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1939 New York World's Fair

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1939 New York City
Poster by Joseph Binder
Overview
BIE-classUniversal exposition
CategorySecond category General Exposition
NameNew York World's Fair
MottoThe World of Tomorrow
Area1,202 acres (486 hectares)
Organized byGrover Whalen
Participant(s)
Countries33
Location
CountryUnited States
CityNew York City
VenueFlushing Meadows–Corona Park
Coordinates40°44′39″N 73°50′40″W / 40.74417°N 73.84444°W / 40.74417; -73.84444
Timeline
OpeningApril 30, 1939 (1939-04-30)[1]
ClosureOctober 27, 1940 (1940-10-27)
Universal expositions
PreviousExposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris
NextExposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince in Port-au-Prince
Specialized Expositions
PreviousSecond International Aeronautic Exhibition (1938) in Helsinki
NextInternational Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing (1947) in Paris
Simultaneous
UniversalGolden Gate International Exposition
SpecializedExposition internationale de l'eau in Liège

The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair was a world's fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, behind the St. Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. Many countries around the world participated, and more than 44 million people attended over two seasons.[2] It was based on the future, with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day", and it allowed all visitors to take a look at "the world of tomorrow".

Plans for the 1939 World's Fair were first announced in September 1935, and construction of the fairground began in June 1936. The fair opened on April 30, 1939, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the first inauguration of George Washington. When World War II began four months into the 1939 World's Fair, many exhibits were affected, especially those on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. After the close of the fair in 1940, many exhibits were demolished or removed, though some buildings were retained for the 1964 New York World's Fair at the same site.

Development

[edit]

New York City had hosted the United States' first world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, in 1853–1854.[3] At the time, the site of the 1939 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, was a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.[4] Flushing Meadows became the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century.[5] New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadows in the 1920s.[6] Although the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows contained residential developments, the meadow itself remained undeveloped and isolated.[7] Meanwhile, the 1933 Century of Progress exposition in Chicago had boosted that city's economy, prompting businesspeople in New York City to consider a similar fair.[8][9]

Planning

[edit]

By early 1935, a group led by the municipal reformer George McAneny was considering an international exposition in New York City in 1939.[8][10] Though the date coincided with the 150th anniversary of George Washington's first inauguration,[10][11] Moses said the date was "an excuse and not the reason" for the fair.[11] That September, the group announced plans to spend $40 million to host an exhibition at the 1,003-acre (406 ha) Flushing Meadows site.[12] The New York City Board of Estimate approved the use of Flushing Meadows as a fairground on September 23,[13] and Moses directed municipal draftsmen to survey the site.[14] The Flushing Meadows site had been selected because of its large size and central location,[15] and the city already owned 586 acres (237 ha) nearby.[16] Mayor Fiorello La Guardia pledged financial support for the fair that October;[17] at the time, Moses estimated that it would cost $5–7 million to prepare the fairground and build transit to the fair.[18] The New York World's Fair Corporation (WFC) was formed to oversee the exposition on October 22, 1935,[19] and the Board of Estimate allocated $200,000 the next day for preliminary work.[20] The WFC elected McAneny as its president,[8][21] and two contractors were hired that December to conduct preliminary surveys.[22]

Before the end of 1935, several foreign exhibitors had expressed interest in the fair.[23] There were also plans for exhibition spaces such as a fine arts building[24] and a cosmetics show.[25] In addition, the Fine Arts Federation of the City of New York urged the WFC to implement a "unified arts scheme" for the fair,[26] and the WFC and the New York City Board of Transportation devised plans for public transit lines to the fair.[27] In January 1936, state lawmaker Herbert Brownell Jr. proposed a bill to allow the city government to formally lease the Flushing Meadows site to the WFC.[28] Moses warned that the fairground's completion could be delayed due to funding issues; by then, the fair was estimated to cost $45 million.[29][30] That February, McAneny announced that he would organize a committee to devise an architectural plan for the fairground.[31] The committee, an ad hoc group composed of various civic leaders, initially advocated for the construction of a single pavilion, rather than various structures spread across a fairground,[8] Brownell requested funding from New York governor Herbert Lehman the same month for "basic World's Fair improvements";[32] the city and state governments were each supposed to spend $5 million on site preparations.[33]

The project remained stalled during early 1936 because of disagreements over the fair's location and financing.[33][34] There were also competing proposals to relocate the fair to Marine Park in Brooklyn.[34][35] but the New York State Legislature ultimately voted in April to allow the city to lease out Flushing Meadows.[36] Grover Whalen replaced McAneny as the WFC's chairman[8][37] and would later be elected as the agency's full-time president as well.[38] At the end of the month, the city government announced plans to sell $7 million in bonds, while the state pledged $4.125 million for the project.[39] In addition, the WFC was to sell $20 million worth of bonds.[16] J. Franklin Bell was hired to draw up preliminary plans for the fair,[40] and the WFC appointed a committee of seven men[a] to devise a plan for the fairground.[42][41] The New York City Board of Estimate appropriated $308,020 to begin landscaping the site the same month,[43] and city officials acquired another 372 acres (151 ha) through eminent domain.[44] The WFC dedicated the fairground site on June 4, 1936,[45] shortly before the city finalized its lease of Flushing Meadows to the WFC in June 1936.[46]

Construction

[edit]

Work on the World's Fair site began on June 16, 1936,[47] and a groundbreaking ceremony for the fairground took place on June 29.[48] The WFC established seven departments and thirteen committees to coordinate the fair's development.[16] Initially, the fair was to employ 35,000 people.[49] To promote the fair, the WFC established advisory committees with members from every U.S. state.[50] Several baseball teams wore patches promoting the fair during the 1938 Major League Baseball season,[51] while the businessman Howard Hughes named an airplane after the fair and flew it around the world in 1938.[52][53] Helen Huntington Hull led a women's committee that helped promote and develop the fair.[54] New York license plates from 1938 were supposed to have slogans advertising the fair,[55] but a city judge deemed the slogans unconstitutional.[56] Local retailers also sold more than $40 million worth of merchandise with World's Fair motifs.[57]

The construction of the fairground primarily involved leveling the ash mounds; excavating Meadow and Willow lakes; and diverting much of the Flushing River into underground culverts.[58][59][60] The dirt from the lake sites was used as additional topsoil for the park.[61] The project was an around-the-clock job, with 450 workers operating on three eight-hour shifts.[62] The rebuilt landscape was to be retained after the fair.[63][64]

1936 and 1937

[edit]
Souvenir booklet

The WFC's board of design reviewed several proposed master plans for the site,[65] and the corporation had relocated the last occupants of the fairground site by August 1936.[66] The WFC launched a design competition for several fairground pavilions that September[67] and selected several winning designs two months later.[68] Before the final master plan was revealed, Whalen said the fair would likely be dedicated to the past, present, and future.[69] The WFC announced details of the fair's master plan that October, which called for a $125 million exposition themed to "the world of tomorrow".[70][71] The city, state, and federal governments would spend $35 million; the WFC was to spend $30 million; and the remaining funds would come from individual exhibitors.[72] There were to be ten themed zones, an amusement area, a central tower with paths radiating away from it, and extensive public-transit improvements.[71] Construction contracts for the fairground's first building were signed later the same month,[73] and the WFC also selected an official seal.[74] At that point, only a small number of fairground buildings had been approved.[49]

In November 1936, France became the first nation to announce its participation,[75] and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged other nations to join the fair.[76] The city government also began selling bonds for the fair that month;[77] by then, several nations and hundreds of businesses had expressed interest in the fair.[78] That December, the International Convention Bureau endorsed the 1939 World's Fair, allowing the bureau's 21 member countries to host exhibits there,[79] and Lehman also sent invitations to the governors of all the other U.S. states.[80] By the beginning of 1937, eleven hundred concessionaires had applied for a concession at the fair,[81] and nine buildings were under construction.[82] The WFC unveiled a model of the fairground at its Empire State Building headquarters that March.[83] Workers had finished grading and filling the World's Fair site by April,[84] and they began planting trees on the fairground.[85] That month, AT&T became the first company to lease a pavilion at the fair,[86][87] and work officially began on the first building, the administration structure.[88] In addition, the WFC began auctioning off the fairground's concession spaces,[89] and workers also began planting trees in early 1937.[90] Whalen predicted that the fair would attract 59 nations.[91]

There was controversy in 1937 when the Municipal Civil Service Commission accused the WFC of patronage, claiming that Whalen had hired hundreds of World's Fair employees from outside the city's civil service lists.[92] Whalen announced plans in June for a 280-acre (110 ha) amusement zone at the south end of the fairground,[93] and Moses proposed adding a trailer parking lot and a community interests zone.[94] Work on the first non-commercial pavilion, the Temple of Peace, began in July.[95] The fairground's first structure, the administration building, was completed by the next month.[96] At the time, 89 buildings were under construction,[97] and 86% of the fairground sites had been leased.[97][98] Utah became the first U.S. state to lease space in the fair's Hall of States that September,[99] while Missouri was the first state to lease space for a standalone building.[100] Whalen also traveled to Europe to invite European countries to the fair.[101] The WFC reported in October that 62 construction contracts had been finished and that another 63 were in progress.[102] Various fairground buildings were rapidly being developed, along with the Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's icons.[103][104] That December, the Ford Motor Company became the first automobile manufacturer to lease space at the fair;[105] by then, the WFC had received commitments from 60 nations.[106]

1938 and 1939

[edit]

The WFC awarded the first concession for the fair in January 1938;[107] by then, Whalen was making plans for the fair's opening ceremony.[108] Whalen wanted to have 100 buildings under construction by the end of April,[109] and the WFC planned to spend $10 million on upgrading the fairground's utilities.[110] Work on the Perisphere (the fair's theme building) began in early April,[111] as did work on the first foreign-government structure.[112] The same month, the last available space in the fair's Government Zone was leased to the nations of Ireland, Lithuania, Sweden, and Venezuela.[113] By then, 64 nations had leased space at the fair,[9][110] along with 35 U.S. states and territories.[9] Exactly one year before the fair's expected opening, the city hosted a parade with 1 million spectators on April 30, 1938;[114] the WFC celebrated the planned opening with a fireworks show the next week.[115] That May, the WFC began allowing visitors to inspect the fairground on weekends for a fee.[116] By then, many of the buildings were under construction.[117]

The WFC selected 30 concessionaires to operate the fair's amusement attractions in June 1938, following months of disputes over the concessions.[118] Work was delayed for three weeks in July during a labor strike.[119] and the delivery of materials for the fair was delayed that September during the New York City truckers' strike.[120] By late 1938, workers were painting murals on many buildings, and the subway stations serving the fairground were being completed as well.[121]

In January 1939, fifteen weeks before the fair was to open, Whalen announced that the fairground was more than 90 percent complete.[122] The fair had attracted 1,300 industrial exhibitors and 70 concessionaires at the time.[123] In addition, 62 nations and 35 U.S. states or territories had leased space at the fair;[123] their flags were flown atop a hill on the fairground.[124] In March 1939, a month and a half before the fair's official opening, Whalen announced plans to spend $1 million on shows and miniature villages in the Amusement Area.[125]

Operation

[edit]

