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Syllabic consonant

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(Redirected from Apical vowel)
Syllabic
◌̩
◌̍
IPA Number431
Encoding
Entity (decimal)̩
Unicode (hex)U+0329

A syllabic consonant or vocalic consonant is a consonant that forms a syllable on its own, like the m, n and l in some pronunciations of the English words rhythm, button and bottle, respectively. To represent it, the understroke diacritic in the International Phonetic Alphabet is used, ⟨U+0329 ◌̩ COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW⟩. It may be instead represented by an overstroke, ⟨U+030D ◌̍ COMBINING VERTICAL LINE ABOVE⟩ if the symbol that it modifies has a descender, such as in [ŋ̍].[1]

Syllabic consonants in most languages are sonorants, such as nasals and liquids. Very few have syllabic obstruents (i.e., stops, fricatives, and affricates) in normal words, but English has syllabic fricatives in paralinguistic words like shh! and zzz.

Examples

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Germanic languages

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See also: Stress and vowel reduction in English § Syllabic consonants

In many varieties of High and Low German, pronouncing syllabic consonants may be considered a shibboleth. In High German and Tweants (a Low Saxon dialect spoken in the Netherlands; more Low Saxon dialects have the syllabic consonant), all word-final syllables in infinite verbs and feminine plural nouns spelled -en are pronounced with syllabic consonants. The High German infinitive laufen ('to walk') is pronounced [ˈlaʊfn̩] or (in some accents) even [ˈlaʊfɱ̍] and its Tweants counterpart loopn is pronounced [ˈlɔːʔm̩]. Tweants scholars even debate whether or not this feature should be incorporated in spelling, resulting in two generally accepted spelling forms (either loopn or lopen).

Standard German spoken in Luxembourg often lacks syllabic sonorants under the influence of Luxembourgish, so that laufen is pronounced [ˈlaʊfən], rather than [ˈlaʊfn̩].[2][3]

Many dialects of English may use syllabic consonants in words such as even [ˈiːvn̩], awful [ˈɔːfɫ̩] and rhythm [ˈɹɪðm̩], which English dictionaries' respelling systems usually treat as realizations of underlying sequences of schwa and a consonant (for example, /ˈiːvən/).[4]

In Danish, a syllabic consonant is the standard colloquial realization of combinations of the phoneme schwa /ə/ and a sonorant, generally referred to as schwa-assimilation,[5] e.g. katten ('the cat') /ˈkatən/ = [ˈkʰætn̩], dame ('lady') /ˈdaːmə/ = [ˈtɛːm̩], cykel ('bike') /ˈsykəl/ = [ˈsykl̩], myre ('ant') /ˈmyːrə/ = [ˈmyːɐ], sove ('sleep') /ˈsɒːʋə/ = [ˈsɒːʊ], reje ('shrimp') /ˈraːjə/ = [ˈʁɑːɪ], or huset ('the house') /ˈhuːˀsəð/ = [ˈhuːˀsð̩ˠ].

In all four dialect groups of Norwegian, a syllabic alveolar nasal, /n/, may be heard. It is syllabic when following other alveolar consonants and occurs most often in the definite singular form of masculine nouns (see Norwegian grammar) where the schwa has elided, e.g. bilen ('the car') [biː.ln̩], where it was originally [biː.lən]. With some speakers, the schwa may be reinserted, especially for words already ending in /n/ where the syllabic /n/ may have been entirely elided afterward, e.g. mannen ('the man') can either be pronounced like [mɑ.nn̩], [mɑn] or [man.nən].[6][7] In addition to this, a syllabic /n/ always occurs in words like vatn ('water') [ʋa.tn̩] and botn ('bottom') [bɔ.tn̩]. This syllabification of alveolar nasals also appears in norrland and svealand dialects of Swedish. In all cases where the alveolar sound becomes retroflex, /n/ also becomes retroflex /ɳ/, e.g. barten ('the moustache') [ba.ʈɳ̩] (see Norwegian phonology#Consonants). In some Norwegian dialects, a syllabic alveolar lateral approximant /l/ may be heard in the same circumstances as syllabic /n/, e.g. puddel ('poodle') [pʉ.dl̩], though it is not as common as syllabic /n/. A syllabic /l/ may also be heard in Bergen, where a following syllabic /n/ has elided completely, e.g. solen ('the sun') [suː.l̩].[8] In dialects that have palatalisation of some alveolar consonants like Northern Norwegian and Trøndersk, the following syllabic /n/ is also palatalised,[9] e.g. ballen ('the ball') [ba.ʎɲ̩].

