboloy went into hiding and designated Duterte as administrator of his ministry's properties.[439] After Quiboloy refused to attend the hearings, Hontiveros cited him in contempt and recommended the Senate President to order his arrest.[446] Arrest orders for Quiboloy were issued by the Pasig Regional Trial Court despite the efforts of Senators Robin Padilla, Cynthia Villar, and Bong Go to oppose the move.[447][448] Four separate raids were eventually held in Quiboloy's properties in Davao City;[449] though Quiboloy was not found,[450] the raids were criticized by Duterte and his allies for its "excessive [and] unnecessary force" involving several units of police and military personnel "in full battle gear".[451][452][453] KOJC members gathered in a rally in Liwasang Bonifacio calling for justice for Quiboloy.[454]
"Hakbang ng Maisug" rallies
Additional nationwide protests, called Hakbang ng Maisug (brave) prayer rallies, were held in Dumaguete,[455] Tagum,[456] and Angeles[457] by Duterte and Quiboloy's supporters, who voiced their grievances against the Marcos administration. Particularly among these grievances included their opposition to proposed constitutional amendments[456] and to the increased US military presence in the country,[458] as well as denouncement of perceived censorship under the administration.[459] In one of the rallies, Duterte notably accused Marcos of plotting to extend his term beyond the current term limit of the Constitution and of being a drug addict, to which Marcos responded by alleging Duterte's previous use of fentanyl as painkiller impaired his judgment;[460] Duterte later dared Marcos to undergo a drug test with him at Luneta Park.[461]
Frustrated on the administration's use of taxpayers' money,[462] Duterte initially revived calls advocated by former House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez for Mindanao to secede from the Philippines;[463][464] his calls drew disapproval from several lawmakers and former Muslim rebels,[465] prompting Duterte to later retract his calls, saying he only wanted "a better deal for Mindanao".[466] Despite success in holding some rallies, a few suffered setbacks and cancellations after the rally venues were allegedly blocked by the Marcos administration,[467] drawing condemnation from Duterte and his allies.[468][459] Despite his criticisms against Marcos, Duterte clarified the prayer rallies were not meant to overthrow the administration[459] but warned Marcos of extending his six-year term, reminding Marcos of his father's fate.[469]
Public image
.jpg)
Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as "Diehard Duterte Supporters", alternatively known as "Digong Duterte Supporters", which shares the acronym with the Davao Death Squad (DDS).[470] This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for him in the 2016 presidential election.[471]
Duterte developed a reputation as a "protector" and "savior" in his hometown of Davao City as mayor of the city for more than two decades. This is despite reports of death squads in the city.[472]
Duterte has been described as a populist, with his foul-mouthed remarks against the country's elite which positioned him as a "man of the people" as critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election.[473] He has also been compared to U.S. President Donald Trump for his rhetorical style.[472]
Duterte and his administration have been criticized for his anti-drug campaign, foreign policies, human rights record, extrajudicial killings during his term, political views, and controversial comments.[474][475] Despite the criticisms on his administration, throughout his career, Duterte's remained hugely popular, attributed to his man-of-the-people style and a perception of strong leadership and success in fighting crime and corruption, while opponents reproach him for his authoritarian style and low tolerance of dissent.[476] Analysts attribute his continued popularity to his emotional connection to the public, citing his charisma and humor, tough-talking manner, his image as a father figure as Tatay Digong (Father Digong), and Filipinos' general interest in strong leaders.[477][478]
A Social Weather Stations study concluded that there are multiple reasons for Duterte's high satisfaction ratings in surveys; these include his strong base support, satisfaction with the administration's overall governance (pamamalakad) and with some policy issues which include helping the poor and the drug war, and his character. Poll respondents who relate to or are attracted to some aspects of his character, such as his perceived decisiveness and diligence tend to be satisfied. On the other hand, those who feel he is vulgar (bastos) tend to be less satisfied.[479]
Despite keeping a low profile during his post-presidency, Duterte retained his popularity, topping four consecutive surveys conducted separately in March,[394] June,[421] September,[480] and December 2023 by PUBLiCUS Asia on the voting disposition for 2025 Philippine Senate election.[422]
Controversial remarks and human rights concerns
Duterte's record on human rights and his long history of comments that have widely been considered to be offensive, provocative, threatening, and undiplomatic have received sharp international criticism. He has been portrayed by his critics in the media as having a "dirty mouth".[481] He had, however, promised to behave in a "prim and proper" manner on the national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as president, to the point that, "almost, I would become holy."[482]
Throughout his presidency, Duterte has made controversial comments about rape,[483][484][485] human rights, his views on media killings,[486] and has used slurs;[487][488] he has also made controversial statements to international leaders and institutions.[489][490] He has also repeatedly criticized the Catholic Church which has expressed alarm over deaths linked to the war on drugs.[491][492][493][494]
Human Rights Watch (HRW) called the first year of Duterte in office a "human rights calamity". HRW estimates that there has been 7,000 deaths from the day Duterte first took office to January 2017.[495] The Duterte administration suspended the drug war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the police ranks of supposed corruption, also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests and raids.[496] In March 2017, HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related shooting, titled "License To Kill".[497] The New York Times had also released a video documentary "When A President Says I'll Kill You", which depicts Duterte's war on drugs through a local photographer's eyes.[498] On August 17, 2017, HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats against human rights activists.[499]
Supporters
Several other Facebook groups with the acronym "DDS" supported Duterte as early as 2011. Among these groups is the Duterte Defense Squad, which was created on July 5, 2011. Other examples include Digong Duterte Supporters-Registered Nurses Group, Duterte's Destiny is to Serve the Country, Digong Duterte Swerte (lit. Digong Duterte is (Good) Luck), and Davsur Duterte Supporters. In 2015, members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for president.[500]
Approval ratings
| Date[501] | Rating |
|---|---|
| Sep 2016 | +64 |
| Dec 2016 | +63 |
| Mar 2017 | +63 |
| Jun 2017 | +66 |
| Sep 2017 | +48 |
| Dec 2017 | +58 |
| Mar 2018 | +56 |
| Jun 2018 | +45 |
| Sep 2018 | +54 |
| Dec 2018 | +60 |
| Mar 2019 | +66 |
| Jun 2019 | +68 |
| Sep 2019 | +65 |
| Dec 2019 | +72 |
| Nov 2020 | +79 |
| May 2021 | +65 |
| Jun 2021 | +62 |
| Sep 2021 | +52 |
| Dec 2021[502] | +60 |
| Apr 2022[503] | +65 |
| Jun 2022[504] | +81 |
Despite criticism and international opposition to his controversial anti-narcotics drive, Duterte's domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency.[44] Duterte began his presidency with a high trust rating of 79% and 91% (the highest of any Philippine official since 1999), from pollsters Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia, respectively.[505][506] His net satisfaction rating plunged to its lowest at 45% in July 2018, attributed to inflation during the period as well as Duterte calling God "stupid" for the concept of original sin in the Bible;[507] eventually, his satisfaction rating rose to 60% by the end of the year.[508]
Halfway through his term, Duterte's approval rating reached 79%, the highest among his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies.[509] It rose to 87% by the end of 2019 due to the successful hosting of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games as well as the administration's poverty reduction programs.[510] Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Pulse Asia reported in September 2020 that 84% of Filipinos approved of the administration's efforts to contain the virus and provide assistance to those who lost their jobs; 92% of the poll respondents also agreed Duterte had "done well" in preventing the contagion in the country.[511][512] Duterte ended 2021 with an approval rating of 60%, wherein higher net satisfaction was observed among those who have been or are willing to get vaccinated.[502]
Duterte maintained his high approval and trust ratings as he approached the end of his term.[513][45] A 2021 poll by WR Numero Research revealed that 54.59% of voters want soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% want full continuity, while only 15.84% preferred change.[514] Duterte left office with a net satisfaction rating of 81%, his highest in SWS polling.[504] Additionally, polling firm PUBLiCUS Asia reported in Duterte's last month in office that Duterte received a 75% approval for his entire six-year tenure, making him the most popular post-EDSA president.[515][46]
Political views
Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his campaign and presidency, but has stressed that he is for democracy and is not a communist.[516][517]
Duterte was a member of the leftist Kabataang Makabayan during the 1970s[518] and was a student of prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison.[519][520] However, his relationship with the communists deteriorated during his presidency due to continued rebel attacks on soldiers despite the peace talks.[267][268]
Personal life
Duterte is known for being an avid fan of big bikes, but detests luxury cars. He once owned a second-hand Harley-Davidson and a Yamaha Virago. He was once a habitual smoker, but he eventually quit after a doctor's suggestion due to health concerns. Duterte is an avid reader of Robert Ludlum and Sidney Sheldon novels.[521] Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public, especially in interviews, showing no hesitation in profusely using profanity live on-screen on numerous occasions despite formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain.[522]
Duterte has his own local show in Davao City called Gikan sa Masa, para sa Masa ("From the Masses, For the Masses"), which formerly aired as a blocktimer on ABS-CBN Davao, and currently broadcast on SMNI News Channel since 2023.[523] He is also a member of Lex Talionis Fraternitas, a fraternity based in the San Beda College of Law and the Ateneo de Davao University.[524]
Aside from his native Cebuano, Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English.[525]
While criticizing political opponent Antonio Trillanes in a 2019 speech, Duterte said that he was once gay but had "cured himself" before meeting his partner Elizabeth Zimmerman.[487]
Since being the mayor of Davao City, Duterte has held an annual tradition of visiting children with cancer in the city and giving them Christmas gifts.[526]
Family
Duterte's father, Vicente, died in 1968 while his mother, Soledad, died on February 4, 2012, at the age of 95.[527] Duterte's then partner Elizabeth Abellana Zimmerman was diagnosed with stage III breast cancer in 2015.[528]
Until 2000 Duterte was married to Elizabeth Zimmerman, a flight attendant of Jewish and German American descent from Davao City.[529][530] She traces her roots in Tuburan, Cebu.[531] They together have three children (from eldest to youngest): Paolo ("Pulong"), Sara ("Inday Sara") and Sebastian ("Baste").[529] Paolo and Sara entered politics while Baste, with no interest in politics, concentrated on business and surfing but eventually ran and won as Davao City Vice Mayor in 2019.[532][533] Sara was elected as Vice President in 2022.[386]
