Au (Indic)
Au | |
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Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | |
Tamil | |
Malayalam | ഔ |
Sinhala | ඖ |
Ashoka Brahmi | 𑀒 |
Devanagari | |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ו |
Greek | Ϝ (Ϛ), Υ (Ȣ) |
Latin | F, V, U, W, Y, Ⅎ |
Cyrillic | Ѕ, У (Ꙋ), Ѵ, Ю |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /ɐːʊ/ /ou/ /ɔː/ |
IAST transliteration | au Au |
ISCII code point | B1 (177) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Au is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Au is derived from the middle "Kushana" Brahmi letter , and the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, Au comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The ौ sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×1016, but the vowel letter औ did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic Au
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Au was not found in the earliest forms of Brahmi, but was found in the more flowing forms the Kushana and Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Au has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Au are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi Au
[edit]The Brahmi letter Au, is based on the letter O which was probably derived from the Aramaic Waw . That would make it related to the modern Latin F, V, U, W, Y and Greek Upsilon.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Au can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but only being found in later styles, the reference form of Brahmi Au is back-formed from later styles to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
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Tocharian Au
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kau | Khau | Gau | Ghau | Cau | Chau | Jau | Jhau | Nyau | Ṭau | Ṭhau | Ḍau | Ḍhau | Ṇau |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tau | Thau | Dau | Dhau | Nau | Pau | Phau | Bau | Bhau | Mau | Yau | Rau | Lau | Vau |
Śau | Ṣau | Sau | Hau | ||||||||||
Kharoṣṭhī Au
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter Au is indicated with the O vowel mark plus the vowel length mark . As an independent vowel, Au is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A .
Devanagari Au
[edit]Au (ओ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઔ, and the Modi letter 𑘍.
Devanagari Using Languages
[edit]The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ओ is pronounced as [au]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali Au
[edit]Au (ঔ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ओ.
Bengali Script Using Languages
[edit]The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঔ is pronounced as [au]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Au
[edit]Au (ઔ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Au , and ultimately the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઔ is pronounced as [au]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Javanese Au
[edit]Telugu Au
[edit]Au (ఔ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಔ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
Malayalam Au
[edit]Au (ഔ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter au. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Odia Au
[edit]Au (ଔ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter au. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
Kaithi Au
[edit]Au (𑂌) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Au. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.
Comparison of Au
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Au, are related as well.
Comparison of Au in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of Au
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Au in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Au from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ఔ | ଔ | ಔ | ഔ | ઔ | ਔ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER AU | BENGALI LETTER AU | TAMIL LETTER AU | TELUGU LETTER AU | ORIYA LETTER AU | KANNADA LETTER AU | MALAYALAM LETTER AU | GUJARATI LETTER AU | GURMUKHI LETTER AU | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2324 | U+0914 | 2452 | U+0994 | 2964 | U+0B94 | 3092 | U+0C14 | 2836 | U+0B14 | 3220 | U+0C94 | 3348 | U+0D14 | 2708 | U+0A94 | 2580 | U+0A14 |