Obstruents

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All of the consonants syllabicized in Germanic languages are sonorants. However, the only time obstruents are used syllabically in English is in onomatopoeia, such as sh! [ ʃ̩ː] (a command to be quiet), sss [s̩ː] (the hiss of a snake), zzz [z̩ː] (the sound of a bee buzzing or someone sleeping), and tsk tsk! [ǀǀ] (used to express disapproval or pity), though it is not certain how to define what a syllable is in such cases.

Sanskrit

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Sanskrit ऋ ṛ [r̩], ऌ ḷ [l̩] are syllabic consonants, allophones of consonantal r and l. This continues the reconstructed situation of Proto-Indo-European, where both liquids and nasals had syllabic allophones, r̩, l̩, m̩, n̩ (the last two had become a). By the era of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the remaining syllabic consonants unpredictably became either a, i, or u, causing ṛ and ḷ to be limited into tatsama words in modern languages.

Slavic languages

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Many Slavic languages allow syllabic consonants. Some examples include:

  • Czech and Slovak r [r] and l [l], as in the phrase Strč prst skrz krk 'stick your finger through the throat' (in both languages). Slovak also has long versions of these syllabic consonants, ŕ and ĺ, e.g.: kĺb [kɫ̩ːp] 'joint', vŕba [ˈvr̩ːba] 'willow', škvŕn [ʃkvr̩ːn] '(of) spots'. Czech also has m̩ and n̩, e.g.: sedm [sedm̩~sedn̩] 'seven'.[10]
  • Slovene [m̩], [n̩] and [l̩] in non-native words, e.g. Vltava.[11]
  • Serbo-Croatian r [r], such as in trčati 'to run'; l [l], such as in Vltava 'Vltava'; and n [n], such as in Njutn 'Newton'. Most Torlakian dialects of south-eastern Serbia exhibit a regular syllabic l [l] which corresponds to a u [u] in the standards. For example, in vlk ("wolf", vuk in the standard) and slza ("tear", suza in the standard). In dialects between the Kupa river and Velebit of pre-war Croatia, other consonants are also syllabic. For example, t [t̪], such as in mostć (which is mostić 'small bridge' in standard Croatian); and č [tʃ], such as in klinčć (which is klinčić ('clove') in standard Croatian).[12]
  • Macedonian р [r], such as in прв [ˈpr̩f] 'first', срце [ˈsr̩t͡sɛ] 'heart', незадржлив [nɛˈzadr̩ʒlif] 'irrepressible', рбет [ˈr̩bɛt] 'spine', рѓа [ˈr̩ɟa] 'to rust', рчи [ˈr̩t͡ʃi] 'to snore', etc.

Sinitic languages

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Several Sinitic languages, such as Cantonese and Hokkien, feature both syllabic m ([m̩]) and ng ([ŋ̍]) that stand alone as their own words. In Cantonese, the former is most often used in the word meaning 'not' (唔, [m̭̍]) while the latter can be seen in the word for 'five' (五, [ŋ̬̍]) and the surname Ng (吳, [ŋ̭̍] or 伍, [ŋ̬̍], depending on the tone), among others.

Syllabic fricatives

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A number of languages have syllabic fricatives or fricative vowels. In several varieties of Chinese, certain high vowels following fricatives or affricates are pronounced as extensions of those sounds, with voicing added (if not already present) and a vowel pronounced while the tongue and teeth remain in the same position as for the preceding consonant, leading to the turbulence of a fricative carrying over into the vowel. In Mandarin Chinese, this happens for example with sī, zī, shī, and rī. Traditional grammars describe them as having a "buzzing" sound. A number of modern linguists[13][14] describe them as true syllabic fricatives, although with weak frication and voicing.[15] They are accordingly transcribed ⟨sź̩, tsź̩, ʂʐ̩́, and ʐʐ̩́⟩ respectively.[16]

However, for many speakers, the friction carries over only into the beginning of the vowel.[17] The tongue and teeth remain where they were, but the tongue contact is lessened a bit to allow for a high approximant vowel with no frication except at the beginning, during the transition. John Wells[18] uses the detailed transcriptions ⟨sz̞ᵚ⟩ for si and ⟨ʂʐ̩ᶤ⟩ for shi (ignoring the tone), with the superscript indicating the "color" of the sound and a lowering diacritic on the z to indicate that the tongue contact is relaxed enough to prevent frication. Another researcher suggests ⟨s͡ɯ⟩ and ⟨ʂ͡ɨ⟩ for si and shi, respectively, to indicate that the frication of the consonant may extend onto the vowel.[19] Some speakers have even more lax articulation, opening the teeth and noticeably lowering the tongue, so that sī shī rī are pronounced [sɯ́ ʂɯ́ ʐɯ́], with the same vowel [ɯ] in each case and no r-coloring[citation needed].