Duterte has been publicly open about his infidelity and philandering while married to Zimmerman and cited it as the reason for his failed first marriage when asked in interviews. In 1998, Zimmerman filed a petition in the Regional Trial Court in Pasig to nullify her marriage. Duterte never appeared in court and did not contest Zimmerman's petition. Two years later, the court decided in her favor, ending the 27-year marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman. Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years with Zimmerman stating, "Yes, [Rodrigo] is really a very good leader. That is all he is. But when it comes to family, he is not capable of taking care of it." In 2001, Zimmerman eventually ran for a seat on the city council but lost. Duterte and Zimmerman are said to have patched things up and appear to be civil to each other, 15 years after their marriage was declared null and void. Zimmerman eventually joined the campaign trail for Duterte's presidential candidacy in early 2016 called Byaheng Du30 in which she would travel by bus to major cities together with her daughter Sara and a number of delegates.[528]
Duterte is currently living with his common-law wife Cielito "Honeylet" Avanceña, a nurse, with whom he has one daughter named Veronica ("Kitty"). Duterte has eleven grandchildren, half of whom are Muslims and the other half Christian,[534] and two great-grandchildren.[535]
On his paternal side, Duterte shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas, particularly the Almendrases and Duranos of Danao, Cebu.[c]
Religion
Despite being raised as a communicant of the Catholic Church, on January 19, 2016, Duterte clarified that he had not attended Mass for quite some time already since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to the Ten Commandments or to the priests," said Duterte, "I would not be able to do anything as a mayor."[537] Duterte has described himself as Christian in 2016[538][539] and "spiritual" in 2018, expressing that he "can't accept" Catholicism or organized religion but also that he is neither an atheist nor an agnostic.[540][541] He has referred to God as Allah[539] and has been quoted as saying: "a part of me which is Islam".[542]
During his presidency, Duterte and the Catholic Church in the Philippines exchanged frequent criticisms. In response to the rising death toll in Duterte's war on drugs, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) in February 2017 issued a strongly-worded pastoral letter which was read in church services; the letter highlighted that "[killing] is considered as normal", and "to consent and keep silent in front of evil is to be an accomplice to it".[543] Duterte later lambasted Catholic bishops, telling them "not use the pulpit", reviling them as "sons of bitches", remarking that some of them are gay, and urging street bums to rob and kill them.[544] Notable among the bishops Duterte criticized was Caloocan Bishop Pablo Virgilio David, a vocal critic of the Duterte administration's war on drugs. Duterte accused David of being involved in illegal drugs and stealing church donations,[543] after which the CBCP came to David's defense and vouched for his integrity.[545] Citing continued criticism from Catholic bishops, Duterte's verbal attacks on the Catholic Church escalated in mid-2018 to early 2019,[543][544] during which he challenged the Catholic Church to show evidence of the existence of God, while expressing his belief in "one Supreme God" and "a universal mind somewhere which controls the universe".[540][541] In one of his harshest vitriol in June 2018, he remarked that God was "stupid" for permitting the serpent to tempt Eve in the creation story in the Bible; though the controversial statement was later clarified by his spokesperson as Duterte's "personal opinion",[546] it contributed to Duterte's quarterly approval rating dipping to its lowest at 45%.[507] Efforts by the Church to rally public support against the administration's war on drugs, however, were less effective due to Duterte's domestic popularity and high trust ratings.[547]
Duterte considers his close friend, pastor Apollo Quiboloy of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC), as his spiritual adviser.[548][549] Duterte would become estate administrator of the properties KJC in March 2024 following Senate inquiries launched against the church and Quiboloy.[439]
Health
Duterte has Buerger's disease, an inflammation of blood vessels, mostly in the limbs, and Barrett's esophagus, wherein esophageal cells are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells. He has denied rumors of throat cancer.[550]
Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the addictive opioid drug Fentanyl. He said that a doctor prescribed the drug to alleviate back pain and headaches, but that he would take more than he was prescribed.[551] Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict, and a spokesman stated that he was not affected by side-effects of the drug, which include confusion, anxiety and hallucinations.[552]
Duterte has boasted about his use of Viagra: "When I was young, I could do overnight, which is more expensive. When I got old, I could do short time only because I have such a short time left. After one erection, that's it. No more. Without Viagra, it's even more difficult."[553][554]
A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by a doctor named Natividad Dayan during Duterte's marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998. The result was that Duterte (then Davao City mayor) was found to have "antisocial narcissistic personality disorder", exemplified by "gross indifference, insensitivity and self-centeredness", and a "grandiose sense of self-entitlement and manipulative behaviours". According to the assessment, he had a "pervasive tendency to demean, humiliate others and violate their rights and feelings", and was "unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions."[555]
In a speech to the Filipino community in Russia, Duterte revealed that he has myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease, which makes his eye droop.[556][557]
Honors and awards
Duterte declined an honorary doctor of laws degree offered by the University of the Philippines amid opposition from members of the university.[558] On March 28, 2023, the Davao City Council passed a resolution declaring every March 28—Duterte's birthday—as "Duterte Day" in recognition for the "great and continuing contribution" of Duterte to the city and the Philippines.[559] Duterte received an honorary Juris Doctor degree from his alma mater, San Beda College of Law, in November 2023.[560]
National honors
- Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR) – (2017)[561]
- Awards for Promoting Philippines-China Understanding (APPCU), Hall of Fame – (2023)[562]
Foreign honors
Duterte was conferred an honorary doctorate degree for international relations or foreign diplomacy[563] from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations on October 5, 2019.[564]
Malaysia
Johor: Grand Knight of The Most Esteemed Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor, 1st Class (SMIJ) – Dato' (2019)[565]
Brunei
See also
- List of presidents of the Philippines
- List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience
- Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte
Notes
- ^ a b c Duterte himself does not use the style of Excellency President[1]
- ^ According to Duterte, he never left PDP–Laban; he was the Davao City chairman of the Liberal Party in 2009, and was nationally affiliated with the Liberal Party in the 2010 and 2013 elections.[2][3]
- ^ Brothers Facundo & Severo Duterte both married women from Danao; Severo's daughter Beatriz married post-War business magnate Ramon M. Durano, Sr. Their descendants constitute the modern-day political family of the Duranos of Danao, Cebu. Ramon M. Durano, Sr.'s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras, and their descendants constitute the modern-day Almendrases of Cebu. One of their descendants, Jose Rene Almendras is a former Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (acting).[536]
References
- ^ a b "Malacañang: Drop 'His Excellency' in addressing Duterte". CNN Philippines. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ a b c Espejo, Edwin (March 18, 2015). "Could Duterte be the Liberal Party's wild card bet?". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ a b c Esmaquel, Paterno II (February 21, 2015). "Duterte 're-enters' PDP-Laban amid 2016 prospects". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ a b c Bigornia, Amante E. (December 29, 1990). "Davao politics now polarized". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 4. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ "Anti-communist crusader". Manila Standard. Davao City: Standard Publications, Inc. January 5, 1988. p. 3. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
... former vice mayor Rodrigo Duterte of the Lakas ng Dabaw, a new political party.
- ^ Flores, W.L. (June 19, 2016). "President-electpresident Rody Duterte as dad & memories of his own father". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (July 26, 2021). "Lacson calls out Duterte, says there is underspending of Bayanihan 2 funds". Inquirer News. Manila, Philippines: INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
- ^ "Go: Pumili ng katimbang ni PRRD sa 2022". Pilipino Star Ngayon (in Filipino). Manila, Philippines: Philstar Global Corp. August 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
- ^ "Rodrigo Roa Duterte: 16th President, first Mindanawon to lead the country". MindaNews. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- ^ "Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president". CNN Philippines. May 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ "Sergio Osmeña | president of Philippines". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 3, 2011. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ Ramos, Roy (May 10, 2016). "New Philippines president is iron-fisted southern mayor". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- ^ a b Dacumos-Lagorza, Kristine (September 1, 2017). "Defining Davao". LEAGUE Magazine (September–October 2017 Issue: The Local Government Unit Magazine). The League Publishing Company, Inc.: 62.
- ^ "Duterte eyes reinstating death penalty by lethal injection for drug crimes". Arab News. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ Reganit, Jose Cielito (October 5, 2017). "Duterte creates Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ "Duterte: 'I offered to resign as president because I am sick of corruption'". CNN Philippines. September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ Hilotin, Jay (October 1, 2020). "Philippines: $85 billion infrastructure spending in 104 projects". Gulf News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
- ^ Lopez, Melissa Luz (April 16, 2020). "Duterte open to dropping infrastructure projects for more COVID-19 funding". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
The government plans to spend over ₱1 trillion this year on various construction projects, in keeping with the administration's promise to usher in a "Golden Age of Infrastructure" and fill the country's needs for longer and wider roads, convenient train systems, and bigger airports and seaports, to name a few.
- ^ Sicat, Gerardo P. (February 9, 2022). "The next president will inherit significant economic reforms". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Kabiling, Genalyn (July 27, 2020). "Duterte pushes shift to e-governance to cut red tape". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte blames Congress for failed federalism bid, vows peaceful transition". GMA News Online. December 10, 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte confirms Marcos burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani". CNN Philippines. August 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ Santos, Eimor P. (November 9, 2016). "Duterte firm on Marcos burial at Heroes' Cemetery". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ McKirdy, Euan; Berlinger, Joshua (October 17, 2017). "Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants". CNN. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (March 9, 2020). "State of public health emergency declared in PH". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Nawal, Allan (September 10, 2016). "Duterte: Gov't to pursue 'independent foreign policy'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (December 14, 2021). "PRRD withdraws from 2022 Senate race". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte to Police: 'Do Not Answer' Crimes Against Humanity Investigators". Newsweek. March 2, 2018.