The fairground ultimately cost $156,000,000 (equivalent to $3,417,000,000 in 2023). On opening day, the fairground had 200 buildings, and Whalen anticipated that 60 million people would visit.[126] Five major newsreel companies were hired to provide newsreel coverage,[127] and the Crosley Corporation and WNYC both had radio broadcasting studios at the fair as well.[128] Whalen agreed to hire only union laborers to install exhibits on the fairground; in exchange, several trade unions agreed to buy the WFC's bonds.[129] Free emergency services were provided on site by dozens of doctors and nurses,[130] and there were six first-aid stations, a mobile X-ray machine, and five ambulances.[131] In addition, the fair was patrolled by 775 security guards,[132] and the New York City Police Department established a temporary precinct that covered the fairground.[133] The WFC anticipated that the fair would receive as many as 800,000 to 900,000 daily visitors.[132]

1939 season

[edit]

In advance of the fair's opening, Manhattan borough president Stanley M. Isaacs wanted the WFC to give students free admission, but Moses opposed the proposal.[134] For the 1939 season, the WFC charged 75 cents per adult and 25 cents per child; the agency also sold season tickets, multi-visit tickets, and souvenir ticket books.[135] Whalen began selling discounted advance tickets in February 1939, hoping to raise $3 million,[136] and 1,000 retailers in the New York metropolitan area sold advance tickets.[137] The fair initially did not distribute free tickets to anyone, although journalists could visit the fairground free of charge.[138] Advance ticket sales were supposed to have ended on April 23, 1939, but the WFC had to print additional souvenir books due to high demand.[139]

Opening

[edit]
Ford pavilion
RCA Exhibit Building

On April 30, 1939, the fair had its grand opening.[140][141] The date was chosen because it was exactly 150 years after Washington's first inauguration.[142] Although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration.[143] Plans for the United States Navy Fleet to visit New York City for the opening of the fair following maneuvers in the Caribbean were canceled, however, due to aggressive moves being made by Japan in the South China Sea, and the fleet instead transferred to the Pacific via the Panama Canal in April.[144] Roosevelt's speech was not only broadcast over the various radio networks but also was televised along with other parts of the opening ceremony and other events at the fair.[145] The fair received 600,000 visitors on its first day, far short of the 1 million visitors that the WFC had predicted.[140] At the time, many major attractions in the Amusement Area were incomplete.[146][147]

Post-opening

[edit]

In May 1939, the WFC began allowing visitors under the age of 14 to pay a 10-cent admission fee one day a week, rather than the standard admission fee of 75 cents.[148] At La Guardia's behest,[149] the New York City Board of Education operated a guided-tour program in which school classes could visit the fair without paying admission.[150] Concessionaires in the Amusement Area also asked the WFC to consider offering reduced-price tickets after 9 p.m.[151] Additionally, the WFC opened more restaurants in mid-1939.[152]

Within a month of the fair's opening, several exhibitors had alleged that labor unions had charged exorbitant prices for labor at the fair.[129][153] At least one exhibitor, the government of Nevada, canceled their exhibit due to high labor-union costs.[154] To entice more children to visit, in June 1939, all of the fairground's amusement-ride operators agreed to lower the prices of each ride to 5 cents one day a week.[155] The WFC also trialed a $1 combination tickets that July, which included a snack and admission to multiple rides.[156] At the end of July, the WFC considered reducing admission prices in response to requests from exhibitors and concessionaires.[157] The WFC also began selling $3.75 "bargain books" with 10 food vouchers and 5 admission tickets apiece.[158]

The Carrier Corporation was the first industrial exhibitor to renew its lease for the 1940 season, having signed a lease in September 1939.[159] Due to the onset of World War II, Southern Rhodesia became the first exhibitor to completely shutter its pavilion in September 1939, while other exhibitors curtailed their operations.[160] The Romanian pavilion's restaurant also closed due to the war.[161] Toward the end of the 1939 season, the WFC agreed to halve the rents for U.S. state pavilions during the second season.[162] The fair's first season ended on October 31, 1939; the WFC had recorded 25.8 million visitors during the season.[163]

Off-season

[edit]
View of the fairground

After the 1939 season ended, most of the commercial exhibitors agreed to continue hosting exhibits for the 1940 season. However, many exhibitors indicated that they would enlarge or modify their exhibits.[164] For the 1940 season, the WFC raised admission prices to 50 cents, and the agency indicated that it would renovate the Amusement Areas.[165]

For the 1940 season, the international area included exhibits from 43 countries, plus the Pan-American Union and League of Nations.[166] In January 1940, Finland became the first country to agree to reopen its pavilion during the fair's second season,[167] while West Virginia was the first U.S. state to lease additional space.[168] Eleven nations, several of which had been invaded during World War II, did not return to the fair.[166] For example, Sweden closed its pavilion at the end of the 1939 season.[169] The Soviet pavilion was dismantled in December 1939[170] and was replaced by the American Common.[171] Other countries to announce their withdrawals included Albania, Argentina, Chile, Denmark, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia.[172] and Turkey.[173]

The Amusement Area was rebranded as the "Great White Way", a reference to Broadway theatre,[174][175] and the WFC closed off a little-used portion of the Amusement Area.[176] Several exhibits were also added, including four exhibits sponsored by different U.S. governmental departments.[175] Other pavilions had to be repaired due to deterioration during the winter.[177] Twenty thousand hotel rooms were added in New York City prior to the 1940 season, and free shows and low-cost eateries were also added.[178] At the end of April 1940, the fair's amusement director George P. Smith Jr. announced that all of the concessions and rides in the Amusement Area had been leased out.[176]

1940 season

[edit]

For the 1940 season, adult admission was reduced to 50 cents, while children paid 25 cents on regular days and 10 cents on "Children's Days".[178] The World's Fair reopened for its second season on May 11, 1940;[179] it recorded 191,000 visitors on that day.[180] To entice people to attend the fair, several local business groups and hotels sponsored a contest in which they randomly gave away 170 automobiles to visitors.[181] Venezuela and Cuba withdrew after the 1940 season had begun, although a Chinese pavilion was added during that time.[182] The Belgian pavilion was closed briefly during the 1940 season but reopened after the Belgian government-in-exile agreed to maintain the pavilion.[183] On July 4, 1940, two New York City Police Department officers were killed by a blast while investigating a time bomb left at the British pavilion;[184] the bombing has never been solved, but a British agent named William Stephenson is suspected of having left the bomb.[185]

The fair was experiencing financial troubles by August 1940, when the WFC's bondholders agreed to waive $14.5 million that the WFC owed.[186] By the beginning of October 1940, the WFC had come up with detailed plans for clearing 385 buildings on the site. The area around the Trylon and Perisphere was to be demolished first, and the Amusement Area would be destroyed last.[187] The fair closed permanently on October 27, 1940.[188] having received over 530,000 visitors on its final day.[189]

  • 1939 World's Fair ephemera
  • This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
    This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
  • Ticket backside
    Ticket backside
  • Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp
    Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp

Fairground

[edit]
Map showing exhibit locations and transportation access

The fairground was divided into seven geographic or thematic zones, five of which had "focal exhibits", as well as two focal exhibits housed in their own buildings.[190] The plan called for wide tree-lined pathways converging on the Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's primary theme center.[61][191] The Trylon and Perisphere were the only structures on the fairground that were painted completely white;[132] the zones around them were all color-coded.[117][192] The fairground had 34 miles (55 km) of pathways and 17 miles (27 km) of vehicular roads, in addition to dozens of miles of sewers, water mains, gas mains, and electrical ducts.[132]

Landscape features

[edit]

The site's landscape architect, Gilmore David Clarke, had designed the fairground with the expectation that it could be easily converted into a park after the fair.[191] The central portion of the old Flushing ash dumps became the main fairground, while the southern section of the dumps became the narrow Amusement Area, located on the shore of Meadow (Fountain) Lake.[191] The fairground used up to 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of topsoil from the New York City area, as well as salty, acidic soil dredged from the bottom of Flushing Meadows Park's lagoons.[90] The fairground included 250 acres (100 ha) of lawns and a wide range of topiary and deciduous trees.[193] Around 10,000 trees were transplanted to the fairground,[90][194] of which more than 97 percent survived the 1939 season.[195] There were no evergreen trees because it was not open during the winter, and the site also did not have rare plants.[196]

The fairground also contained up to 1.5 million plants and bulbs.[110] The site had 7,000 American camassias, 48,000 scillas, and 50,000 narcissi, while the fair's central mall alone contained 250,000 hedge plants. There were several formal gardens as well, with roses, yew, and other plants.[197] In addition, the Netherlands donated a million tulip bulbs to the fair,[198][199] though the tulips were destroyed and replaced with other plantings the month after the fair opened.[200] The Washington Post estimated that the WFC spent some $150,000 (equivalent to $3,286,000 in 2023) on plants at the fair.[199] There were also around 50 landscaped gardens.[201]

Despite the fair's futuristic theme, the fairground's layout—with streets radiating from the theme center—was heavily inspired by classical architecture.[191] Some streets in the fairground were named after notable Manhattan thoroughfares or American historical figures, while others were named based on their function.[202] A central mall was planned as part of the fairground, running between the Grand Central Parkway to the west and Lawrence Street in Flushing to the east.[203] At the eastern end of the mall was the Central Mall Lagoon, an 800-foot-long (240 m) elliptical lake with fountains.[132] In the southern half of the fairground, the Flushing River was dredged to create Meadow and Willow lakes.[204][132]

Pavilions and attractions

[edit]

The WFC subleased the land to exhibitors, charging different rates based on the sites' proximity to major paths.[87] Because the fairground was built atop swampy land that extended 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m) deep, many of the largest buildings had to be placed on steel-and-concrete decks, pilings, or caissons.[205] Thousands of Douglas fir timbers were driven into the ground to act as pilings for the fair structures.[206] In addition to the pavilions and amusement rides, the fairground had a marina, as well as hundreds of fountains, toilets, and benches.[117] The fairground was largely illuminated by 30 miles (48 km) of fluorescent lighting tubes, though some attractions used mercury lamps or pylons with fluorescent lamps.[207]

The fair had about 375 buildings, of which 100 were developed by the WFC.[208] For the most part, the pavilions did not have windows, and the exhibit spaces neither used indirect lighting nor were illuminated by sunlight.[209] Many of the buildings' steel frames were bolted together so they could be easily disassembled after the fair.[117] Most of the attractions were in the central exhibit area, covering 390 acres (160 ha).[110]

Zones

[edit]

The Trylon and Perisphere theme center was designed by Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz;[210] the Trylon was a 700-foot (210 m) tower, while the Perisphere was a sphere 200 feet (61 m) across.[211] Fairgoers walking to the north of the Theme Center on the Avenue of Patriots would encounter the Communications and Business Systems exhibits. The focal point of this area was the Communications Building, a large structure with a pair of 160-foot-high (49 m) pylons flanking it.[212][213]

The Community Interest Zone was located just east of the Communications & Business Systems Zone.[214] The region's exhibits showcased several trades or industries that were popular among the public at the time, such as home furnishings, plumbing, contemporary art, cosmetics, gardens, the gas industry, fashion, jewelry, and religion.[215]

The Government Zone was located at the east end of the fair, on the eastern bank of the Flushing River. It contained a centrally located Court of Peace, a Lagoon of Nations, and a smaller Court of States.[216] Nations could build their own pavilions or lease space in the Hall of Nations; some nations chose to do both.[217] Nazi Germany was the only major country that did not have any exhibits at the fair.[218][219][220] The fair also included pavilions for 25 U.S. states and Puerto Rico; most of these pavilions were located around the Court of States, which had a lagoon.[221][222] Many of the state pavilions replicated notable buildings or architectural styles in each state.[223] The zone also included the New York City Building, which was surrounded by the Transportation Zone's pavilions.[224]

Southwest of the Government Zone was the Food Zone, composed of 13 buildings.[225] Its focal exhibit was Food No. 3, a rhomboidal structure with four shafts representing wheat stalks.[226][227]