The Nuosu language has two similar "buzzed" vowels that are described as syllabic fricatives, [β̩, ɹ̝̍[citation needed]]. The former may even be trilled [ʙ̞̍].

Sinologists and linguists working in the Chinese analytical tradition frequently use the term apical vowel (舌尖元音 shéjiān yuányīn) to describe the sounds above and others like them in various Sino-Tibetan languages. However, this is a misnomer, as the tongue is actually laminal[citation needed]. The nonstandard symbols ⟨ɿ ʅ ʮ ʯ⟩ are commonly used to transcribe these vowels in place of ⟨z̩ ʐ̩ z̩ʷ ʐ̩ʷ⟩ or ⟨C͡ɯ C͡ɨ C͡u C͡ʉ⟩, respectively. The term apical vowel should also not be taken as synonymous with syllabic fricative, as e.g., the bilabial syllabic fricative [β̩] in Liangshan Yi is not pronounced with the tongue.

Other languages

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Berber, Salish, Wakashan and Chemakuan languages have syllabic obstruents in normal vocabulary, such as Nuxálk [p̍ʰ.t̩ʰ.k̩ʰ.ts̩ʰ], [s̩.pʰs̩] "northeast wind", [ɬ̩.q̍ʰ] 'wet', [ť̩.ɬ̩.ɬ̩] 'dry', or [nu.jam.ɬ̩] 'we (ɬ̩) used to sing (nu.jam.ɬ̩)'.

In Standard Yoruba, the consonants m and n may be syllabic and carry tone like vowels. However, they always stand alone as syllables and cannot stand as syllable nuclei.

In Baoulé, m or n may be syllabic. As a stand-alone word, it means 'I' (first person subject pronoun), as in N ti baule [n̩̄ tɪ̄ bāūlē] 'I speak Baoulé'. Its quality varies with the consonant following it, as in M bá aiman [m̩̄ bá āɪ̄mān] 'I will come tomorrow'.

The Hungarian word s [ʃ̩], a high-register variant of és 'and', is a syllabic consonant, although it usually cliticises: s ettem /ʃ̩ɛtːɛm/ [ʃɛtːɛm] 'and I had eaten'.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 14–15.
  2. ^ Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4.
  3. ^ Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 70–71. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
  4. ^ See the Pronunciation guide Archived 2017-01-06 at the Wayback Machine of the Merriam-Webster dictionary.
  5. ^ Grønnum, Nina (June 1998). "Danish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 28 (1–2): 99–105. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290. ISSN 1475-3502. S2CID 249412109.
  6. ^ Sandøy, H. (1993) "Talemål", Novus forlag, Oslo. ISBN 82-7099-206-2.
  7. ^ Skjekkeland, M. 1997 "Dei norske dialektane - Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla", Høyskoleforlaget AS, Kristiansand S. ISBN 82-7634-103-9.
  8. ^ Pettersen, E. 1990 "Bergens bymål", Novus Forlag AS, Oslo. ISBN 82-7099-167-8
  9. ^ Bruyninckx, Harmegnies (October 2000). "A STUDY OF PALATAL SEGMENTS' PRODUCTION BY DANISH SPEAKERS" (PDF). ISCA Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  10. ^ Bělič, Jaromír (1972). "Sedm, sedmnáct, sedmdesát…". Naše řeč. 55 (2–3): 72–78. Archived from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  11. ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 377.
  12. ^ Božidar Finka, Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 7, vol. 1 (1985), pp. 100, 101. Note, these are products of reduction so the only one of phonological importance is syllabic "r"
  13. ^ Jerry Norman (1988). Chinese (Cambridge Linguistic Surveys). Cambridge University Press. P. 142.
  14. ^ S. Robert Ramsey (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. P. 45.
  15. ^ Wiese, Richard (1997). "Underspecification and the description of Chinese vowels". In Wang, Jialing; Smith, Norval (eds.). Studies in Chinese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 219–249.
  16. ^ San Duanmu (2008). "Syllable Structure in Chinese Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine" (ch. 4). In Syllable Structure. Oxford. 304 pp. Accessed Feb 21, 2013.
  17. ^ UCLA Phonetics Lab Data: [1] Archived 2021-01-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ John Wells (March 15, 2007). "Chinese apical vowels Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. John Wells's phonetic blog. Accessed Feb 21, 2013.
  19. ^ Kwan-hin Cheung, 1992. "北京話 '知' '資' 二韻國際音標寫法商榷" [IPA transcription of the so-called 'apical vowels' in Pekinese], in T. Lee, ed., Research on Chinese Linguistics in Hong Kong, Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.
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