- ^ "Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte under fire for calling God 'stupid'". Financial Times. June 26, 2018.
- ^ "Critics Slam Rodrigo Duterte for Asking a Woman to Kiss Him Onstage". The New York Times. June 4, 2018.
- ^ Teehankee, Julio C. (2017). "Duterte's Resurgent Nationalism in the Philippines: A Discursive Institutionalist Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 35 (3): 69–89. doi:10.1177/186810341603500304.
- ^ "Rodrigo Duterte Plays U.S. and China Off Each Other, in Echo of Cold War". The New York Times. November 3, 2016.
- ^ "Behind Duterte's Break With the U.S., a Lifetime of Resentment". Wall Street Journal. October 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency". Reuters. May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Duterte's loud approval for hundreds of execution-style killings of drug users and criminals over nearly two decades helped propel him to the highest office of a crime-weary land.
- ^ dela Cruz, Kathlyn. "Duterte confirms killing 3 rapist-kidnappers". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Philippines: Duterte confirms he personally killed three men". BBC News. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Ombudsman opens probe into Davao Death Squad". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ "CHR Probes DDS". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ "Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency". Reuters. May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Human rights groups have documented at least 1,400 killings in Davao that they allege had been carried out by death squads since 1998. Most of those murdered were drug users, petty criminals and street children.
- ^ Marshall, Andrew R.C.; Mogato, Manuel (May 26, 2016). "Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "International Criminal Court Will Investigate Duterte Over Drug War". The New York Times. February 8, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^ Yap, DJ (January 16, 2020). "Philippines: ICC prosecutor: Probe of Duterte can't be stopped". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ "PCIJ request for Duterte SALN runs into dead end – again".
- ^ a b Weedon, Alan (May 10, 2019). "'Gold, guns and goons': Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte remains incredibly popular". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Parrocha, Azer (April 11, 2022). "Duterte's end of term high rating 'rarity' in PH pres'l politics". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ a b Cruz, Kaithreen (June 27, 2022). "Duterte most popular post-EDSA president - Publicus". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ Lopez, Alexander (May 11, 2015). "Duterte returns home on Mother's Day". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
- ^ "Will playing the Chinese ancestry card help Rodrigo Duterte win over Beijing?". South China Morning Post. October 20, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ "LOOK: Who's who in Duterte family tree". Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
- ^ "Unknown facts about President Duterte". The Manila Times. June 29, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ^ Elemia, Camille (November 30, 2015). "Grace Poe campaign manager is Duterte's nephew". Rappler. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ^ a b "Mayor Rodrigo Roa Duterte: Leyte's first president?". Daily Zamboanga Times. May 20, 2015. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^ "About President Duterte". Office of the President of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Marcos best president if not for dictatorship – Duterte". February 10, 2016.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (February 25, 2016). "Duterte returns to his roots in Danao City, Cebu for campaign activities". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ "Soledad Roa Duterte". RAFI Triennial Awards. Ramon Aboitiz Foundation Inc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Ranada, Pia (May 20, 2016). "Rody Duterte: The rebellious son, the prankster brother". Rappler. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ^ Bolido, Linda B. (March 10, 2015). "Duterte is LPU's outstanding alumnus". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ "H.E. Rodrigo Roa Duterte". Lyceum of the Philippines – Davao. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte receives awards from San Beda, First Scout Ranger Regiment". CNN Philippines. November 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ Aurelio, Julie M. (May 31, 2018). "Why Duterte almost missed the bar exams". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ "Election 2016". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ "President Rodrigo R. Duterte (Law '72)" (PDF). Red and White Ball. San Beda College Alumni Association: 10–13. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Lacorte, Germelina (December 4, 2015). "Duterte names priest who allegedly molested him as teen". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Jesuit order paid USD16M to settle Falvey case in US". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ "PDP–Laban Bet to Meet Davao Prelate; Duterte says he was too young to complain about priest's abuse". GMA News Online. December 4, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Law student Duterte shot frat brod on campus in '72". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 22, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- ^ "Ex-classmate bares details of shooting incident between Duterte, friend". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
- ^ Sison, George (June 5, 2016). "Rody Duterte owes his political career to Cory Aquino". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
- ^ Beltran, Luis D. (March 11, 1991). "The relevance of political parties". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 9. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
Enrile has been busy recruiting new NP members – Mayor Duterte of Davao City, for example...
- ^ Canuday, Jowel F. (March 2, 2001). "Davao City poll drive: It's all in the family". Philippine Daily Inquirer. The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. p. A14. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ "Landslide win for Davao's Duterte". The Philippine Star. May 18, 2004. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Arguillas, Carolyn O. (May 11, 2016). "Rodrigo Roa Duterte: 16th President, first Mindanawon to lead the country". MindaNews. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (March 22, 1995). "Outcry Mounts in Philippines Over Hanging". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- ^ Dancel, Raul. "Spokesman for Rodrigo Duterte says remarks on burning Singapore flag made 'jokingly'". The Straits Times. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
- ^ Subingsubing, Krixia (January 18, 2021). "Robredo, Sara Duterte react to President's remarks on female leaders". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ^ Maru, Davinci S.; Vestil, Justin K.; Pineda, Oscar C.; Felicitas, Princess Dawn H. (October 22, 2013). "Davao brings P18M as help to Cebu, Bohol". SunStar Cebu. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Davao City's GAD Awards" (PDF). Davao City (government website). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ Castillo, B.L. (May 14, 2016). "National women code eyed in Duterte's term". SunStar. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ "Davao City bans bikini contests – report". GMA News Online. June 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ Esteves, Patricia (March 16, 2008). "Gawad Kalinga builds humane haven for Davao female inmates". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard Javad (September 15, 2017). The Rise of Duterte: A Populist Revolt against Elite Democracy. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-10-5918-6. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Hegina, Aries Joseph. "Davao City improves to 5th in ranking of world's safest cities". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
- ^ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (August 5, 2019). "Davao 2nd top safest city in SEA". SunStar. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
- ^ "Thousands dead: the Philippine president, the death squad allegations and a brutal drugs war". The Guardian. April 2, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "Drugs and death in Davao: the making of Rodrigo Duterte". Financial Times. February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency". Reuters. May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Today, thanks to Duterte's campaigns against drugs and crime, Davao today feels much safer, say the locals. But it still ranks first among 15 Philippine cities for murder and second for rape, according to the national police.
- ^ "Another child-friendly award given Davao". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 13, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
- ^ "Davao City bags Kalasag, Most Child-Friendly awards". SunStar. December 12, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
- ^ Mejos, A.I. (April 11, 2015). "Davao City's speed limit reduces accidents, but businesses also affected". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Regalado, E. (February 13, 2014). "Noy complies with Davao City's smoking ordinance". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Tordecilla, K. (May 18, 2016). "Davao City ordinances that may be implemented nationwide under a Duterte presidency". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Ocampo, Y.D. (August 5, 2016). "Davao's Central 911 serves as model for national counterpart". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ "Malls in Davao told to follow security rules". BusinessWorld. September 26, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Gonzales, Yuji Vincent (September 3, 2015). "Davao tourist swallows cigarette butt after reprimand from Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Rodrigo Duterte: The Rise of Philippines' Death Squad Mayor". Human Rights Watch. The Mark News. July 17, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- ^ a b Lacorte, Germelina (May 15, 2015). "Duterte on criminals: 'Kill all of them'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ ""You Can Die Any Time" Death Squad Killings in Mindanao" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ^ "The Philippines' real-life Punisher, Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte, urged to run for president". News.com.au. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ^ "Duterte admits links to Davao Death Squad". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ Ramos, Marlon (October 17, 2023). "Rodrigo Duterte remark he funded Davao slays sent to ICC". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila, Philippines: INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ Sonshine Media Network International (October 11, 2023). Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa (OCTOBER.10.2023). YouTube (in Filipino and English). Google LLC. Event occurs at 1:11:57. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Kinain ko yung intelligence fund... Ang intelligence fund, binili ko, pinapatay ko lahat.
- ^ "Duterte, Mindanao leaders bat federalism". Davao Today. September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Casas, Arianne Caryl (November 30, 2014). "Federalism summit in Davao today". Sun.Star. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014.
- ^ Mellejor, Lilian C. (November 14, 2014). "Davao mayor convenes Mindanao leaders for Federalism summit". Philippines Today. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
- ^ Esmaquel, Paterno II (February 21, 2015). "Duterte 're-enters' PDP-Laban amid 2016 prospects". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ Hofilena, Chay (March 17, 2015). "Duterte is No. 3 in presidential preference poll". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ Gonzales, Yuji Vincent (September 7, 2015). "Duterte's final answer: I won't run for president". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Ranada, Pia (October 12, 2015). "Rodrigo Duterte: Sorry, I will not run for president". Rappler. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ Takumi, Rie (October 29, 2015). "Martin Diño withdraws candidacy for president, names Duterte as substitute". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ Dioquino, Rose-An Jessica (November 27, 2015). "Duterte files COC for president". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte makes a stand". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
- ^ a b "Philippines election: Duterte declares victory and promises change". The Guardian. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Philippine presidential frontrunner Rodrigo Duterte vows to pardon himself for murder". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ "Rodrigo Duterte: Philippines presidential candidate hits back as rape remark sparks fury". ABC News.