The Production and Distribution Zone was dedicated to showcasing industries that specialized in manufacturing and distribution.[228][229] The focal exhibit was the Consumers Building (also the Consumer Interests Building),[230] a L-shaped structure illustrated with murals by Francis Scott Bradford.[231] Numerous individual companies hosted exhibitions in this region. There were also pavilions dedicated to a generic industry, such as electrical products, industrial science, pharmaceuticals, metals, and men's apparel.[232]

The Transportation Zone was located west of the Theme Center, across the Grand Central Parkway.[233] The focal exhibit of the Transportation Zone was a Chrysler exhibit group.[234] The Transportation Zone also included large exhibits by companies such as Ford Motor Company and General Motors, in addition to buildings for the aviation, railroad, and maritime industries.[235]

The Amusement Area was located south of the World's Fair Boulevard, covering 230 acres (93 ha)[236][125] or 280 acres (110 ha) on the east shore of Fountain Lake.[110] Unlike traditional fairgrounds, the Amusement Area at the 1939 Fair had no midway; instead, the fairground was divided into more than a dozen themed zones.[104][237] The Amusement Area contained numerous bars, restaurants, miniature villages, musical programs, dance floors, rides, and arcade attractions.[238][125] In general, the site was shaped like a horseshoe. The western shore of Fountain Lake contained Florida's pavilion and a military camp attraction, while rides and concessions were mostly grouped around the eastern side of Fountain Lake.[125]

Standalone exhibits and structures

[edit]

There were two focal exhibits that were not located within any zone. The first was the Medical and Public Health Building on Constitution Mall and the Avenue of Patriots (immediately northeast of the Theme Center), which contained several halls dedicated to health.[239][240] The other was the Science and Education Building, just north of the Medical and Public Health Building.[241] The administration building was at the western end of the fairground,[96] and there was also a Manufacturers Trust bank branch.[242]

Transportation

[edit]
The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line
The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line was rebuilt for the fair.[243]

Whalen predicted in late 1936 that these lines needed to be able to handle as many as 800,000 visitors per day, though he predicted an average of 250,000 daily visitors. As such, several public transit lines were built or upgraded to serve the fair.[244] A special subway line, the Independent Subway System's (IND) World's Fair Line, was built to serve the fair.[245] The World's Fair Line, a spur of the IND Queens Boulevard Line,[246] was dismantled after the fair ended.[247] The Willets Point station on the Flushing Line was rebuilt to handle fair traffic on the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) and Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT) systems.[248][243] A special fleet of 50 World's Fair Lo-V subway cars were built,[249] and the existing Q-type Queens subway cars were rebuilt to provide additional service on the Flushing Line.[250] A Long Island Rail Road station (now Mets–Willets Point) was built next to the Flushing Line station.[248] In addition, Queens-Nassau Transit Lines bought 55 buses to provide service to the fair.[251]

There were also several modes of transit traveling around the fairground itself.[252][253] General Motors manufactured 100 buses specifically for the fair;[254] Exposition Greyhound Lines operated the buses, which connected with each of the fairground's entrances.[252][253] The original plan called for two bus routes, though this was expanded to seven routes soon after the fair opened.[255] There were also tractor trains that traveled along the fairground's paths, as well as tour buses that gave one-hour-long tours of the fair. In addition, visitors could rent one of 500 rolling chairs, each of which had space for one or two people.[252][253] Boats also traveled around Fountain Lake (now Meadow Lake), stopping at seven piers.[253] For a fee, visitors could ride a 40-passenger motorboat across Meadow Lake to the Florida pavilion.[256]

Several highway and road improvements were planned in advance of the World's Fair.[257] For example, Horace Harding Boulevard was completed in 1937 to connect the fair with Queens Boulevard,[258] and the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge and Whitestone Expressway were opened in early 1939, connecting with the Bronx.[259] The Grand Central Parkway was also extended to serve the fairground,[260] and Queens Boulevard was widened and paved.[261] The construction of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel was also expedited for the fair,[262] though the tunnel did not open until 1940.[263] Maps also touted the fairground's proximity to five airports and seaplane bases.[264][b] During the fair, the Civil Aeronautics Authority temporarily banned most planes from flying over the fairground, except for planes taking off or arriving at the nearby airports.[265]

Culture

[edit]

Themes and icons

[edit]

As announced in 1936, the fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow".[70][71] The colors blue and orange were chosen as the official colors of the fair, as they were the colors of New York City.[266] Each day at the fair was a special theme day, for which a special button was issued.[267] The fair's official seal depicted the Statue of Liberty with her torch. The seal was available in multiple color schemes, such as an orange-and-blue scheme and a white-and-silver scheme.[74] The fair's official flag was originally a triband with a blue bar flanked by orange bars; there was a white seal in the center of the blue bar.[268] Another theme of the fair was the emerging new middle class, leading a hoped-for recovery from the Great Depression. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation produced the film The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair, which depicted a fictional Midwestern family, the Middleton family, taking in the sights of the fair.[269]

Arts

[edit]

Music

[edit]

The WFC established a music advisory committee for the fair in 1937, which was led by the conductor Allen Wardwell.[270] The music advisory committee proposed a music festival with performances at the fairground itself, Carnegie Hall, and the Metropolitan Opera House.[271] New York Times music critic Olin Downes was appointed as the fair's director of music in early 1938.[272] Downes selected Hugh Ross to organize recitals and concerts at the Temple of Religion.[273] The WFC also hosted a competition to select the fair's theme song.[274] William Grant Still won the competition with his song "Rising Tide",[275] a three-minute tune that was played continuously during the fair.[276] "Dawn of a New Day", one of George Gershwin's final songs, was also recorded for the fair.[277]

The fair also had stage shows. For instance, Billy Rose staged his Aquacade musical show at the World's Fair,[278] and the fair had its own musical pageant called the American Jubilee.[279]

Visual art and sculpture

[edit]

From the outset, the fairground was planned to include murals, sculptures, and colorful decorations.[280] Initially, however, there were no plans to exhibit contemporary art at the fair.[281][282] After observers criticized the fair's lack of formal art galleries, Whalen agreed to include a community art center,[281] and the WFC also held art competitions for muralists and sculptors.[282] In addition, the WFC proposed a fine-arts exhibition for the fair, with work from as far back as the ancient Greek eras.[283] Whalen, who was determined that the fair should "not represent the work of any one person or school", employed 181 visual artists, designers, and architects.[284]

Many of the buildings' facades were decorated with murals, commissioned by both the WFC and individual exhibitors.[285][286] By late 1938, the WFC had commissioned 102 murals for the fair, which measured as large as 250 by 60 feet (76 by 18 m). The murals were executed in a variety of materials, such as metal strips, mosaic tiles, and paint. The WFC's board of design approved murals based on how well they harmonized with the surrounding buildings; for example, murals near the theme center were designed in muted colors, while murals on modern-style buildings were more colorful.[286] The New York Times called it "the largest program of exterior mural painting ever undertaken",[286] while the New York Herald Tribune said that "never before has mural decoration been attempted on so large or lively a scale".[286] Works Progress Administration artists painted murals for the fair as well.[287] Although artists could design murals even if they were not part of a labor union, the act of painting the actual murals was limited to union members.[288]

Thirty-six sculptors created more than 60 sculptures for the fair.[289] The largest statue at the fair was James Earle Fraser's 65-foot-tall (20 m) sculpture of George Washington,[289] which stood in the middle of the fair's Constitution Mall.[290] The Times credited Lee Lawrie—who oversaw the installation of the fair's artwork—with describing the sculptures as "an essential part of the fair".[289] Three of the sculptures were intended to be preserved after the fair: Robert Foster's Textile, Lawrence Tenney Stevens's The Tree of Life, and Waylande Gregory's Fountain of the Atom.[289] Textile depicted an abstract sheet-steel figure,[291] The Tree of Life was carved out of a 60-foot-tall (18 m) elm tree,[292] and Fountain of the Atom consisted of small ceramic figures.[293] Various temporary sculptures, many of which were made of plaster, were placed on buildings.[289]

Consumer products

[edit]

Whalen saw the fair as an opportunity for corporations to present consumer products, rather than as an exercise in presenting science and the scientific way of thinking in its own right.[294] Electronics were showcased at the fair. For example, the IBM exhibit displayed the Radiotype writing machine, and RCA displayed various types of machinery in a "television laboratory".[295] RCA and NBC agreed to host television demonstrations at the World's Fair,,[296] while Westinghouse's exhibit featured Elektro the Moto-Man, a robot that talked, differentiated colors, and smoked cigarettes.[297]

Nylon fabric, the View-Master, and Scentovision (an early version of Smell-O-Vision) were introduced at the Fair. Other exhibits included Vermeer's painting The Milkmaid from the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam,[298] a streamlined pencil sharpener, a diner (still in operation as the White Mana in Jersey City, New Jersey), a futuristic car-based city by General Motors, the first fully constructed computer game, and early televisions.[299] Bell Labs' Voder, a keyboard-operated speech synthesizer, was demonstrated at the fair.[300]

Food

[edit]

Cuisine from 24 participating countries was served at the fair.[301] These included caviar in the Romanian and Polish pavilions; borscht, blini, and pelmeni from the Soviet pavilion; soufflés from the French pavilion; smorgasbords from the Swedish pavilion; and kebabs and honey desserts from the Albanian pavilion.[301][302] A New York Times article from 1964 characterized bicarbonate of soda as the 1939 fair's most popular soda.[303] There were at least 40 restaurants with a combined 23,000 seats, in addition to 261 refreshment stands.[302] The city government also appointed 36 inspectors to enforce food safety at the fair.[304] During the fair's first season, there were complaints that the food was too expensive;[152] one New York Times report found that restaurants were charging as much as $2.50 (equivalent to $54.76 in 2023) for à la carte meals.[305]

The WFC also awarded quick-service food concessions to companies such as Childs Restaurants, Longchamps, and the Brass Rail.[305] The concessions included 80 hot-dog stands,[147] in addition to 59 soda stalls, 38 root beer stands, and 25 popcorn stands.[107]

Special events

[edit]

The fair coincided with the 1st World Science Fiction Convention,[306][307] which took place at the Caravan Hall in Manhattan on July 2–4, 1939.[308] Sporting events throughout the New York City area were also planned in conjunction with the World's Fair.[309]

On July 3, 1940, the fair hosted "Superman Day".[310][311] The event included an athletic contest with a "Super-Boy and Super-Girl of the Day", as well as a public appearance by an actor portraying Superman.[311] Broadway actor Ray Middleton, who served as a judge for the contest, is often credited with having appeared in the Superman costume on Superman Day, but this is disputed.[312]

Post-closure

[edit]
World's Fair exhibit Duchess of Hamilton, now preserved in York, England

The fair attracted over 45 million visitors[313] and ultimately recouped only 32% of its original cost.[314][315] The WFC had mandated that almost all structures be removed within four months of the fair's closure,[316] and the vast majority of structures were dismantled or moved shortly after the fair's final day.[317] Within a month of the fair's closure, many of the structures had been demolished, and workers were restoring the landscape.[318] The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) retroactively recognized the 1939 World's Fair as an official World Expo, even though the BIE's rules specified that official Expos could run only for one year.[319]

World War II

[edit]