UTF-8 | 224 164 148 | E0 A4 94 | 224 166 148 | E0 A6 94 | 224 174 148 | E0 AE 94 | 224 176 148 | E0 B0 94 | 224 172 148 | E0 AC 94 | 224 178 148 | E0 B2 94 | 224 180 148 | E0 B4 94 | 224 170 148 | E0 AA 94 | 224 168 148 | E0 A8 94 |
Numeric character reference | औ |
औ |
ঔ |
ঔ |
ஔ |
ஔ |
ఔ |
ఔ |
ଔ |
ଔ |
ಔ |
ಔ |
ഔ |
ഔ |
ઔ |
ઔ |
ਔ |
ਔ |
ISCII | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 | 177 | B1 |
Preview | 𑌔 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER AU | SIDDHAM LETTER AU | GRANTHA LETTER AU | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69650 | U+11012 | 71053 | U+1158D | 70420 | U+11314 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 146 | F0 91 80 92 | 240 145 150 141 | F0 91 96 8D | 240 145 140 148 | F0 91 8C 94 |
UTF-16 | 55300 56338 | D804 DC12 | 55301 56717 | D805 DD8D | 55300 57108 | D804 DF14 |
Numeric character reference | 𑀒 |
𑀒 |
𑖍 |
𑖍 |
𑌔 |
𑌔 |
Preview | 𑐍 | 𑰍 | 𑆐 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | NEWA LETTER AU | BHAIKSUKI LETTER AU | SHARADA LETTER AU | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70669 | U+1140D | 72717 | U+11C0D | 70032 | U+11190 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 144 141 | F0 91 90 8D | 240 145 176 141 | F0 91 B0 8D | 240 145 134 144 | F0 91 86 90 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56333 | D805 DC0D | 55303 56333 | D807 DC0D | 55300 56720 | D804 DD90 |
Numeric character reference | 𑐍 |
𑐍 |
𑰍 |
𑰍 |
𑆐 |
𑆐 |
Preview | ဪ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER AU | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 4138 | U+102A |
UTF-8 | 225 128 170 | E1 80 AA |
Numeric character reference | ဪ |
ဪ |
Preview | ឳ | ꪻ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU | TAI VIET VOWEL AUE | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6067 | U+17B3 | 43707 | U+AABB |
UTF-8 | 225 158 179 | E1 9E B3 | 234 170 187 | EA AA BB |
Numeric character reference | ឳ |
ឳ |
ꪻ |
ꪻ |
Preview | ඖ | ᥬ | ꢑ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER AUYANNA | TAI LE LETTER AUE | SAURASHTRA LETTER AU | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3478 | U+0D96 | 6508 | U+196C | 43153 | U+A891 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 150 | E0 B6 96 | 225 165 172 | E1 A5 AC | 234 162 145 | EA A2 91 |
Numeric character reference | ඖ |
ඖ |
ᥬ |
ᥬ |
ꢑ |
ꢑ |
Preview | 𑘍 | 𑦭 | 𑵫 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER AU | NANDINAGARI LETTER AU | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AU | KAITHI LETTER AU | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71181 | U+1160D | 72109 | U+119AD | 73067 | U+11D6B | 69772 | U+1108C |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 141 | F0 91 98 8D | 240 145 166 173 | F0 91 A6 AD | 240 145 181 171 | F0 91 B5 AB | 240 145 130 140 | F0 91 82 8C |
UTF-16 | 55301 56845 | D805 DE0D | 55302 56749 | D806 DDAD | 55303 56683 | D807 DD6B | 55300 56460 | D804 DC8C |
Numeric character reference | 𑘍 |
𑘍 |
𑦭 |
𑦭 |
𑵫 |
𑵫 |
𑂌 |
𑂌 |
Preview | 𑒎 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER AU | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 70798 | U+1148E |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 142 | F0 91 92 8E |
UTF-16 | 55301 56462 | D805 DC8E |
Numeric character reference | 𑒎 |
𑒎 |
Preview | 𑚉 | 𑠉 | 𑈇 | 𑊹 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER AU | DOGRA LETTER AU | KHOJKI LETTER AU | KHUDAWADI LETTER AU | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71305 | U+11689 | 71689 | U+11809 | 70151 | U+11207 | 70329 | U+112B9 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 137 | F0 91 9A 89 | 240 145 160 137 | F0 91 A0 89 | 240 145 136 135 | F0 91 88 87 | 240 145 138 185 | F0 91 8A B9 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56969 | D805 DE89 | 55302 56329 | D806 DC09 | 55300 56839 | D804 DE07 | 55300 57017 | D804 DEB9 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚉 |
𑚉 |
𑠉 |
𑠉 |
𑈇 |
𑈇 |
𑊹 |
𑊹 |
Preview | ᬒ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER OKARA TEDUNG | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 6930 | U+1B12 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 146 | E1 AC 92 |
Numeric character reference | ᬒ |
ᬒ |
Preview | 𑴋 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MASARAM GONDI LETTER AU | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 72971 | U+11D0B |
UTF-8 | 240 145 180 139 | F0 91 B4 8B |
UTF-16 | 55303 56587 | D807 DD0B |
Numeric character reference | 𑴋 |
𑴋 |
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]