- ^ "The dark, cruel joke about rape that derailed a presidential campaign". The Independent. April 19, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- ^ Lacorte, G. (October 10, 2014). "Argument for federalism: Manila steals funds". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ^ Lacorte, G. (May 17, 2015). "Duterte: Change in form of gov't possible only through 'Con-Con'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ^ a b "Duterte open to 'toning down' Constitution to accommodate foreign investors". Manila Bulletin. Philippine News Agency. April 28, 2016. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ^ "Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president". CNN Philippines. May 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
- ^ "Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo". CNN Philippines. May 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte, Robredo proclaimed new President, VP; Rody a no-show". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 30, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
- ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson. "Leni Robredo is vice president". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ^ a b Corrales, Nestor (July 21, 2016). "Drop 'His Excellency,' it's just President Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte tells public: Call me 'mayor'". The Manila Times. May 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- ^ "Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
- ^ Gita, Ruth Abbey (June 30, 2016). "Duterte holds first Cabinet meeting". SunStar Manila. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
- ^ Perlez, Jane (July 12, 2016). "Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^ Andolong, Ina (July 4, 2016). "President Duterte issues his first Executive Order". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
- ^ Romero, Alexis; Macairan, Evelyn; Mendez, Christina (June 25, 2016). "Duterte insists on death penalty by hanging". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
- ^ Alimario, Anjo (July 25, 2016). "President Duterte finally signs FOI". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
- ^ a b Valente, Catherine S. (October 8, 2016). "First 100 days yield significant accomplishments". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "A look at the 1st 100 days of Duterte's phenomenal rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Associated Press. October 8, 2016. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
- ^ Solomon, F. (September 6, 2016). "Rodrigo Duterte declares a state of emergency in the Philippines". Time. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ Viray, P.L. (September 6, 2016). "Palace issues proclamation of state of national emergency". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ Macas, T. (December 9, 2016). "Duterte signs EO creating committee to review 1987 Constitution". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ^ Hegina, Aries Joseph (July 2, 2016). "Duterte to split workweek between Manila, Davao". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
- ^ "The Truth About Duterte's 'Popularity' in the Philippines". The Diplomat. October 7, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful People 2016". Forbes. December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
- ^ "Rodrigo Duterte". Forbes. December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
- ^ "TIMELINE for Duterte's economic agenda". The Manila Times. May 29, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
- ^ "Home". Build!. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
- ^ Calonzo, Andreo; Lopez, Ditas B. (July 25, 2021). "Duterte Pushes to Open Philippines to More Foreign Investors". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (March 4, 2022). "PRRD signs law amending Foreign Investments Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (March 21, 2022). "Duterte signs law amending Public Service Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ Felipe, Marvee Anne C. (2022). "Tax Laws Enacted During the Duterte Administration and the Role of STSRO in the Law-making Process" (PDF). Taxbits. XI (62nd Issue (January – February 2022)). Senate Tax Study and Research Office (STSRO): 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (December 19, 2017). "Duterte signs 2018 national budget, tax reform bill". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte signs tax reform, 2018 budget into law". ABS-CBN News. December 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Gulla, Vivienne (March 5, 2019). "Duterte: TRAIN law keeps gov't running". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 26, 2021). "Duterte signs CREATE bill into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte signs bill on higher tobacco sin taxes". CNN Philippines. July 25, 2019. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (January 23, 2020). "Duterte signs law imposing higher taxes on alcohol, e-cigarettes". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ "'TRAIN' advocates and supporters are insensitive to the cries of the poor". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Bandila: Kilos-protesta kontra TRAIN, isinagawa" (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News – via YouTube.
- ^ De La Cruz, Gabrielle (October 29, 2019). "Athletic Stadium 100% complete 50 days before the SEA Games". BluPrint. One Mega Group. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ a b "DuterteNomics unveiled". Presidential Communications Operations Office. April 19, 2017. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
- ^ "Government's Build Build Build program embodied in PDP 2017-2022 – AmBisyon Natin 2040". National Economic and Development Authority. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
Build Build Build, the administration's comprehensive infrastructure development program, was launched during the Dutertenomics Forum held last April 18 at The Conrad Hotel, Pasay City.
- ^ Marasigan, Lorenz S. (May 7, 2017). "BBB program gains headway". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
- ^ de Vera, Ben O.; Yee, Jovic; Camus, Miguel R. (April 19, 2017). "Dutertenomics: 'Golden age of infrastructure'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard Javad (February 28, 2018). "Duterte's Ambitious 'Build, Build, Build' Project To Transform The Philippines Could Become His Legacy". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ Dumlao-Abadilla, Doris (April 18, 2020). "Fitch: PH faces wary private sector in infra policy shift". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ Rosales, Elijah Felice (September 18, 2021). "Government mulls shift in infrastructure funding tack". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ de Guzman, Warren (November 14, 2019). "LIST: 100 projects under revised 'Build, Build, Build'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "Recommended List of Projects for Inclusion in the Infrastructure Flagship Program" (PDF). ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ a b Royandoyan, Ramon (April 27, 2022). "Next president to inherit 88 infra projects on 'advanced stage'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ a b c Mawis, Sara Mae D. (July 28, 2018). "Understanding the 'Build, Build, Build' program". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
- ^ Camus, Miguel R. (September 16, 2021). "DOTr: Metro Manila Subway now 26% complete". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ Bagaforo, Nelson C. (June 26, 2017). "Mindanao railway project gets support". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
- ^ Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu (March 23, 2018). "What is 'Build, Build, Build'?". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- ^ "WATCH: Luzon Spine Expressway Network is Duterte's P107-billion traffic decongestion plan". The Summit Express. January 26, 2018. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (July 23, 2021). "'Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu (July 21, 2021). "What has 'Build, Build, Build' achieved so far?". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ Alconaba, Nico (June 28, 2016). "Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019.
- ^ a b "PH needs more rehab centers as drug users surrender in droves". The Filipino Times. July 9, 2016. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
- ^ Andolong, Ina (July 8, 2016). "Duterte names country's topmost drug lords". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016.
- ^ Legaspi, Amita (July 4, 2016). "Communists answer Duterte's call to join fight vs. drugs". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
- ^ "FULL TEXT: Duterte's speech linking government officials to illegal drugs". The Philippine Star (in English and Filipino). August 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016.
- ^ Corben, Ron (August 23, 2016). "Philippine War on Drugs Triggers Widespread Criticism, Senate Investigation". VOA. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016.
- ^ Pacia, Sara Isabelle (October 16, 2016). "Story in numbers war on drugs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ "'Go ahead and kill drug addicts': Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issues fresh call for vigilante violence". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. July 2, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016.
- ^ Mogato, Manuel; Marshall, Andrew R.C. (August 24, 2016). "In a Powerpoint, Philippine police detail body count in drug war". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.
- ^ Mendez, Christina; Romero, Paolo; Macairan, Evelyn; Punay, Edu; Diaz, Jess (July 19, 2016). "Duterte to pardon cops in drug killings". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016.
- ^ "Philippine leader tells police to kill only if necessary in war on drugs". Reuters. August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Regalado, Edith (September 20, 2016). "All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
- ^ Suarez, KD (October 13, 2016). "Senate ends probe: Neither Duterte nor state sponsored killings". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016.
- ^ Bernal, Buena (February 23, 2017). "Philippines: Duterte critic De Lima arrested on drug-related charges". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017.
- ^ Romero, Paolo (April 25, 2017). "Matobato lawyer files case vs Rody before ICC". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018.
- ^ "Duterte: PDEA now 'sole agency' in charge of drug war". The Philippine Star. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (December 5, 2017). "PNP back in drug war; PDEA still lead agency". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
- ^ Musico, Jelly (October 31, 2018). "PRRD institutionalizes PH's anti-illegal drugs strategy". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018.
- ^ Tan, Lara (August 17, 2017). "Duterte: I was wrong to put 6-month deadline on drug war". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (May 26, 2022). "PRRD asks Marcos to continue anti-drug campaign his 'own way'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022.
- ^ Pedrajas, Joseph (May 30, 2022). "Duterte declines Marcos' drug czar offer; 'looking forward to retirement'". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
- ^ Sarao, Zacarian (June 22, 2022). "6,252 drug suspects killed as of May 31 – PDEA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (July 17, 2022). "ICC calls on Philippine gov't to comment on reopening of drug war probe". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Iyengar, Rishi. "The Killing Time: Inside Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War". Time. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "Philippines: Duterte's 'war on drugs' is a war on the poor". Amnesty International. February 4, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "38 nations ask PH: Stop killings, probe abuses". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Mateo, Janvic; Mendez, Christina (June 24, 2018). "Philippines does not need call from 38 states on HR". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ "Is Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs a stain on his legacy?". Al Jazeera. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Santos, Eimor P. (October 7, 2016). "Filipinos satisfied with Duterte's drug war, but want suspects alive - SWS". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016.
- ^ Petty, Martin (September 23, 2019). "Filipinos give thumbs up to Duterte's 'excellent' drugs war: poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019.
- ^ "High expectations for BBM during first 100 days: PUBLiCUS". Philippine News Agency. June 29, 2022. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022.
- ^ Maralit, Kristina (September 26, 2020). "Narcos get virus lull". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020.
- ^ Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (March 30, 2022). "Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
- ^ Cruz, Enrico dela (March 16, 2018). "Philippines' Duterte pulls out of International Criminal Court after it announced it would look into his drug war". Business Insider. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018.
- ^ a b c Cabico, Gaea Katreena; Patag, Kristine Joy (April 17, 2019). "Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019.
- ^ "Philippine's Duterte urges nations to abandon ICC". DW News. March 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ Kabiling, Genalyn (July 29, 2021). "Duterte still has no copy of Rome Statute; ICC pullout an 'empty gesture' due to treaty's non-publication". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021.
- ^ Lagrimas, Nicole-Anne C. (January 14, 2020). "Lawyer Jude Sabio withdraws one of ICC cases vs. Duterte". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ Yap, D. J. (January 16, 2020). "ICC prosecutor: Probe of Duterte can't be stopped". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ Navallo, Mike (July 21, 2021). "SC: President has no 'unbridled authority' to withdraw from ICC treaty but junks petitions questioning it". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021.
- ^ Peralta, Janine (September 15, 2021). "ICC pre-trial chamber authorizes PH drug war probe". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021.
- ^ "ICC finds basis for crimes against humanity in Duterte drug war". CNN Philippines. December 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020.
- ^ Galang, Bamba (November 19, 2021). "ICC temporarily halts PH drug war probe". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021.