World War II presented additional problems with what to do with the exhibits on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. Several countries in German-occupied Europe donated or lent their World's Fair exhibits to institutions across the United States.[320] In the case of the Polish Pavilion, most of the items were sold by the Polish Government in exile in London to the Polish Museum of America and shipped to Chicago. A notable exception was made for a monument of the Polish–Lithuanian King Jagiełło. which was reinstalled in Central Park.[321] A copy of the Magna Carta, displayed at the British Pavilion during the 1939 season, remained in Fort Knox during the war.[322]

When the fair closed, many among the European staff were unable to return to their home countries.[323][324] An estimated 400 workers were unable to return to their home countries because of the war, prompting U.S. representative John J. Delaney to introduce legislation in October 1940, allowing these workers to remain in the U.S.[325] The French pavilion gave rise to three French restaurants—La Caravelle, Le Pavillon, and La Côte Basque.[326]

Relocated attractions

[edit]

Many of the rides from the World's Fair were sold after its closure to Luna Park at Coney Island, which was allowed to call itself the New York World's Fair of 1941.[327] The Life Savers Parachute Jump was sold that same year and relocated to Steeplechase Park in Coney Island, where it was renamed the Parachute Jump.[328]

Belgium Pavilion

Another building saved from 1940 was the Belgian Building designed by Henry Van de Velde. It was awarded to Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, and shipped to Richmond in 1941. The school still uses the building for its home basketball games.[329]

After the Fair, the Temple was again disassembled, and placed in storage for many years. There were proposals to erect it at Oberlin College, Harvard University, Indiana University, and elsewhere, but they all failed for lack of funding. In 1984, the approximately 28,000 pieces were shipped to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, Sweden, with plans to rebuild it in a nearby park, but objections from the neighboring Chinese Embassy have stalled the project indefinitely.[330][331][332]

Park site

[edit]

After the fair ended, the fairground was converted into Flushing Meadows Park.[316][318] Seven structures were preserved as part of the park: the New York City Building, Aquacade amphitheater, B.F. Goodrich Pavilion, House of Jewels, Masterpieces of Art building, Japanese Pavilion, and Polish Pavilion's tower.[316][317] The Japan pavilion was dedicated in September 1940, before the fair had officially ended.[333] The fair's New York City Building was used as a temporary headquarters for the United Nations General Assembly[334] before again becoming a pavilion for the 1964 fair;[335] it has housed the Queens Museum since 1972.[336] The Carrier Corporation offered to donate its pavilion to city officials, who declined the offer.[337] The New York City Subway's Mets–Willets Point station, which continued to serve Flushing Meadows Park after the fair,[338] was also renovated for the 1964–65 fair.[339]

Impact

[edit]

Reception

[edit]

When the fair was being developed, The Washington Post wrote in 1936 that the fair would give New York City a permanent public park, while the "visitors will get an eyeful beyond their fondest imagination and the hotel-keepers will get a pocketful" of money.[7] The Post wrote in 1938 that the fair would become "the cynosure of millions upon millions",[9] while The New York Times said the event "will still be a great fair" even if half the buildings were never built.[117] Another newspaper wrote that the fair (along with the Golden Gate Exposition) would be "two stunning examples of science in action".[340]

In 1964, one New York Times writer said the 1939 fair had been envisioned in an era "that had in its calendar no World War II, no Hiroshima, no Korea, no fires in Africa and Asia".[303] Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book New York 1930 that "the fair was seen as little more than a transitory good-time place".[11]

Economic and regional influence

[edit]
Souvenir tie clip owned by the late jazz musician Harry Gozzard

To limit excessive real-estate development around the fairground, city officials requested in early 1936 that the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows be rezoned as residential areas.[341] The Board of Estimate voted in 1937 to enact zoning restrictions around the fair, which prevented the construction of high-rise buildings around the site and created a buffer zone around the fairground.[342] The same year, the city restricted businesses from operating within 1,000 feet (300 m) of the fairground.[343]

Grover Whalen predicted that the fair would attract 50 million visitors who would spend $1 billion in total.[344] The WFC predicted in 1936 that it would lost $3.9 million if the fair recorded 40 million visitors and that it would earn at least $1 million with 50 million or more visitors.[345] Numerous retailers on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan renovated their buildings in advance of the fair.[346] By May 1939, real-estate figures predicted that the fair would earn between $1 billion and $1.5 billion for the city's economy.[126] The New York City Council also proposed waiving sales taxes for exhibitors during the fair, though La Guardia vetoed the bill for being too vague.[347]

Media and archives

[edit]