- ^ Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (June 26, 2022). "ICC wants resumption of probe on PH's drug war killings". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022.
- ^ "Marcos says ICC probe into Duterte's drug war a 'threat to sovereignty'". The Philippine Star. February 18, 2023. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Walang isang salita! Harry Roque slams Marcos' flip-flopping but wants help vs ICC". Politiko (in English and Filipino). February 17, 2024. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Bolledo, Jairo (November 23, 2023). "Remulla says Marcos gov't to discuss rejoining ICC". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Calupitan, Joeal; Rising, David (September 16, 2021). "Philippines' Duterte will 'die first' before facing ICC". AP News. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
- ^ Mellejor, Lilian C. "MILF, MNLF not terrorist groups, simply fighting for Moro dignity – Duterte". Philippines News Agency. DAVAO CITY. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Nur Misuari's bet? Duterte and Marcos, he tells Vice News". Coconuts Manila. May 8, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ "MNLF Founder Nur Misuari Weighs in on the Philippine Presidential Election". Vice News. May 6, 2016.
- ^ Tayao-Juego, Annelle (May 8, 2016). "Muslim groups back Duterte, ask Aquino for clean polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. MANILA, Philippines. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ Aben, Elena (November 7, 2016). "Duterte signs EO on Bangsamoro transition commission". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (July 26, 2018). "Duterte signs Bangsamoro Organic Law". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (July 27, 2018). "Duterte signs Bangsamoro Law". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "FAQs about the Bangsamoro Basic Law". GMA News Online. GMA Network. September 10, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ a b Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (February 16, 2021). "Duterte grants amnesty to communist, Moro rebels". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021.
- ^ Gloria, Glenda (January 13, 2016). "Experts warn PH: Don't underestimate ISIS". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Esguerra, Christian V. (September 21, 2014). "Aquino downplays ISIS threat in PH". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 22, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ "No ISIS in Mindanao – Aquino". The Manila Times. March 9, 2016. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Laude, Jaime (April 12, 2017). "Troops thwart Abus in Bohol; 9 killed". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Dioquino, Rose-An Jessica (December 2, 2016). "In parting message, Maute fighters threaten to behead military, Duterte". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ "Battle for Marawi: Is ISIS building a base in the Philippines?". The Straits Times. August 19, 2016. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ McKirdy, Euan (May 22, 2017). "Philippines' Duterte looks to strengthen ties with trip to Moscow". CNN. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Petty, Martin; Mogato, Manuel (May 24, 2017). "Philippine leader halts Russia trip, imposes martial law on restive island". Reuters. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Francisco, Katerina (May 24, 2017). "FAST FACTS: What you should know about the Maute Group". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ France-Presse, Agence (October 19, 2017). "Marawi: City destroyed in Philippines' longest urban war". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ a b McKirdy, Euan; Berlinger, Joshua (October 17, 2017). "Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants". CNN. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017.
- ^ McKirdy, Euan (July 5, 2017). "Satellite imagery shows devastation of ISIS-held Marawi". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017.
- ^ Placido, Dharel (July 3, 2017). "Duterte orders creation of 'Task Force Bangon Marawi'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.
- ^ Luu, Chieu (July 22, 2017). "Philippines extends martial law in Mindanao". CNN. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
- ^ Santos, Eimor P. (December 14, 2017). "Congress grants Duterte request to extend Mindanao martial law until end of 2018". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (December 12, 2018). "Congress grants martial law extension until end of 2019". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018.
- ^ Beltran, Michael; Tobin, Meaghan (December 8, 2018). "Duterte's martial law move renews authoritarianism fears in Philippines". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Cigaral, Nicolas (January 1, 2020). "Martial law in Mindanao ends after 953 days". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (July 3, 2020). "Duterte signs anti-terror bill into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020.
- ^ Santos, Elmor (July 3, 2020). "Duterte signs into law the controversial anti-terrorism bill". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c Mendoza, Ronald U.; Ong, Rommel Jude G.; Romano, Dion Lorenz L.; Torno, Bernadette Chloe P. (2021). "Counterterrorism in the Philippines: Review of Key Issues". Perspectives on Terrorism. 15 (1): 49–64. ISSN 2334-3745. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Panaligan, Rey G. (December 9, 2021). "SC declares Anti-Terrorism Act constitutional except for 2 provisions". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Patag, Kristine Joy (December 9, 2021). "SC leaves Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 mostly intact". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ "Women linked to Abu Sayyaf suicide bombings arrested in Sulu". Al Jazeera. February 23, 2021. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (February 8, 2021). "Duterte creates National Amnesty Commission". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 19, 2020). "Ex-violent extremists now covered by E-CLIP". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Nepomuceno, Priam (May 30, 2022). "NTF-ELCAC, Anti-Terrorism Act crucial to PH fight vs. insurgency". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
- ^ "'BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president". GMA News Online. April 22, 2016. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Mogato, Manuel (May 17, 2016). "Duterte readies for Philippine peace talks restart as rebel team arrives". Reuters. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Gloria, Glenda (May 16, 2016). "Duterte to Left: 4 departments yours". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine Angeli (February 14, 2016). "Joma Sison talks about former student Duterte, other candidates". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Gavilan, Jodesz (August 22, 2016). "WHO'S WHO: Political prisoners released for Oslo peace talks". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Macas, Trisha (August 22, 2016). "PHL hopes for peace deal with CPP-NPA-NDF within a year". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Ranada, Pia (December 8, 2016). "Duterte won't release political prisoners: 'They're my ace'". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Musico, Jelly (December 8, 2020). "Duterte says no ceasefire with Reds 'ever again'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ^ Keck, Madeleine (November 29, 2017). "Duterte explains why he terminated foreign-brokered peace talks with country's rebels". Southeast Asia Globe. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ^ a b Santos, Eimor P. (October 3, 2018). "Duterte fires left-leaning Labor official". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Esguerra, Darryl John (October 3, 2018). "Duterte fires last leftist in government". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
- ^ Tordesillas, Ellen T. (July 31, 2016). "Duterte does a delicate balancing act". VERA Files. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "Gov't troops, NPA clash in Mindoro as Duterte suspends peace talks". GMA News Online. February 5, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Tordecilla, Karmela (February 6, 2017). "Duterte: CPP-NPA-NDF a terrorist group". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
- ^ Jerusalem, Jigger (February 6, 2017). "Duterte orders arrest of NDFP negotiators". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017.
- ^ "Joint Memorandum Circular No. 01 series of 2019" (PDF). Department of Education. National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict. pp. 2–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ^ "Duterte: Gov't shifts to 'civilian-led approach' in fight vs. communists". CNN Philippines. December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.
- ^ Chavez, Chito (May 5, 2021). "Defunding NTF-ELCAC exposes 822 cleared barangays to communist insurgency anew- Año". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 5, 2018). "Duterte creates task force for the reintegration of former rebels". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019.
- ^ Roque, EJ (March 21, 2019). "Duterte permanently ends peace talks with Reds". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (March 21, 2019). "Duterte declares permanent termination of talks with Reds". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
- ^ a b Nepomuceno, Priam (July 7, 2022). "Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022.
- ^ "Over 20K rebels abandoned CPP-NPA-NDF since 2016: NTF-ELCAC". Philippine News Agency. November 29, 2021. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (November 30, 2020). "Duterte tells leftwing groups: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communist fronts'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020.
- ^ "Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools". GMA News Online. July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Top universities denounce red-tagging of schools". Rappler. January 24, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "PUP students decry red-tagging, to continue pro-rights campaign". GMA News Online. September 12, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (May 17, 2024). "NTF-ELCAC won't be abolished, says Marcos". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Mendez, Christina (September 23, 2020). "Duterte slams Robredo, critics of pandemic response". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 1, 2021). "Opposition 'desperate' to politicize Covid-19 pandemic". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ "Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus". ABS-CBN News. January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ "Outrage Over Duterte's Inaction Grips Filipinos During Coronavirus Scare". The News Lens. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ "Duterte's 'kill' order during COVID-19 crisis fuels worldwide 'oust' trend". InterAksyon. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
- ^ "'Shoot them dead': Duterte says won't tolerate lockdown violators". InterAksyon. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
- ^ @News5PH (January 13, 2021). "Nagsagawa ng protesta ang ilang mga kabataan, estudyante mula sa iba't ibang unibersidad at organisasyon, at iba pang progresibong grupo sa labas ng House of Representatives para tutulan ang Charter Change" (Tweet). Retrieved January 14, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Politicians in the Philippines are holding raffles to boost vaccination". The Economist. June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Philippines President Duterte apologises for taking Chinese Covid vaccine before it has been approved for citizens". Independent.co.uk. May 6, 2021.
- ^ "As China awaits WHO approval for its vaccines, one country is sending theirs back". May 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Lim, Yvonne (July 12, 2017). "The Philippines is aiming for an energy boom with Duterte's latest reform". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Dela Cruz, Enrico; Elona, Julian (July 4, 2016). "New Philippine Energy Minister Says Can't Afford to Ditch Coal". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte: Green energy is good but we need coal". SunStar. December 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ a b Crismundo, Kris (July 21, 2021). "DOE pushes shift to renewables during Duterte's term". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ dela Cruz, Enrico; Warrier, Gopakumar (July 25, 2019). "Philippines readies new renewable energy policies to curb coal dependence". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte signals need for Philippines to cut coal dependence and fast-track renewables". Eco-Business. July 29, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Magtulis, Prinz (October 27, 2020). "Government ends energy neutrality, favors renewables ahead of boom". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ Crismundo, Kris (March 3, 2022). "Duterte approves inclusion of nuclear power in PH energy mix". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte signs EO outlining national policy on nuclear energy". CNN Philippines. March 3, 2022. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Atienza, K.A.T. (January 24, 2022). "Duterte signs law to accelerate Philippines' total electrification". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Petty, Martin (November 23, 2016). "Philippines president vows to free economy 'from clutches' of oligarchs". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
The outspoken, populist leader said it was high time to change regulations and liberalize sectors like energy, power and telecoms to make the country more competitive, and give Filipinos better services and a share of the wealth.
- ^ Cordero, Ted (November 1, 2020). "Philippines allows 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects —Cusi". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Cordero, Ted (October 31, 2020). "Right to develop Philippines' geothermal resources to be given thru open, competitive process —DOE". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Salaverria, Leila B. (March 2, 2017). "Duterte finally signs Paris Agreement on climate change". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
- ^ Quismundo, Tarra (March 15, 2017). "Senate votes to ratify Paris climate pact". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (April 19, 2022). "Rich countries must pay for climate change damage – Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (December 21, 2019). "Duterte wants completion of gov't transactions in hours". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ Aguilar, Krissy (February 27, 2020). "Duterte streamlines gov't processes, removes redundant functions". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte signs historic EO on Freedom of Information". The Philippine Star. July 24, 2016. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (February 12, 2020). "PCOO eyes 80% success rate in eFOI requests by 2022". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Musico, Jelly (May 28, 2018). "Duterte signs Ease of Doing Business law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
- ^ "The ease of doing business under RA 11032". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (January 5, 2021). "Law allowing President to rush permits in nat'l emergency OK'd". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ Ranada, Pia (October 26, 2016). "Duterte signs EO for 8888 citizen complaint center". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (July 19, 2018). "Duterte vows to improve PHL's healthcare system". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Aguilar, Krissy (June 24, 2021). "Duterte vows to provide equitable healthcare service as he signs hospital bills". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (July 10, 2018). "Duterte certifies as urgent the Universal Health Care Bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (February 20, 2019). "PRRD signs Universal Healthcare Care law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Roque, EJ (February 19, 2019). "Duterte signs Integrated Cancer Control law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Placido, Dharel (February 19, 2019). "Duterte signs national integrated cancer control act". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Musico, Jelly (June 21, 2018). "Duterte signs Mental Health Law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Auto, Hermes (June 21, 2018). "Duterte signs law providing free healthcare to Filipinos suffering from mental illnesses". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (December 3, 2019). "PRRD signs Malasakit Center law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Viray, Patricia Lourdes (January 17, 2017). "Duterte signs EO to implement RH Law". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Salaverria, Leila B. (May 19, 2017). "Duterte signs EO banning smoking nationwide". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (February 17, 2020). "Duterte signs EO on medicine price cap". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (August 4, 2017). "Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (September 25, 2019). "Duterte signs Transnational Higher Education Act into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Balinbin, Arjay L. (September 25, 2019). "Duterte signs law allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in Philippines". BusinessWorld. BusinessWorld Publishing. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (January 5, 2021). "Duterte signs Doktor Para sa Bayan Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte OKs Alternative Learning System Act". ABS-CBN News. January 5, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (January 5, 2021). "Alternative learning system law 'a win for marginalized learners'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 15, 2022). "PRRD OKs inclusive education for learners with disabilities". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Rola, Alyssa (June 10, 2020). "Duterte signs law establishing National Academy of Sports". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Nicolas, Fiona (September 5, 2016). "Duterte heads to Laos for ASEAN summit". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ Storey, Ian (June 12, 2017). "Duterte's Moscow Visit Advances Philippine and Russian Foreign Policy Goals" (PDF). Perspective (2017). Singapore: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 1–2. ISSN 2335-6677. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Galang, Mico A. (April 6, 2017). "US, China, and Duterte's 'Independent Foreign Policy'". The Diplomat. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ Hendler, Bruno (September 3, 2018). "Duterte's Pivot to China, and Prospects for Settling the South China Sea Disputes". Contexto Internacional. 40 (2): 326. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400200005. S2CID 149738997. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Liu, Fu-Kuo; Zou, Keyuan; Wu, Shicun; Spangler, Jonathan (April 20, 2017). South China Sea Lawfare: Post-Arbitration Policy Options and Future Prospects. South China Sea Think Tank. p. 101. ISBN 978-986-92828-3-3. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ Shoji, Tomotaka; Tomikawa, Hideo. "Chapter 5; Southeast Asia: Duterte Takes Office, South China Sea in Flux" (PDF). East Asian Strategic Review (2017). National Institute for Defense Studies: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "Pagdami ng Chinese workers, isa sa isyu sa Bonifacio Day". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Activists mark 'Day of Valor' with anti-China protests | ANC". ABS-CBN News – via YouTube.
- ^ "Obama cancels meeting with 'colorful' Philippine president, who now expresses regret…". The Washington Post. September 5, 2016.
- ^ "After cursing Obama, Duterte expresses regret…". CNN. September 5, 2016.
- ^ See the following citations:
- ^ Ayalin, Adrian (November 14, 2017). "ASEAN protests end with burning of US flag in Mendiola". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ a b "Women's group in Manila burns US flag with Trump's face". Millennium Post. March 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ (from 0:24) Damay din ang pati watawat ng Amerika, dahil imperyalista rin daw sila. Bandila: Ilang estudyante, nagsunog ng watawat ng China sa pagtatapos ng bisita ni Xi Jinping
- ^ "Militants protest Trump visit". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (May 31, 2016). "Duterte names members of Cabinet". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016.
- ^ Venzon, Cliff (June 1, 2016). "Duterte's cabinet taps retired generals and communists". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Viray, Patricia Lourdes (June 30, 2016). "Duterte's Cabinet takes oath, holds first meeting". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
- ^ "Mass Oath-Taking of the Cabinet Members". Radio Television Malacañang. Presidential Communications Operations Office. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021.
- ^ Diola, Camille (June 3, 2016). "Duterte appoints closest aide, broadcaster to Palace posts". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte 'sees nobody deserving' as next Philippine President, says he is ready to retire". The Straits Times. June 9, 2021. ISSN 0585-3923. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
- ^ Yap, Cecilia; Calonzo, Andreo (June 16, 2021). "Duterte Says Running for Vice President is a 'Good Idea'". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
- ^ "Philippines' Duterte Raises Rivals' Suspicions by Seeking Vice Presidency in 2022". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters. August 24, 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte confirms he'll run for Philippines VP next year". Associated Press. August 25, 2021. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (October 8, 2021). "'Bato' dela Rosa is Cusi wing PDP-Laban's standard-bearer for 2022 polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (October 19, 2021). "Bato, suspected to be a placeholder, agrees to amend substitution rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Yumol, David Tristan (October 2, 2021). "Duterte announces retirement from politics". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Fernandez, Daniza (November 14, 2021). "Duterte's possible VP run a show of dismay for Sara Duterte's candidacy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Yumol, David Tristan (November 13, 2021). "Bato Dela Rosa withdraws from 2022 presidential race". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (November 15, 2021). "Duterte to run for senator in 2022 – Bong Go". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (November 17, 2021). "Duterte endorses Bong Go-Inday Sara tandem in meeting with lawmakers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (November 16, 2021). "It's official: Bongbong Marcos, Sara Duterte running in tandem in 2022 elections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Torregoza, Hannah (November 30, 2021). "Bong Go backs out of May 2022 presidential race". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte withdraws from 2022 Senate race". CNN Philippines. December 14, 2021. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Manahan, Job (March 22, 2022). "Palace: Presidential bets still seeking Duterte's endorsement". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Mendoza, John Eric (March 23, 2022). "Isko still hopeful of Duterte's endorsement despite PDP-Laban backing of Marcos Jr". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "VP spox: Robredo to welcome Duterte endorsement provided 'it's not transactional'". CNN Philippines. March 16, 2022. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c Fernandez, Daniza (March 31, 2022). "After PDP-Laban endorsement of Marcos Jr., Duterte insists neutrality". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (March 23, 2022). "Adviser urges Duterte: Endorse Marcos, he is the best to protect you". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 2, 2022). "Duterte endorses Sara's VP candidacy". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Israel, Dale G. (April 2, 2022). "Duterte endorses 17 senatorial bets". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (February 26, 2022). "Duterte: Cabinet members, except Cusi, banned from campaigning". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Valente, Catherine S. (April 7, 2022). "Duterte will not endorse presidential bet". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (March 16, 2022). "Evardone's endorsement of Robredo has Duterte's blessing". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ Felipe, Cecille Suerte (March 25, 2022). "Duterte, Marcos Talk, But No Endorsement – Go". One News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (May 5, 2022). "Duterte creates Palace transition team". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ a b Manahan, Job (May 10, 2022). "Duterte's popularity, regionalism crystalized votes for Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte: analysts". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022.
- ^ Santos, Eimor P. (March 16, 2017). "Duterte faces impeachment complaint over alleged killings, corruption". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017.
- ^ "Duterte says he's not intimidated by impeachment attempt". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. March 19, 2017. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017.
- ^ Santos, Eimor P. (March 30, 2017). "Duterte faces more impeachment charges over 'inaction' in sea row". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017.
- ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (March 30, 2017). "Solon files impeach rap vs Duterte over West PH Sea, Benham Rise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017.
- ^ "House committee effectively dismisses impeachment complaint vs. Duterte". CNN Philippines. May 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017.
- ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (May 15, 2017). "House panel junks Duterte impeach complaint for lack of substance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.