An archive of documents and films from the 1939 New York World's Fair is maintained at the New York Public Library.[348] The National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., described the 1939 fair in its exhibition Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s, which ran from October 2010 to September 2011.[349]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The committee was composed of Stephen F. Voorhees, Gilmore D. Clarke, William Delano, Jay N. Downer, Robert D. Kohn, and Walter Dorwin Teague.[41]
  2. ^ Namely Floyd Bennett Field, Flushing Airport, Holmes Airport, North Beach Airport, and Port Washington Seaplane Airport.[264]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "1939 New York World's Fair". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  2. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. 58, Random House, New York, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  3. ^ "First World's Fair Opened at London; Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851 Was a Notable Financial Success". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  4. ^ "Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  5. ^ Steinberg 2015, p. 212.
  6. ^ Caro 1974, p. 1083.
  7. ^ a b Renaud, Ralph E. (December 13, 1936). "New York Lays Plans For 1939 World's Fair". The Washington Post. p. B7. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 150752879.
  8. ^ a b c d e Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 729.
  9. ^ a b c d Cramer, Robert S. (April 24, 1938). "Two American Gateways Set Elaborate Stages for 1939 Fairs". The Washington Post. p. B6. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 151083799.
  10. ^ a b "Huge World's Fair Planned for 1939 On Site at Flushing: McAneny Heads Group to Map 40-Million Celebration of First Inaugural of Washington 1,000-Acre Park Tract Is Proposed Roosevelt, Lehman and LaGuardia Approve It". New York Herald Tribune. September 23, 1935. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1329290149.
  11. ^ a b c Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 727.
  12. ^ "New York Plans 'Greatest' Fair in '39 and '40: Committee of Notables Formed; Site Picked". Chicago Tribune. September 23, 1935. p. 15. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 181674779; "Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024; "World's Fair on Flushing Bay Planned for 1939". Times Union. September 23, 1935. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  13. ^ "City Grants Use Of Flushing Site For World Fair: Estimate Board Speedily Backs Move to Bring 40 Million Project Here". New York Herald Tribune. September 24, 1935. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330222757; "City's Fair Assured of Widespread Aid; Business is Elated; Board of Estimate Votes Full Backing for 1939 Project – Financial Help Likely". The New York Times. September 24, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  14. ^ "Surveying is Begun at World Fair Site; Moses Details Staff to the 1,003-Acre Tract in Queens – May Start Swamp Job". The New York Times. September 25, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  15. ^ "Site in Flushing Definitely Picked for Exposition". Times Union. March 5, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Bernstein, Victor H. (July 5, 1936). "World's Fair Project in Construction Stage; Though Financing and Planning Have Still to Be Arranged, Workmen Are Preparing the Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  17. ^ "Mayor Fledges City's Cash Aid To World's Fair: Wants 1939 Exposition to Stress Re-establishment of Port's Foreign Trade". New York Herald Tribune. October 4, 1935. p. 44. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1223259322; "Mayor to Mobilize All City for Fair; Says He Will Call on Every Business, Art and Scientific Centre for Aid in 1939". The New York Times. October 4, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  18. ^ "$7,000,000 Set As Initial Cost Of World's Fair: That Sum Needed to Put Flushing Site in Shape, Moses Writes McAneny". New York Herald Tribune. October 2, 1935. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222258878; "Moses Asks an Early Decision On Site of the 1939 World Fair; If Flushing Area Is to Be Used, He Wants to Coordinate Park and Triborough Bridge Work – Estimates $5,000,000 Will Be Needed for Land and Improvements". The New York Times. October 2, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  19. ^ "World's Fair Sponsors File To Incorporate: Six Directors Designated, but Board Will Later Be Increased to Twenty-one 109 City Leaders Sign Financial Plans Are To Be Adopted at Early Meeting". New York Herald Tribune. October 23, 1935. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243474284; "1939 World's Fair Now a Legal Fact; Court Approves Incorporation Papers With Names of 109 Prominent New Yorkers". The New York Times. October 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  20. ^ "City Officially Approves Fair Site in Flushing: Aels to Acquire Additional Land to House Exhibits". New York Herald Tribune. October 24, 1935. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243760816; "City Votes $200,000 for Early Fair Work: Estimate Board Authorizes the Preparation of Maps of the Flushing Site". The New York Times. October 24, 1935. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101327772.
  21. ^ "World Fair Corporation Elects M'Aneny as Head: Woll's Nominee Is Chosen Unanimously by Directors". New York Herald Tribune. November 21, 1935. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222035615; "M'Aneny Elected World's Fair Head; Directors, at First Meeting, Also Make H. D. Gibson Finance Chairman". The New York Times. November 21, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  22. ^ "Contract Is Let For Survey of World Fair Site: Madigan & Hyland, Under Fire at Relief Inquiry, Gets $90,000 City Job Action Starts Board Clash Mayor, Lyons and Harvey in Warm Argument". New York Herald Tribune. December 7, 1935. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330116412; "Mayor in Flare-up Over World's Fair; Misunderstands a Remark and Threatens to Call It All Off – And Then Cools Down". The New York Times. December 7, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  23. ^ "Fair Stirs Wide Interest; Foreign Groups Make Inquiries for Exhibition Space". The New York Times. November 12, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  24. ^ "World Fair to Aid Arts; 'A Lasting Display of American Architecture' Is Planned". The New York Times. November 19, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  25. ^ "May Have Cosmetics Show At World's Fair". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 51, no. 106. November 27, 1935. p. 27. ProQuest 1654160299.
  26. ^ "Unified Art Scheme Urged in World's Fair; New York Societies Ask That Finest Talent Be Selected to Develop General Layout". The New York Times. December 1, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  27. ^ "Transit Plans Laid for the World's Fair; Bus, Surface Car, Subway, Train and Water Facilities Are to Be Provided". The New York Times. January 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  28. ^ "Brownell Offers a Bill For World Fair in City: Albany Measure Provides Leasing of Park Lamb in 1939". New York Herald Tribune. January 3, 1936. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330118482; "Bill for World's Fair Offered in Assembly; Measure Allows Leasing of Park Lands and Control of Tourist Camps Near Flushing". The New York Times. January 3, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  29. ^ "World's Fair Not His Affair Moses Asserts: Says Park. Department Is Responsible Only for the Basic Improvements Galls Plan Unimpressive McAneny Sees Flushing Exposition in '39 a Success They Sound a Discordant Note in W. P. A. Theater Project". New York Herald Tribune. January 25, 1936. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267757042.
  30. ^ "Moses Attacks Delay in Fund for Fair Land". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 25, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "Moses Again Warns of World Fair Delay; Wants to Know Whether He Shall Prepare Flushing Site for Exposition or a Park". The New York Times. January 25, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  31. ^ "McAneny Tells Women Of World's Fair Art Plans". New York Herald Tribune. February 9, 1936. p. 6A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221765583; "Architectural Unity is Stressed for Fair; McAneny Reveals Committee to Coordinate Beauty – Highways to Have Special Lights". The New York Times. February 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  32. ^ "Aid of Lehman In World's Fair Project Sought: Asked to Send Delegate to Conference on Plans for Financing '39 Exposition Backers Would Start Job Brownell Letter Cites Need of Funds for Improvements". New York Herald Tribune. February 20, 1936. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237405606; "Appeal to Lehman on Funds for Fair; Brownell, Ives and Moffat Join in Suggesting That He Call a Conference". The New York Times. February 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  33. ^ a b "'39 World's Fair Halted as Board Awaits Grants: No Money, No Action, Say Directors, in Effect, Deploring Official Delays". New York Herald Tribune. March 24, 1936. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222069230; "New York Fair Board Awaits Public Funds". The Christian Science Monitor. March 24, 1936. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 513970700; "Fair Plans Halted by Delay in Grants: Directors of Project Vote to Hold No More Sessions Till State and City Act". The New York Times. March 24, 1936. p. 25. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101915501. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  34. ^ a b "Political Buck Passing, Lack of Authority Delay N. Y. World Fair". The Billboard. Vol. 48, no. 14. April 4, 1936. pp. 3, 63. ProQuest 1032089018.
  35. ^ "Marine Park is Urged as Ideal Location for Proposed World's Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 29, 1936. pp. 49, 50. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "World Fair Site in Boro is Urged in Albany Debate". Times Union. March 25, 1936. p. 11. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  36. ^ Harrington, John W. (April 5, 1936). "World Fair Plans Pushed at Albany; Legislature Authorizes Lease of Flushing Meadows Park and Weighs State Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  37. ^ "Whalen Appointed Chairman of N.Y. World Fair Group". The Christian Science Monitor. April 23, 1936. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514123340; "Whalen at Helm of World's Fair; Elected Chairman of Board – Number of Directors Is Increased From 21 to 35". The New York Times. April 23, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  38. ^ "Whalen Named To Presidency Of World's Fair: Quits as Schenley Chairman to Give Full Time to Preparing 1939 Exposition". New York Herald Tribune. October 9, 1937. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243577880; "Whalen Elected World's Fair Head; Becomes President on Full Time Basis-Resigns AH Outside Executive Posts". The New York Times. October 9, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  39. ^ "City Asks Right to Sell World's Fair Bonds". The Wall Street Journal. April 28, 1936. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 128892929; "$7,000,000 Is Voted by City for Fair; Action Is Based on Assumption State Will Give $4,125,000 Toward Project". The New York Times. April 28, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024; "$7,000,000 Voted by City for Fair". Times Union. April 28, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  40. ^ "'39 World Fair Begins to Take Shape on Paper: Col. J. F. Bell Draws Up Preliminary Suggestions on Buildings and Layout". New York Herald Tribune. May 3, 1936. p. J1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1352660273.
  41. ^ a b "7 Are Chosen As Designers Of World Fair: Voorhees, Clarke, Delano, Downer, Teagne, Shreve and Kohn Become Board". New York Herald Tribune. May 22, 1936. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237468680; "Board of Design is Named for Fair; S.F. Voorhees Chosen Chairman of Group of 7 Experts to Map and Direct Construction". The New York Times. May 22, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  42. ^ Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 729–730.
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  60. ^ "Task of Filling World's Fair Site Will Be Pushed Night and Day; Moving of 7,000,000 Cubic Yards of Ashes and Soil Will Be in Full Swing Next Week – Two Lakes to Be Dug as Part of Work to Last till Next March". The New York Times. July 8, 1936. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  61. ^ a b "Vast Queens Park Rising on Fair Site". The New York Times. December 6, 1936. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  62. ^ "'Cut and Fill' Grading of World's Fair Site Reported More Than One-Third Complete". The New York Times. October 11, 1936. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  63. ^ Bernstein, Victor H. (August 16, 1936). "Dump and Swamp Areas Reclaimed for Fair; Steam Shovels and Trucks Work Day and Night in Giant Effort to Prepare a 1,130-Acre Site for the 1939 Exposition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  64. ^ Patterson 1939, p. 20.
  65. ^ "Fair Designers Roam Cosmos For Ideas on 1939 Ground Plan". New York Herald Tribune. July 16, 1936. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237424340.
  66. ^ "Lehman Makes Appointments For World Fair: Names 6 Commissioners to Fill Group of 16 on State's Participation". New York Herald Tribune. August 4, 1936. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237414061; "Evicters' Big Day Ends in Waterloo; Sheriff's Men Oust Tavern, Gas Station and Houseboat From World's Fair Site". The New York Times. August 4, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  67. ^ "Contest Starts For World Fair Building Design: $4,250 in Prizes Is Offered in Attempt to Bring to Light Unknown Talent". New York Herald Tribune. September 10, 1936. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222092642; "Fair Opens Contest; Architects Are Invited to Offer Designs for $1,000 Prize". The New York Times. September 11, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  68. ^ "World's Fair Building Contest Awards Made: G. L. Paine, Jr., Gets First Prize For Design Typifying 1939 Fair". Women's Wear. Vol. 53, no. 94. November 11, 1936. p. 6. ProQuest 1653943149; "World Fair Awards Made for Designs; G.L. Paine Jr. Gets $1,000 – First Prize Withheld Because of Collaboration". The New York Times. November 11, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  69. ^ "Whalen Visions 50,000,000 at World's Greatest Fair". Times Union. September 17, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "Whalen Promises New Kind of Fair; Plan and Theme Nearly Ready, He Announces at Luncheon of Advertising Club". The New York Times. September 18, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  70. ^ a b "World's Fair to Cost About $125,000,000". The Wall Street Journal. October 9, 1936. p. 4. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 128793649.
  71. ^ a b c "World's Fair Theme To Be The World of Tomorrow: Plans for $125,000,000 1,200-Acre Blueprint of Future of Mankind Are Approved by Directors". New York Herald Tribune. October 9, 1936. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240271438; "Fair of 1939 Will Depict The 'World of Tomorrow'". The New York Times. October 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024; Weer, William (October 9, 1936). "Model of Exposition Shown to Directors". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 12. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  72. ^ "Investment Total to Be $125,000,000; Federal, State and City Aid $35,000,000 for Buildings and Other Improvements". The New York Times. October 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  73. ^ "Contract Signing Marks Start Of 1939 World's Fair: Preview of the New York World's Fair of 1939". The Christian Science Monitor. October 22, 1936. p. 7. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514199372; "First Contract Let for Fair Building; Whalen Signs for Erection of Administration Structure to Cost $900,000". The New York Times. October 22, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  74. ^ a b "Goddess of Liberty Design Is Chosen for '39 Fair Seal: Like Statue, Holding Torch; Engineers Insist Site's Foundations Are Safe". New York Herald Tribune. October 31, 1936. p. 38. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240474110; "World Fair Adopts Seal of Liberty". Times Union. October 30, 1936. p. 18. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  75. ^ "Philip Benson Named to Board of World's Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 6, 1936. p. 21. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "France to Exhibit at 1939 World Fair: Her Announcement Through an Official at Dinner Here is First by Any Nation". The New York Times. November 6, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  76. ^ "Roosevelt Invites Nations to '39 Fair". Times Union. November 16, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "Nations of World Are Bidden to Fair; President Issues Proclamation Inviting All Countries to Join 1939 Event Here". The New York Times. November 17, 1936. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  77. ^ "Sale Of World's Fair Bonds In N.Y. Under Way: 2,000, Comprising "Who's Who" Of New York's Retail, Financial, Industrial Worlds, Attend Formal Launching". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 53, no. 103. November 24, 1936. pp. 2, 31. ProQuest 1653967501; "New Yorkers Urged to Buy $27,829,500 World Fair Bonds". The Christian Science Monitor. November 24, 1936. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514206321; "City Drive Opened for Bonds of Fair; Leaders Declare Investment Sound Financially and in Community Spirit". The New York Times. November 24, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  78. ^ "Whalen Predicts Flushing to Gain by World's Fair". Times Union. November 19, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  79. ^ "N.Y. World Fair Named as Official Exposition in 1939: Invitations Go Abroad Building Requirements Nations Signify Plans". The Christian Science Monitor. December 5, 1936. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514250483; "World's Fair Wins International Aid; Gets a Clear Field for 1939 From Bureau of 21 Nations, Whalen Announces". The New York Times. December 4, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  80. ^ "Lehman Invites States to Join in World's Fair". The Brooklyn Citizen. December 1, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "All States Invited to Join 1939 Fair; Lehman Urges Exhibit by Each in Letters to Governors, Asking Their Participation". The New York Times. December 1, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  81. ^ "Heavy Demand for World's Fair Space". The Billboard. Vol. 49, no. 3. January 16, 1937. p. 3. ProQuest 1032130797.
  82. ^ "Designs Asked for Four World's Fair Buildings: Architectural Contracts Now Total $4.350.000". New York Herald Tribune. February 2, 1937. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222255704; "4 Fair Contracts Made for Designs; Whalen Signs With Firms of Architects to Draw Plans for $1,475,000 Buildings". The New York Times. February 2, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  83. ^ "Uniforms May Come And Go—But The World's Fair Already Has Model Selected". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 54, no. 58. March 25, 1937. p. 24. ProQuest 1653733297; "World's Fair Opens in Miniature Form; Complete Model of Grounds and Building Exhibited at Empire State Corner". The New York Times. March 30, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  84. ^ "New York World Fair Site Filling and Grading Done". The Christian Science Monitor. April 15, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514311583.
  85. ^ "3 Sycamores First Trees Set For World Fair: 30-Foot Specimens From Bird in Hand, Pa., Here in Special Motor Trucks Group of 30 Purchased 10,000 To Be Planted Before Exposition Opens". New York Herald Tribune. April 3, 1937. p. 32. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1337028922; "3 Rare Sycamores Set at Site of Fair; 40-Year-Old Trees Brought From Pennsylvania Are First of 10,000 to Be Planted". The New York Times. April 3, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  86. ^ "A. T. & T. Signs 1st Contract for Fair Exhibit Site: Gifford Gives Whalen Check for $48,790 for Parcel Fronting on Theme Plaza". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1937. p. 17A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240320660.
  87. ^ a b "World Fair Space Leased by A. T. & T.; Gifford Turns Over $48,790 Check on First Contract for an Exhibit Site". The New York Times. April 27, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  88. ^ "Notables See First Stone Laid for '39 Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 28, 1937. p. 8. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "Cornerstone Laid for First Fair Unit; 1,000 Ignore Rainy Weather to Attend Ceremony Starting Administration Building". The New York Times. April 28, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  89. ^ "New York Fair Plans Auction For Concessions". The Christian Science Monitor. April 13, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514310117; "World Fair to Let Vast Concessions; $50,000,000 Enterprises to Be Awarded to High Bidders 5,000 Seek Space". The New York Times. April 13, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  90. ^ a b c Patterson 1939, p. 87.
  91. ^ "Ships to Serve as Fair Hotels". Times Union. May 19, 1937. p. 22. Retrieved July 26, 2024; "59 Nations Likely to Aid World Fair; Whalen, Home From Abroad, Predicts an Unprecedented Foreign Participation". The New York Times. May 19, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  92. ^ "Patronage Charge Made Against Fair". The Christian Science Monitor. June 11, 1937. p. 14. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514347636; "Civil Service Ban on Fair Proposed; Commission to Close Lists to Corporation Until It Gives Names of Appointees". The New York Times. June 11, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  93. ^ "Fair Will Offer Carnival Zone Of 280 Acres: Amusement Facilities for 250,000 at One Time Planned at Queens Site". New York Herald Tribune. June 4, 1937. p. 44. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1322398659; "Fair Amusements to Cover 280 Acres: Vast Loop Will Enclose Lake and Midway Atmosphere of Past Will Be Barred". The New York Times. June 4, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  94. ^ "Parking Meld For Trailers At Fair Urged: Moses Sure No Commercial Tourist Camp Could Be Operated at a Profit". New York Herald Tribune. June 14, 1937. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248714615; "Auto Trailer Zone at Fair is Planned; Moses Urges City to Acquire 43-Acre Tract and Start Work at Once". The New York Times. June 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  95. ^ "Site is Dedicated for Peace Temple; Ground Broken at the World Fair for First Building for Cultural Purpose". The New York Times. July 23, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  96. ^ a b "Office Building Opens For World's Fair Today: 600 of Administration Staff Start Work There Monday World's Fair Administration Building Ready for Occupancy on Monday". New York Herald Tribune. August 13, 1937. p. 36. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247045732; "Structure at Fair Dedicated Today; Administration Building, First to Be Completed, to Be Scene of Noon Ceremony". The New York Times. August 13, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  97. ^ a b "Theme Center's Site Dedicated for World Fair". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 17, 1937. p. 26. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  98. ^ "'Theme Center' Site Dedicated For World Fair". New York Herald Tribune. August 17, 1937. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1323023566; "World Fair Space is 86% 'Spoken for'; Whalen Reveals Wide Backing at Dedication of the Plaza for Theme Center". The New York Times. August 17, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  99. ^ "Utah First to Take Space In Fair's Hall of States: Italians Among Visitors to Flushing Meadows Site". New York Herald Tribune. September 26, 1937. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1318551425; "Utah First State to Take Fair Space; Signs Contract With Whalen--$37,500 Already Voted for Its Exhibition". The New York Times. September 26, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  100. ^ "Missouri Signs N.Y. Fair Contract". The Christian Science Monitor. September 16, 1937. p. 5. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514452994; "Whalen Returns, Hopeful of Peace; Reports Results of His Trip to Europe in Interests of World's Fair Here". The New York Times. September 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  101. ^ "Earle Believes Europeans Do Not Want War". New York Herald Tribune. September 14, 1937. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222260948; "Whalen Returns, Hopeful of Peace; Reports Results of His Trip to Europe in Interests of World's Fair Here". The New York Times. September 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  102. ^ "World's Fair Work Listed As Month Ahead of Time: Whalen Reports Commitments Total $10,500,000". New York Herald Tribune. October 18, 1937. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254411243; "$10,500,000 Spent on the World Fair: Whalen Says Contracts Still to Be Let This Year Will Add $8,000,000". The New York Times. October 18, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  103. ^ "Fair Building Nucleus Rapidly Takes Shape". Daily News. November 7, 1937. p. 130. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  104. ^ a b "Acres, Acres of Men at Work". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 6, 1937. p. 13. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  105. ^ "Ford Reserves Plot for Exhibit at Fair; Auto Company Contracts for 298,718 Square Feet, the Most for One Concern". The New York Times. December 8, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  106. ^ "N.Y. Fair Space Taken By 60 Nations Already". The Christian Science Monitor. December 21, 1937. p. 6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514506362; "60 Nations Accept World's Fair Bids; League Is Included in Those Signing Contracts or Asking for Space Reservations". The New York Times. December 20, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  107. ^ a b "Nickel Drinks Will Be a Nickel At World's Fair: Coca-Cola Contracts for 59 Stands and Will Serve Other Soft Beverages". New York Herald Tribune. January 17, 1938. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1337043993; "World's Fair Lets First Concession; Coca-Cola Company Rents 59 Carbonated Beverage Stands and Big Exhibit Space". The New York Times. January 17, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  108. ^ "World's Fair To Mass Troops Of All Nations: Whalen Says 50,000 Will Parade; Exposition Will Have Preview in' 3 Months". New York Herald Tribune. February 3, 1938. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242864859; "World Fair Opening to Rival Coronation; Whalen Outlines Plans to Make Ceremony Here Example of Pomp and Grandeur". The New York Times. February 5, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  109. ^ "10,000 to Get Work Soon at World's Fair: 100 Buildings To Be Under Construction by End of April in Speed-Up Plan". New York Herald Tribune. February 15, 1938. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1250603314.
  110. ^ a b c d e "New York's Great Fair Rising In Setting of Lavish Artistry: Preview of New York World's Fair". The Christian Science Monitor. April 15, 1938. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514781950.
  111. ^ "1st Rivet Driven In Perisphere At World's Fair: Whalen, Stettinius, Aided by Catcher and Backer-Upper, Work Machinery to Start Theme Structure". New York Herald Tribune. April 9, 1938. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242883982; "Fair Starts Work on Theme Center; Construction of Perisphere Begun as E. R. Stettinius Rivets First Bolt". The New York Times. April 9, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  112. ^ "1 st Cornerstone Of Foreign Unit At Fair Is Laid: Farouk's Uncle Officiates at Egyptian Pavilion Ceremonies; Work Starts Today on Perisphere and Trylon". New York Herald Tribune. April 8, 1938. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242970268.
  113. ^ "64 Nations to Exhibit: Several Designs Approved A Carillon Tower". The Christian Science Monitor. April 15, 1938. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 514813608; "Four More Nations Join Worlds Fair; Eire, Venezuela, Lithuania and Sweden Sign Contracts for Exhibition Space". The New York Times. April 15, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  114. ^ "Million Watch Motorcade in Preview for World's Fair". New York Herald Tribune. May 1, 1938. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242903554; "1,000,000 Watch Preview Parade; Line Route as the Motorcade Winds From Battery Place to World Fair Site". The New York Times. May 1, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  115. ^ "300,000 View Fair Fireworks, Week Late, Without Traffic Jam". New York Herald Tribune. May 9, 1938. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244635602; "Fireworks Dazzle 600,000 at Fair Site; Throng Quarter-Mile Deep Is Described as One of Largest Ever to Assemble Here". The New York Times. May 9, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  116. ^ "Fair Grounds Now Open Only On Week Ends: Admission To Be Charged to Pay Cost of Handling Visitors on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays". New York Herald Tribune. May 14, 1938. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244193559; "Westchester Soil is Stripped by Fair; Village Officials Protest at Making Potential 'Dust Bowl' of Wide Tracts". The New York Times. May 14, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  117. ^ a b c d e Robbins, L. H. (May 1, 1938). "It Begins to Look Like a Great Fair!". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  118. ^ "World's Fair Body's Contract Okehs Presage Fun Zone Start". The Billboard. Vol. 50, no. 25. June 18, 1938. p. 3. ProQuest 1032159863.
  119. ^ "Strike at World's Fair Settled; Men Will Return to Jobs Today". New York Herald Tribune. July 19, 1938. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244413859; "Strike Settled at World's Fair; 6,000 Men in Electrical and Construction Unions to Return to Jobs Today". The New York Times. July 19, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  120. ^ "Truckmen Return Under Truce Today; Strikers Give Four Days to Settle Row, But Threaten General Tie-Up". The New York Times. September 22, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  121. ^ "World's Fair Building Progress From Blueprints to All Colors". New York Herald Tribune. September 11, 1938. p. A3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243091894.