- ^ Valente, Catherine S. (July 1, 2022). "Citizen Duterte flies home to Davao City". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ a b "Duterte Tops Voters' Mind – Pahayag". PUBLiCUS Asia. March 25, 2023. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Bordey, Hana (September 12, 2023). "Gloria Arroyo confirms urging ex-President Duterte to be active again in politics". GMA News. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (January 14, 2023). "Ex-Pres. Duterte's 'Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa' returns". SunStar. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ Colina, Antonio IV (June 28, 2023). "Ex-President Duterte says Chinese envoy told him PH will be 'target' if it aids US in attacking China". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (February 1, 2023). "Ex-pres Duterte: ICC's drug war probe an insult to PH". SunStar Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Colina, Antonio IV (June 13, 2023). "Ex-President Duterte Warns Implication Of US Access To PHL Military Bases". MindaNews. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Sim, Dewey (July 18, 2023). "Xi's surprise meeting with Duterte the latest bid to improve ties with Manila". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
- ^ Sadongdong, Martin (July 21, 2023). "Gibo hopes Duterte pushed for PH interests in meeting with Xi". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Lazaro, Jacob; Corrales, Nestor (July 19, 2023). "Marcos hopes Duterte, Xi talked about China's actions in WPS". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "PBBM meets former President Duterte in Malacañang". Presidential Communications Office. August 3, 2023. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ Morella, Cecil (January 28, 2024). "Marcos, Duterte supporters rally in Philippines as family rift deepens". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ^ Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (May 19, 2023). "Arroyo denies 'coup plot' against Romualdez". SunStar. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Andrade, Jeannette I. (May 19, 2023). "Sudden demotion: Pampanga Rep. Gloria Arroyo loses 'senior' House rank". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Sevillano, Stephanie (May 19, 2023). "VP Sara resigns as Lakas-CMD member". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "Sara Duterte explains tambaloslos remark". GMA News Online. June 12, 2023. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Regalado, Edith (October 12, 2023). "Duterte defends Sara on confidential funds". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ Cruz, RG (September 5, 2023). "House panel OKs Marcos office's budget with no questions asked; surveillance funds intact". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ Gascon, Melvin (November 10, 2023). "VP Duterte gives up seeking P650M in secret funds". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Banzuelo, Neil (October 11, 2023). "Duterte hits House after OVP is stripped of confidential funds". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ Quismorio, Ellson (November 14, 2023). "Lakas-CMD membership in House continues to grow at the expense of PDP-Laban". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 24, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (October 16, 2023). "House reps find Duterte's tirades offensive, a serious attack – secretary general". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ LLanesca T., Panti (November 6, 2023). "Speaker vows fight vs. those who malign House; deputy tags Duterte". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Galang, Bamba (November 9, 2023). "Political analyst: More 'tectonic shifts' seen in House as 2025 polls approach". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ Panti, Llanesca T. (November 14, 2023). "7 lawmakers from Duterte-chaired PDP-Laban defect to Romualdez-led Lakas CMD". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ Quismorio, Ellson (November 14, 2023). "Duterte party down to 15 House members; solon says number will drop further". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (October 24, 2023). "Rep. Castro files complaint vs ex-president Duterte over death threat". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Castro's grave threats complaint vs. Duterte junked". CNN Philippines. January 12, 2024. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
- ^ a b Mendoza, Red (June 22, 2023). "Duterte tops 2025 Senate bets survey". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "PRRD maintains as top-of-mind Senatorial Candidate - PAHAYAG Survey". PUBLiCUS Asia. December 27, 2023. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ Cariaso, Bella (January 23, 2024). "NTC makes 30-day SMNI suspension indefinite". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Bautista, Jane (January 31, 2024). "SMNI asks Supreme Court to stop indefinite suspension". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Sarao, Zacarian (December 21, 2023). "NTC suspends SMNI operations for 30 days". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ Subingsubing, Krixia; Cruz, Marinel (December 20, 2023). "2 SMNI shows suspended, Duterte's 'Gikan' included". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ Fernandez, Rhoel (January 7, 2024). "Ex-President Duterte wishes to talk to President Marcos Jr 'indirectly' over SMNI probe". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ "Pagsuspinde sa 'Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa', matinding paglabag sa constitutional rights −FPRRD". YouTube (in Filipino and English). DZAR 1026. 1:50–2:16. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ Bautista, Nillicent (February 24, 2024). "De Lima: Marcos administration 'breathing room' from Duterte's 'authoritarian regime'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Torres-Tupas, Tech (July 5, 2024). "Trillanes files plunder, graft raps vs ex-President Duterte, Bong Go". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (November 23, 2023). "House tackling ICC resolution just 'a matter of course'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (November 22, 2023). "Lagman on reso urging PH cooperation with ICC: We're not putting anyone on trial". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 24, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ Bolledo, Jairo (November 23, 2023). "Remulla says Marcos gov't to discuss rejoining ICC". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (November 24, 2023). "Remulla To Ask Palace If Phl Is Rejoining ICC". One News. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (May 7, 2024). "Trillanes: ICC expected to issue arrest warrant vs Duterte by June or July". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Robles, Alan (May 1, 2024). "South China Sea: probe into Duterte-Xi pact sparks rumours of political payback". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
- ^ "Marcos' ex-ES Vic Rodriguez in Cebu for Rody Duterte-led prayer rally". Politiko. February 25, 2024. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Abarca, Charie (November 8, 2023). "Imee Marcos to back Rodrigo Duterte '…even if I'm the only one left'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Suelto, Diana Lhyd (March 9, 2024). "Duterte named Quiboloy group property administrator". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
- ^ Pulta, Benjamin (March 8, 2024). "No extradition request yet for Quiboloy – DOJ". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Abarca, Charie (January 23, 2024). "Senate probes Quiboloy, church offenses". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ Garner, Jom; Oliquino, Edjen; Alcober, Neil (March 13, 2024). "Quiboloy didn't make demands, lawyer says". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ Abarca, Charie (March 11, 2024). "Hontiveros finds 'Quiboloy conditions' absurd". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ Gascon, Melvin (April 9, 2024). "Marcos sneers at fugitive Quiboloy's demands". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ Rosauro, Ryan D. (February 21, 2024). "Quiboloy admits he is in hiding amid kill plot". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (March 5, 2024). "Senate panel cites Quiboloy in contempt". SunStar. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
- ^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (April 11, 2024). "Quiboloy arrest ordered, this time for qualified human smuggling". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (March 7, 2024). "Ejercito withdraws signature from letter opposing Quiboloy's arrest". SunStar. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
- ^ Lacorte, Germelina (June 10, 2024). "Arresting cops visit 3 Quiboloy properties but can't find him". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
- ^ Baroña, Franco Jose (June 10, 2024). "Police serve arrest warrant vs Quiboloy". The Manila Times. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
- ^ Porras, Karl Bryan (June 10, 2024). "Police raids fail to arrest Pastor Quiboloy at KOJC compounds". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
- ^ Argosino, Faith (June 11, 2024). "'Excessive, unnecessary force' used in bid to get Quiboloy – Ex-Pres. Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
- ^ Bordey, Hana (June 18, 2024). "Senate probe on PNP's 'excessive use of force' in serving warrants vs. Quiboloy sought". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
- ^ Santos, Pat C. (March 4, 2024). "KJC demands justice for leader at Liwasang Bonifacio prayer rally". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Gomez, Carla (May 7, 2024). "Former president Duterte attends Dumaguete prayer, peace rally". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Francisquete, David Ezra M. (April 16, 2024). "Thousands attend Maisug prayer rally in Tagum". SunStar. Archived from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ Chagas, Bombo Angie Villones (June 20, 2024). "FPRRD giklaro nga di pagguba sa gobyerno ang rason sa pagpahigayon og Hakbang ng Maisug Rally". Bombo Radyo Davao (in Cebuano). Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (April 16, 2024). "Alvarez says Marcos support withdrawal call is not seditious". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 17, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Tejano, Ivy (July 2, 2024). "Duterte: Gov't limited freedom of speech in Maisug prayer-rallies". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ De Leon, Dwight (January 29, 2024). "Tit for tat: Marcos blames Duterte's use of fentanyl for foul-mouthed tirade". Rappler. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ De Leon, Dwight (January 29, 2024). "Tit for tat: Marcos blames Duterte's use of fentanyl for foul-mouthed tirade". Rappler. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Alivio, Cristina E. (February 2, 2024). "FPRRD eyes to revive 'Mindanao initiative'". SunStar. Archived from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ "Duterte bares signature-based plan for separate Mindanao". GMA News Online. January 31, 2024. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Torres, Sherrie Ann; Cruz, RG (January 31, 2024). "Senators frown at Duterte's 'plan' to 'secede' Mindanao from PH". ABS-CBN. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Rosauro, Ryan D.; Aning, Jerome (February 2, 2024). "Lawmakers, ex-Muslim rebels reject Duterte call for secession". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ "Mindanao independence: Duterte's 'joke' that just didn't fly". Rappler. February 28, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
- ^ Francisquete, David Ezra M. (April 30, 2024). "Mayor Baste dismayed over Maisug rally cancellation in Bulacan". SunStar. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ Gabieta, Joey (May 27, 2024). "Duterte slams 'deliberate' efforts to stop 'Maisug' rally in Tacloban". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (April 16, 2024). "FPRRD tells PBBM: Be happy and satisfied with your 6-year term". SunStar. Archived from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Luyag, Margaret Claire (October 28, 2017). "'Hello, mga ka-DDS': Steven Seagal lauds Duterte's fight vs. terrorism, drugs". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ Bayoran, Gilbert (September 17, 2016). "Alvarez a 'DDS' – Diehard Duterte Supporter". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ a b Santos, Ana (May 1, 2017). "Rodrigo Duterte's drug war has killed thousands. Trump just invited him to the White House". Vox. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
- ^ "Duterte, Trump, 'Brexit': Populist surge worldwide". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
- ^ Aurelio, Julie M. "Bishop signs online petition seeking int'l court probe". Retrieved August 22, 2017.
- ^ "Roque defends Duterte's rape remark: 'It's more liberal in the South'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ "Philippines' Duterte scores record high rating, despite virus crisis". Reuters. October 5, 2020. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
- ^ Francisco, Katerina (July 24, 2017). "'Tatay Digong' brand, charisma behind Duterte's survey numbers – analysts". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ Aquino, Norman P. (July 21, 2019). "'Tatay Digong' thrives on pathos to keep rock-star status". BusinessWorld Online. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "Special report on Satisfaction Rating of the President: Pres. Duterte's Net Satisfaction at +79 in November 2020, +65 in May 2021, and +62 in June 2021" (PDF). Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ Espinosa, Ian Carl (September 26, 2023). "Rody Duterte still leading candidate for midterm polls". SunStar. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ "The 'son of a whore' story is about so much more than Duterte's dirty mouth". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
- ^ Bencito, J. P.; Araneta, S.; Araja, R. N. (May 11, 2016). "Duterte starts searching for Cabinet men". The Standard. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ "Malacañang on Duterte rape remark: The masses get him". Rappler. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ Joe Sterling; Buena Bernal. "Duterte jokes about rape while rallying troops to fight militants". CNN. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ "Duterte makes rape 'joke' for martial law troops". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ "Philippines' Duterte denounced for defending killing of some journalists". Reuters. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Croucher, Shane (May 31, 2019). "Philippines President Duterte says he was once gay "but I cured myself"". Newsweek.
- ^ "Barack Obama scraps planned talks with Rodrigo Duterte over 'son of whore' slur". ABC News. September 6, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ "Philippine president accuses U.S. of "importing" terrorism to Middle East". Xinhua. July 9, 2016. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte tells Obama to 'go to hell,' explains frustration with U.S." CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
- ^ Romero, Alexis. "Duterte vows more attacks on Catholic Church". The Philippine Star. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Corrales, Nestor (May 22, 2016). "Duterte defies Catholic Church's belief on family planning". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^ "Philippines' Duterte launches vulgar attacks on Church". PRI. May 24, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
- ^ "Sedition charges against four bishops and three priests are 'beyond belief'". AsiaNews. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ "Philippines: Duterte's First Year a Human Rights Calamity". Human Rights Watch. June 28, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte is suspending his war on drugs to go after "corrupt" police". Newsweek. January 30, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "License to Kill". Human Rights Watch. March 2, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ Glazer, Andrew; Rocklin, Jeremy (March 26, 2017). "When a President Says, 'I'll Kill You'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ "Philippines: Duterte Threatens Human Rights Community". Human Rights Watch. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- ^ Nawal, Allan (May 27, 2015). "Facebook groups add meaning to DDS". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ "Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 2 of 2)". Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ a b De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (February 8, 2022). "75% of Filipinos satisfied with Duterte – SWS survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (July 13, 2022). "Former President Duterte's net satisfaction rating rises to +65 in April SWS survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
- ^ a b "Second Quarter 2022 Social Weather Survey: Pres. Rodrigo Duterte's final net satisfaction rating at +81" (PDF). Social Weather Stations. September 23, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
- ^ Estopace, F. G. (July 13, 2016). "Duterte rides on 'excellent' trust rating". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ Hegina, Aries Joseph (July 20, 2016). "Duterte becomes PH's most trusted official". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ a b Nicolas, Jino (July 10, 2018). "Satisfaction with Duterte drops to record-low +45". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ Merez, Arianne (December 28, 2018). "Duterte closes 2018 with 'very good' satisfaction rating- SWS". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard Javad (May 2, 2019). "Philippine midterms could extend Duterte's rule". Asia Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020.
- ^ de Vera, Ben O. (December 20, 2019). "Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction, SEA Games 'high'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (October 8, 2020). "8 in 10 Pinoys approve Duterte admin's Covid-19 response". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
- ^ Malindog-Uy, Anna (October 11, 2020). "In Duterte We Trust". The ASEAN Post. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
- ^ Cruz, Kaithreen (April 12, 2022). "Duterte bowing out with high ratings". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (March 22, 2022). "More than half of Pinoy voters support 'partial continuity' of Duterte's policies — survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (June 27, 2022). "PUBLiCUS survey: Duterte is most popular post-EDSA 1 president". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ "'BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president". GMA News Online. April 22, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Palatino, Mong. "Is the Philippines' Duterte Really a Leftist?". The Diplomat. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ "'BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ Mallari, Delfin T. Jr. "Joma Sison wishes 'best of health' for ex-student Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine Angeli. "Joma Sison talks about former student Duterte, other candidates". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Ranada, Pia; Caduaya, Editha (September 18, 2015). "22 things to know about 'Duterte Harry'". Rappler. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Regalado, Edith (March 3, 2001). "Davao City Mayoral Race; Duterte siblings slugging it out". Philstar. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Sy Cua, Aric John (January 13, 2023). "Ex-president Duterte's program returns on SMNI". The Manila Times. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
- ^ Monforte, Cha (April 15, 2015). "2 Duterte aides hurt in accident". BusinessMirror. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Apostol, Gina (May 29, 2017). "Speaking in Fascism's Tongues". New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
- ^ Palicte, Che (December 21, 2022). "Ex-President Duterte gifts kids with cancer". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ Lacorte, Germelina (February 5, 2012). "Duterte matriarch dies at 95". Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ a b "Duterte's ex-wife skips cancer treatments to launch campaign caravan". GMA News Online.
- ^ a b Andolong, Ina (June 24, 2016). "Elizabeth Zimmerman: Digong still takes care of me". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 27, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Ranada, Pia (October 4, 2016). "Jewish community applauds Duterte after apology". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Macasero, Ryan (April 13, 2016). "Duterte's ex-wife: It's not true he kills innocent people". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte son answers call of campaign". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 14, 2016. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Cabico, Gaea Katreena (May 14, 2019). "Dutertes cement grip on Davao City politics after a widely expected victory". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ "Duterte wants conflict with Muslims settled". Bohol News Today. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 9, 2019). "Meet Rodrigo III, the President's first great-grandson". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
- ^ Figueroa, Antonio V. (December 5, 2015). "The Duterte Bloodline". EDGE Davao. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (May 20, 2016). "Duterte says he believes in God but not in religion". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte slams Church as hypocritical institution". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 23, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Torres, Hazel (June 29, 2016). "Duterte vows to promote birth control in the Philippines, says he's a Christian but believes 'in one god Allah'". Christian Today. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ a b "Duterte: I'm not agnostic, not atheist". Philippine News Agency. July 7, 2018.
- ^ a b "Rodrigo Duterte doubles down on attack on God, asks for proof". Newshub. July 8, 2018.
- ^ Esguerra, Darryl John. "Duterte: Part of me is Islam". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ a b c Patag, Kristine Joy (November 27, 2018). "Barbs and the Bible: The continuing clashes between Duterte and Bishop David". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Aurelio, Julie M.; Corrales, Nestor (January 12, 2019). "Duterte renews attack on Church, dares gay bishops to come out". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Santos, Tina G. (November 30, 2018). "Bishops defend David from Duterte allegations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Regencia, Ted (June 25, 2018). "Duterte's 'stupid God' quip is his 'personal opinion' – spokesman". Al Jazeera. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Maresca, Thomas (April 25, 2017). "Duterte's bloody drug war draws potent foe: Catholic church". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (November 19, 2021). "Duterte to say if Quiboloy will remain as spiritual adviser — Palace". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Tan, Alyssa Nicole O. (April 4, 2022). "Palace: Duterte's spiritual adviser can defend himself". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Frialde, Mike (December 10, 2015). "Duterte: I may not last 6 years in office". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ "Philippines President Duterte admits killing suspects". CNN. December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ "Philippines: Duterte confirms he personally killed three men". BBC. December 16, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ "Duterte's shocking, shrewd shot at the Philippine presidency". Channel NewsAsia. May 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ Ranada, Pia (November 30, 2015). "Rodrigo Duterte: Yes, I'm a womanizer". Rappler. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Samuels, Gabriel. "Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte mental health assessment reveals tendency to 'violate rights and feelings'". The Independent. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ "Philippine President Duterte says he has muscle disease that causes eyelid to droop". The Straits Times. October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Gregorio, Xave (October 6, 2019). "Duterte reveals he has a neuromuscular disease". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Mateo, Janvic (April 20, 2017). "Duterte declines UP honorary doctorate". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
- ^ Colina, Antonio IV (March 28, 2023). "Davao City Council declares March 28 as Duterte Day". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
- ^ "51 years later: San Beda honors Rody Duterte with Juris Doctor degree". Politiko. November 29, 2023. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Nawal, Allan. "Duterte conferred with highest Knights of Rizal award". Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Manahan, Job (June 8, 2023). "Ex-President Duterte skips awards promoting 'PH-China understanding'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ "PRRD receives honorary doctorate from top Russian school". PTVNews. October 6, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- ^ Mendez, Christina (October 8, 2019). "With Russian honorary doctorate, Duterte preaches about climate change". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- ^ "It's Datuk Duterte now after Johor Sultan, Philippine leader meet-up". The Star Online. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
Further reading
- Juego, Bonn (2017). "The Philippines 2017: Duterte-led authoritarian populism and its liberal-democratic roots" (PDF). Asia Maior; the Journal of the Italian Think Tank on Asia Founded by Giorgio Borsa in 1989. XXVIII. Viella s.r.l. & Associazione Asia Maior: 129–163. ISSN 2385-2526. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
- "The Punisher". Eye for an Eye. (Vice) Bethesda Softworks LLC. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
External links
- MORE VIGILANTE-STYLE KILLINGS REPORTED IN DAVAO CITY Leaked US cable, January 20, 2005
- DAVAO OFFICIALS DENY VIGILANTE KILLINGS, BUT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION BLAMES MAYOR Leaked cable to US Secretary of State, May 8, 2009
- 100 Days of Change: President Rodrigo Duterte Archived July 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
- Rodrigo Duterte
- 1945 births
- Living people
- 20th-century Filipino lawyers
- Ateneo de Davao University alumni
- Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election
- Critics of the Catholic Church
- Former Marxists
- Filipino anti-communists
- Filipino nationalists
- Filipino politicians of Chinese descent
- Former Roman Catholics
- Left-wing populists
- Lyceum of the Philippines University alumni
- Mayors of places in Davao del Sur
- Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Davao City
- PDP–Laban politicians
- People from Davao City
- People of the Philippine drug war
- People self-identified as ex-gay
- People with antisocial personality disorder
- Presidents of the Philippines
- San Beda University alumni
- Visayan people
- Nacionalista Party politicians
- Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians
- Mayors of Davao City