  122. ^ "Whalen Says World's Fair Is 90% Ready: To Open 15 Weeks From Today; Exhibit Area Is Just About Complete". New York Herald Tribune. January 15, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243107723; "N. Y. World's Fair is 90% Completed: All Space in Main Exhibit Area is Allocated, Grover Whalen Reports Costs of Construction Cut 20% Under Original Estimates, He Says". The Sun. January 15, 1939. p. 6. ISSN 1943-9504. ProQuest 543092013.
  123. ^ a b Whalen, Grover A. (January 1939). "The New York World's Fair of 1939: Fair Progress in a Nutshell". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 138, no. 1. p. 27. ProQuest 124369078.
  124. ^ "62 Foreign Flags Flown At Site of World's Fair". The New York Times. January 1, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  125. ^ a b c d Compere, Thomas (March 12, 1939). "Fair Will Pep Up Its Amusements With $1,000,000: Adopts More Liberal Policy Plans Foreign Villages". New York Herald Tribune. p. 2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1257476186.
  126. ^ a b "$156,000,000 Show: Eleven Gates Ready to Swing at the N. Y. World's Fair: Spectacle". Newsweek. Vol. 13, no. 18. May 1, 1939. pp. 46, 49. ProQuest 1796267678.
  127. ^ "Pictures: Newsreels to Bally N.Y.'s '39 World Fair". Variety. Vol. 127, no. 4. July 7, 1937. p. 4. ProQuest 1505646066.
  128. ^ Robertson, Bruce (May 1, 1939). "Television Motif Marks New York Fair". Broadcasting, Broadcast Advertising. Vol. 16, no. 9. pp. 20–21. ProQuest 1014928343.
  129. ^ a b "Unfair at Fair?: New York Unions Are Accused of Shaking Down Exhibitors". Newsweek. Vol. 13, no. 25. June 19, 1939. pp. 21–22. ProQuest 1796831853.
  130. ^ "Fair to Provide Free First Aid Medical Care: Intoxicated visitors to Get Hangover-less Remedy 6 Stations Will Be Ready for Emergency Cases". New York Herald Tribune. October 20, 1938. p. 42. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1256797402; "Long Island Plans 10c Ride to Fair; Facilities to Be Taxed". The New York Times. October 20, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  131. ^ "6 First-aid Units on Guard at Fair; Free Treatment Is Ready for Victims of Accidents--Five Ambulances on Duty". The New York Times. April 30, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  132. ^ a b c d e f Conklin, William R. (July 10, 1938). "New Sights at Fair; Visitors Now See, in Rising Structures, the Suggestions of Beauty That Is to Be Color Effects Police Are Guides Exhibition Buildings The Theme Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  133. ^ "Valentine Sets Up New Police Precinct for Fair Area: Detail Reports Saturday for Duty in Corona Quarters in Schoolhouse; Exposition's Own Force to Onerate on Grounds". New York Herald Tribune. April 13, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1263346746; "Police-precinct Set Up for Fair; To Be Known as 110-A, It Will Occupy Former Corona School --Opening Set for Saturday". The New York Times. April 13, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  134. ^ "Free Tickets to Fair for Pupils Opposed; Proposal by Isaacs Draws Fire of Moses and Lyons". The New York Times. June 17, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  135. ^ "75 Cents Admission to the Fair For Adults; Children 25 Cents". New York Herald Tribune. February 16, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247094172; "Admission to Fair Fixed at 75 Cents; Cost to Children Will Be 25 Cents, With One Day a Week Set Aside at a Dime". The New York Times. February 16, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  136. ^ "Advance Ticket Goal of Fair Set At $3,000,000: Reporting Wide Interest, Whalen Plans to Extend Sale Outside of New York". New York Herald Tribune. February 17, 1939. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244701126; "$3,000,000 'Advance' is Expected by Fair; Whalen Sets That as Goal for Special Type Tickets at Bargain Rates". The New York Times. February 17, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  137. ^ "1,000 Stores Offer Tickets for Fair; Advance Sale Extended to Retail Outlets Throughout Metropolitan Area". The New York Times. March 4, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  138. ^ "New York World's Fair Bans Free Tickets". The Christian Science Monitor. February 25, 1939. p. 4. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 515014104.
  139. ^ "Advance Sale of Fair Tickets Ends Today Except $15 Ones". New York Herald Tribune. April 22, 1939. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1255482888; "Advance Sale Extended On World Fair Tickets". The New York Times. April 23, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  140. ^ a b "Address Opens World's Fair: 600,000 Attendance Is Disappointing Exposition Theme Hailed in Talk". Daily Boston Globe. May 1, 1939. p. 1. ProQuest 817042199.
  141. ^ "La Guardia Sees Success Assured; the Arrival of the President and Other Notables for the Opening of the New York World's Fair". The New York Times. May 1, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  142. ^ "Washington Gave Slogan for Fair; Inaugural Speech in 1789 Spoke of 'Pursuit of Public Good,' Chosen as Theme". The New York Times. October 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  143. ^ "New York World's Fair 1939". LOC's Public Domain Archive. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  144. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot, "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II – Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1948, 1988, page 38.
  145. ^ Barnouw, E. (1990). Tube of plenty: The evolution of American television (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
  146. ^ "Play Area's Gala Opening Put Off For Two Weeks: Whalen Decides on Second Try After Tour Reveals It Still Far From Complete". New York Herald Tribune. May 1, 1939. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247103281.
  147. ^ a b Schoenfeld, Joe (April 26, 1939). "Outdoors: Analysis of the Midway Slows That Phase of N. Y. Fair Furthest Behind". Variety. Vol. 134, no. 7. p. 47. ProQuest 1505713328.
  148. ^ Porter, Russell B. (May 4, 1939). "Poland's Pavilion at the Fair Dedicated by Count Potocki". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  149. ^ "Fair to Admit School Pupils Of City Free". New York Herald Tribune. April 25, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1255498158.
  150. ^ Porter, Russell B. (June 29, 1939). "Jersey Dedicates Fair Exhibit Recalling Revolution Role". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  151. ^ "Show Men to Press Fight for Price Cut; Ask 50-Cent Fee for Admission After 9 P.M.--Meet Today". The New York Times. May 9, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  152. ^ a b Porter, Russell B. (May 18, 1939). "Russian Envoy Open Nation's Pavilion at Fair as a 'Good Neighbor' of U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  153. ^ "Fair Is Seeking To Cut Costs to Mollify Nevada: New Construction Bids Will Be Asked; Connecticut Joins Protest on Strikes". New York Herald Tribune. May 24, 1939. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1263426317.
  154. ^ "Nevada Drops Out of Fair Over Union Trouble: Official Says Electricians Demanded Rewiring Here of Work Done in West". New York Herald Tribune. June 9, 1939. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247101731; "Nevada Cancels Exhibit; High Cost Is the Reason". The New York Times. June 6, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  155. ^ "World's Fair Announces '5 and 10 Cent Days' for Children, Beginning Tomorrow". New York Herald Tribune. June 20, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247836545.
  156. ^ "Fair Offers $1 Bargain Ticket, Worth $2.25". New York Herald Tribune. July 18, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1252147099; Adams, Frank S. (July 18, 1939). "$1 Bargain Ticket is Offered by Fair; Has $2.25 Week-End Value in Gate Fee, Food, Concessions --Plan on Trial This Week". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  157. ^ "World's Fair to Decide Monday on Cutting Admission Price to 50 Cents: Slash Favored By Concessions And Exhibitors Attendance, Despite Bargain Tickets, Is Disappointing; Maryland Has Its Day". New York Herald Tribune. July 29, 1939. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324019681; Porter, Russell B. (July 29, 1939). "Action Expected Monday on Cut in Fair's Rates". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  158. ^ "Whalen Reports Satisfaction at Result of Plan". New York Herald Tribune. July 25, 1939. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1321995346; Adams, Frank S. (July 25, 1939). "Utah at Fair Hails Mormon Pioneers; Observing Utah's Day at the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  159. ^ "World's Fair Crowds Reflect War Influence by Flocking to Foreign Ceremonies: First Exhibitor Renews Space For Next Year". New York Herald Tribune. September 11, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324138965; Shalett, Sidney M. (September 11, 1939). "1940 Fair Receives Its First Renewal From Trade Area; Delighted by Increased Sales, Carrier Corporation Plans to Expand Its Display". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  160. ^ "Rhodesia Shuts Fair Exhibit as Result of War: France Curtails Operation of Her Pavilion 3 Hours Daily in Economy Move". New York Herald Tribune. September 12, 1939. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325006175; Shalett, Sidney M. (September 12, 1939). "Southern Rhodesia Quits World's Fair; Pavilion Is Closed on Orders From Government as the First 'War Casualty'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  161. ^ "Rumania's Call To Arms Closes Fair Restaurant: Romania House Suspends as 34 of Staff Go Back; Pavilion Remains Open". New York Herald Tribune. August 31, 1939. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247122951; Bracker, Milton (August 31, 1939). "War Crisis Closes Fair Restaurant; 38 Employes Are Recalled by Rumania in Fear They Would Be Stranded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  162. ^ "World's Fair Cuts Rentals for State Exhibits by Half for 1940". New York Herald Tribune. October 10, 1939. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254042233; Shalett, Sidney M. (October 10, 1939). "Fair Rent Cut 50% for States in 1940; Exhibitors' Association Wins Demand—Move Is Held a Sign of Other Slashes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  163. ^ "Fair Closes, 79,482 in Rain Say Au Revoir: Last Hardy Sightseers and Bargain Hunters TurnOut at Quiet Finale". New York Herald Tribune. November 1, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267842853; Shalett, Sidney M. (November 1, 1939). "1939 Fair Closes; Seen by 26,000,000; Plans Laid for '40; Last Day is Quiet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  164. ^ "15 Big Exhibitors Sign for 1940 Fair; the World's Fair Gets Off to a Flying Start for the 1940 Season". The New York Times. November 14, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  165. ^ "World's Fair to Charge 50 Cents When It Reopens for '40 Season". New York Herald Tribune. November 2, 1939. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319988416; Shalett, Sidney M. (November 2, 1939). "50-cent Fair Rate is Fixed for 1940; Brazil to Return; Gibson Formally Announces Plan After a Conference With Concessionnaires". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  166. ^ a b "Fair Will Have 45 Exhibitors In Foreign Area: League and Pan American Union Included Europe Is Sending War Displays". New York Herald Tribune. May 2, 1940. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1264087284.
  167. ^ "Finland Renews Fair Contract, First Nation to Sign Up for '40". New York Herald Tribune. January 31, 1940. p. 1A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243020377; "Finland Joins the Fair, First From Abroad; Dec. 19 Agreement Withheld Because of War". The New York Times. January 31, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  168. ^ "West Virginia Renews Lease on Fair Pavilion: Enlargement to Care for 12 Additional Exhibits". New York Herald Tribune. January 24, 1940. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242942722; "West Virginia Signs 1940 Fair Contract; First State to Take Advantage of 50 Per Cent Rent Cut". The New York Times. January 24, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  169. ^ Shalett, Sidney M. (October 22, 1939). "Fair Loses Sweden as 1940 Exhibitor; Precarious Position in War Forces Withdrawal—League of Nations to Return". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  170. ^ "Russia Quits Fair, Costly Pavilion To Be Razed, Moved to Moscow". New York Herald Tribune. December 2, 1939. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326773085; "Russia Quits Fair; Finns to Stay; Reds to Raze $4,000,000 Pavilion; Moscow Orders Withdrawal Without Giving Explanation—Building Must Be Down in 90 Days—No Comment by Fair". The New York Times. December 2, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  171. ^ "Finns' Pavilion Opened at Fair, War the Theme: Procope and Hoover Decry Conflict at Ceremonies; Attendance at New Low". New York Herald Tribune. May 17, 1940. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247155659; Shalett, Sidney M. (May 17, 1940). "Finland Dedicates Her Fair Pavilion; Hoover Says Nation's Ordeal of Blood Has Earned It Full Right to Freedom in Peace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  172. ^ "31 Nations Accept World's Fair Bid". The Christian Science Monitor. February 25, 1940. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 515525230.
  173. ^ "Turkey Not to Take Part in Fair This Year; Argentina and Chile Also Are Withdrawing". The New York Times. February 16, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  174. ^ "'Great White Way' New Fair Feature; Center of Fun in Amusement Zone to Be Brighter, More Colorful, Gibson Says". The New York Times. March 9, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  175. ^ a b "Flanigan Says Exhibits at Fair Will Surpass '39: Announces New Attractions and Improvements Upon Displays and Buildings". New York Herald Tribune. March 9, 1940. p. 13A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335119347.
  176. ^ a b "Fair Amusement Zone Sold Out, 90 Concessions on Its New List: Director Reports All Space Taken; Area Will Offer 3 Major Shows, 18 Smaller Ones and 15 Rides Among Other Attractions". New York Herald Tribune. April 29, 1940. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1266874326; "Play Zone at Fair is '100% Sold Out'; Revitalized Great White Way Offers Livelier and Gayer Section Than Last Year". The New York Times. April 29, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  177. ^ "Boy Scouts to Aid at the Fair Again; Will Maintain Own Service Camp on Two-Acre Plot at the Exposition". The New York Times. March 13, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  178. ^ a b Le Tour, M. (April 19, 1940). "New York World's Fair Soon to Reopen: Greenery in 'The World of Tomorrow'". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 515558146.
  179. ^ "Rush to the Fair Taxes All City's Traffic Systems: Subways and L. I. Road Tag 5,175 Through in 1st 10 Minutes Parking Lots Busy Snip and the World's Fair of 40 Is Officially Open". New York Herald Tribune. May 12, 1940. p. 31. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242959008; Porter, Russell B. (May 12, 1940). "'40 Fair Gets Off to Lively Start; 191,196 on Hand; The World's Fair of 1940 Opens, Dedicated to Peace and Freedom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  180. ^ Porter, Russell B. (May 12, 1940). "'40 Fair Gets Off to Lively Start; 191,196 on Hand; The World's Fair of 1940 Opens, Dedicated to Peace and Freedom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  181. ^ "Auto Is Offered As Daily Prize To Fair Visitors: N. Y. Hotels and Business Organizations Sponsors of 'Golden Key' Contest". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1940. p. 9A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1320021240; "Fair to Give Away 170 Cars, One Daily; Biggest Crowd-Luring Device So Far to Use Millions of Keys as Prize 'Tickets'". The New York Times. April 27, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  182. ^ "Venezuela, Cuba Lost to 1940 Fair; Caracas Government Reverses Decision to Stay—Pavilion May Be Shipped Home". The New York Times. May 4, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  183. ^ Shalett, Sidney M. (June 4, 1940). "Belgium Reopens Her Fair Pavilion; Government in Exile Cables Order to Maintain Display-- Leopold's Bust Still Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  184. ^ "Police Die in Blast – Timed Device Explodes After It Is Taken Out of Pavilion". The New York Times. July 5, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  185. ^ Wortman, Marc (July 16, 2017). "Did Brits Kill New York City Cops to Get U.S. Into WWII?". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
  186. ^ "World's Fair Debenture Holders Agree to Waive Payments Under New Fiscal Plan". New York Herald Tribune. August 30, 1939. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319968323; "Bondholders Back Fair's Fiscal Plan; 54% Waive Rights to Profits, and Proposal Goes Into Effect Immediately". The New York Times. August 30, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  187. ^ "Mall at the Fair to Remain in Park; Esplanade From Theme Center to the Court of Peace Will Not Be Demolished". The New York Times. October 4, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
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  189. ^ "British Fleet Aid On Way: , 580,721 Bid the Fair Good By In Record Day of Its 2-Year Run". New York Herald Tribune. October 28, 1940. p. 1A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1320064105; Shalett, Sidney M. (October 28, 1940). "Rush as Fair Ends Brings Out 537,952, Its Biggest Crowd; Farewell to the Fair: Closing Scenes at the End of a Two-Year Run". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
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  192. ^ Bletter, Rosemarie Haag; Queens Museum (1989). Remembering the Future: The New York World's Fair from 1939–1964. Rizzoli. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8478-1122-9.
  193. ^ Patterson 1939, pp. 87–88.
  194. ^ "500 Large Trees Due This Spring On Site of Fair: Corporation Opens Bids for Moving, Replanting Job to Cost $100,000 55-Foot Elms on List Specimens Within 100 Miles Are Catalogued for Site". New York Herald Tribune. February 25, 1937. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222252601; "10,000 Live Trees Sought for Fair; Vast Forest to Be Transported to Barren Flushing Site Within Next 2 Years". The New York Times. February 25, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  195. ^ Johnston, J. W. (October 20, 1939). "World's Fair Already at Work On Its Floral Displays for 1940". New York Herald Tribune. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1258523692.
  196. ^ Patterson 1939, p. 88.
  197. ^ Harrington, John W. (March 27, 1938). "Flowers at World's Fair; Although Opening Date Is Far Off, Trees, Shrubs and Bulbs Are Being Planted Gift From the Netherlands To Accent Building Colors Material for Formal Gardens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  198. ^ Johnston, J. W. (May 14, 1939). "Million Tulips in Fair Rainbow". New York Herald Tribune. p. A18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243152807; "Tulips in Fair Gardens Burst Into Bloom in Time". The New York Times. April 25, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  199. ^ a b Hughes, Alice (March 26, 1939). "A Woman's New York: Gardens and Flowers Abound at World's Fair Landscaping Expenditures Amount to $150,000". The Washington Post. p. 11. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 151216843.
  200. ^ "Holland Tulip Bulbs at Fair Being Burned; As Plants Are Taken Up They Are Replaced by Other Plants". The New York Times. May 26, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  201. ^ McLaughlin, Kathleen (May 3, 1939). "50 Gardens Lure Throngs at Fair; Gardens on Parade in the Horticultural Exhibition at the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  202. ^ "World's Fair Uses Manhattan Street Names: But There Will Re a Main as Well as Broadway and Times Square; Also Plaza of Light and Peace Court". New York Herald Tribune. June 21, 1938. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244331675; "Fair Adopts Names of Noted Streets; Broadway and Petticoat Lane Among Those Representative of Old New York". The New York Times. June 21, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  203. ^ "Mile-long Mall Feature of Fair; $60,000,000 Central Walk in Flushing to Pass Lagoons, Statuary and Flower Beds". The New York Times. December 12, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
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  205. ^ "70 Feet of Mud Found Beneath World Fair Site: Floating Steel 'Saucers' Planned to Support Some of Projected Structures Huge Caissons Proposed Important Buildings Due to Rest on 'Bridge' Piers". New York Herald Tribune. October 26, 1936. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222131162.
  206. ^ Steinberg 2015, p. 219.
  207. ^ "World's Fair Lights Turned On, Make Site a Dreamland of Color". New York Herald Tribune. April 11, 1939. p. 1A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244864830.
  208. ^ Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 731.
  209. ^ "Whalen Describes New Lighting Developed For World's Fair". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 55, no. 88. November 3, 1937. pp. 23–24. ProQuest 1699951135.
  210. ^ House & Garden. Vol. 161. Condé Nast Publications. 1989. p. 36.
  211. ^ "Fair's Perisphere Stripped of Glory; Workman Start Tearing Down Huge Structure—Trylon to Be Taken Down Next". The New York Times. December 11, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  212. ^ Exposition Publications 1939, p. 57.
  213. ^ Cotter 2009, p. 39.
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  217. ^ "60 Nations Accept World's Fair Bids; League Is Included in Those Signing Contracts or Asking for Space Reservations". The New York Times. December 20, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  218. ^ "Fair Defies Nazis on Czech Pavilion; Center Will Open as Planned in Spite of Prague Order to Dispose of Building". The New York Times. April 14, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  219. ^ "$156,000,000 Show: Eleven Gates Ready to Swing at the N. Y. World's Fair: Spectacle". Newsweek. Vol. 13, no. 18. May 1, 1939. pp. 46, 49. ProQuest 1796267678.
  220. ^ Cotter 2009, p. 55.
  221. ^ Markland, John (July 9, 1939). "Tour of the States at the World's Fair; Diversified American Scene, Its Beauties, Arts and Crafts, Awaits the Visitor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  222. ^ "State Exhibits Take Visitor To Scenes of Home: Pennsylvania Exhibit Maine Tells Story". The Christian Science Monitor. April 27, 1939. p. 9. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 515092332.
  223. ^ "Court of States is Being Advanced; South Carolina Reconsiders Tabled Plan to Take Part in Exhibition Here". The New York Times. April 9, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  224. ^ Exposition Publications 1939, p. 170.
  225. ^ Exposition Publications 1939, p. 90.
  226. ^ Monaghan 1939, pp. 102–103.
  227. ^ Cotter 2009, p. 45.
  228. ^ Monaghan 1939, p. 175.
  229. ^ Cotter 2009, p. 87.
  230. ^ "Financial News: Consumer Interests Bldg. For World's Fair". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 55, no. 105. November 29, 1937. p. 6. ProQuest 1653244943; "Fair to Show Buyers How to Stretch Dollars". New York Herald Tribune. November 28, 1937. p. 35A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222274659.
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  235. ^ "The World's Fair Today: Facts And Figures". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 56, no. 22. February 1, 1938. pp. 5, 31. ProQuest 1653752142.
  236. ^ Monaghan 1939, p. 49.
  237. ^ "World's Fair Amusement Zone To Be Laid Out in 13 Sections". New York Herald Tribune. December 6, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222355795; "New York of Old Will Rise at Fair; Village Depicting the Life of Century Ago Will Be Part of Amusement Area". The New York Times. December 6, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  238. ^ "New York World's Fair Votes To Undress Its Attractions: Nudity And Gayety To Be Stressed In Spending Of New $1,000,000 Appropriation". The Sun. March 12, 1939. p. 1. ProQuest 538442241.
  239. ^ Exposition Publications 1939, pp. 132–133.
  240. ^ "World Fair Group to Glorify Health; $1,000,000 Project Planned to Show Wonders of Body and Medicine's Aids". The New York Times. June 17, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
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  242. ^ "State Banking Rulings; Manufacturers Trust to Open Branch at World's Fair". The New York Times. September 24, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  243. ^ a b "Work Is Begun On I. R.T. Station At World's Fair: Willets Point Structure in Flushing Being Rebuilt at Cost of $494.000 To Serve 40 Trains an Hr. $260,000 Signal System Is Planned for Expresses". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1938. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1240588402; "New I.R.T. Station for Fair Started; Willets Point Structure on Flushing Line to Be Rebuilt at Cost of $494,000". The New York Times. January 9, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  244. ^ "Traffic Plans For World Fair Are Announced: Present Lines to Transport' 250,000 to 800,000 Daily Visitors". New York Herald Tribune. October 26, 1936. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248170581; "Fair Traffic Studied; Whalen Says Problem Equals That of a City Like Cleveland". The New York Times. October 26, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  245. ^ "B. M. T., I. R. T. Express Trains Start April 24: Subways Will Make Run to Willets Point Boulevard Station in 24 Minutes". New York Herald Tribune. April 17, 1939. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254731448; "New Subway Spur Is Ready to Open: First Train to Start Four Minutes Before the Fair Officially Begins". The New York Times. April 17, 1939. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  246. ^ "City Subway Spur to the Fair Urged: Delaney and Fullen Jointly Propose Extension From Queens Boulevard. Cost Put At $1,200,000 Enlargement of Willets Point I. R. T.-B. M. T. Station Also Is Recommended. Expenses Are Estimated Two Tracks Are Provided". The New York Times. January 15, 1937. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  247. ^ "City Subway Line to Fair Closes at 5 A.M. Today". The New York Times. October 28, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  248. ^ a b "Ride to Fair to Cost 10 Cents: City to Set Rate for Independent Branch Line to Cover Expense of Building It". The New York Sun. February 18, 1939. p. 21. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2016 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  249. ^ "I. R. T. Will Buy 50 New Cars for Express to Fair: Bids Asked on Equipment for Special Service on Line Running to Flushing". New York Herald Tribune. March 3, 1938. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243080430; "50 New Subway Cars to Be Added for Fair; I. R. T. Asks Bids for Equipment for Service From Times Square and Grand Central". The New York Times. March 3, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  250. ^ Electric Railroaders Association (1969). ERA Headlights. Electric Railroaders Association. p. 6.
  251. ^ "Buses for World's Fair". The Wall Street Journal. March 3, 1937. p. 4. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129839745; "Buys 55 Buses for Fair; Queens-Nassau Lines to Replace Jamaica-Flushing Trolleys". The New York Times. March 3, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  252. ^ a b c "Buses to Cover 10-Mile Route Within Grounds: Tractor Trains and Chair 'Taxis' Also Will Carry Visitors Over 1,216 Acres". New York Herald Tribune. April 30, 1939. p. 34. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244862453.
  253. ^ a b c d "How to Get Around the Fair; Pick-up Buses". The New York Times. April 30, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  254. ^ "Huge Buses to Run at World's Fair; Greyhound Intramural System to Operate 100 of the Largest Ever Built". The New York Times. July 20, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  255. ^ "Fair Postpones Formal Start of Its Play Area: Fete Set for Next Saturday; Attendance Holds Up in Face of All-Day Drizzle Ireland's Pavilion Officially Opened After Dedication". New York Herald Tribune. May 14, 1939. p. 24. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243118184.
  256. ^ "Fine Weather Increases Crowd; Children Parade on Special Day". New York Herald Tribune. July 13, 1939. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319982825.
  257. ^ "$31,000,000 Road Building Under Way for Fair". Daily News. November 3, 1937. p. 705. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  258. ^ "New Fair Highway Opened to Traffic; Horace Harding Boulevard, Vital Entrance to the Exposition, Ready for 2-Mile Stretch". The New York Times. September 19, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  259. ^ "Whitestone Span to Open Saturday; Mayor and Other City Officials Will Attend Exercises at Bronx End of Bridge". The New York Times. April 27, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  260. ^ "Fair Parkway Bids of $1,000,000 Filed; Estimates Provide for Grading and Paving of the Grand Central Extension". The New York Times. November 10, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  261. ^ Morrow, C. Earl (March 22, 1936). "World's Fair Spurs Queens Boulevard Plan: Civic Groups Combine to Press Completion of Borough's Traffic Project Artery to the Exposition New Sections Paved and Landscaping Work Starts". New York Herald Tribune. p. B6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330424776.
  262. ^ "Tunnel Held Need For World's Fair". The New York Times. October 18, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  263. ^ "President the 'First' to Use Midtown Tube". The New York Times. November 9, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  264. ^ a b "Map for World's Fair Shows Ring of Airports: Five Terminals and Seaplane Bases Are Near Exposition". New York Herald Tribune. July 25, 1937. p. 22A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248455293.
  265. ^ "World's Fair Area Is Barred to Planes by Aeronautics Authority to Promote Safety". New York Herald Tribune. April 26, 1939. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244877009; "Flying Over World Fair Banned by Air Authority". The New York Times. April 26, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  266. ^ "World's Fair Hat Design". The New York Public Library. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  267. ^ Monaghan 1939, pp. 215–219.
  268. ^ "'39 World's Fair Flag Dedicated; Colors Flown by Early Settlers: Orange, White and Blue Emblem Recalls Standard That Waved Over Homes of New Amsterdam; Mrs. Astor, Aldrich to Pick 10,000 Aids". New York Herald Tribune. January 5, 1937. p. 2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222210826; "Truck Driver Buys $100 Share in Fair; Whalen Sells Bond to Employe at Ceremony as Symbol of Wide Public Support". The New York Times. January 5, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  269. ^ Wood 2004, p. 95.
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Sources

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Further reading

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