Jump to content

Salman of Saudi Arabia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with King Salmon, Solomon, or Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud.
In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Saud.
King Salman bin Abdulaziz al Saud
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Photograph of Salman in his 85th year
King Salman in 2020
King of Saudi Arabia
Reign23 January 2015 – present
Bay'ah23 January 2015
PredecessorAbdullah
Crown princes
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
In office
23 January 2015 – 27 September 2022
Preceded byAbdullah bin Abdulaziz
Succeeded byMohammed bin Salman
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
Deputy Prime Minister
In office
18 June 2012 – 23 January 2015
MonarchAbdullah bin Abdulaziz
Prime MinisterAbdullah bin Abdulaziz
Preceded byNayef bin Abdulaziz
Succeeded byMuqrin bin Abdulaziz
Minister of Defense
In office
5 November 2011 – 23 January 2015
Prime MinisterKing Abdullah
Preceded bySultan bin Abdulaziz
Succeeded byMohammed bin Salman
Governor of Riyadh Province
In office
5 February 1963 – 5 November 2011
Appointed byKing Saud
Preceded byBadr bin Saud
Succeeded bySattam bin Abdulaziz
In office
18 April 1955 – 22 September 1960
Appointed byKing Saud
Preceded byNayef bin Abdulaziz
Succeeded byFawwaz bin Abdulaziz
Deputy Governor of Riyadh Province
In office
16 March 1954 – 18 April 1955
Appointed byKing Saud
Preceded byNayef bin Abdulaziz
Succeeded byTurki II bin Abdulaziz
Born (1935-12-31) 31 December 1935 (age 88)
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1954; died 2011)​
Issue
Detail
List
Names
Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman
HouseAl Saud
FatherAbdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
MotherHassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
SignatureSignature of King Salman

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سَلمَانْ بْنْ عَبْدُ اَلْعَزِیزْ آلْ سُعُودْ, romanized: Salmān bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āl Su‘ūd; born 31 December 1935) is King of Saudi Arabia, reigning since 2015, and was also Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2022. The 25th son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of Saudi Arabia, he assumed the throne on 23 January 2015. Prior to his accession, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 18 June 2012 to 23 January 2015. Salman is the third oldest living head of state, the oldest living monarch, and Saudi Arabia's first head of state born after the unification of Saudi Arabia. He has a reported personal wealth of at least $18 billion, which makes him the third wealthiest royal in the world and one of the wealthiest individuals in the world.[1]

Salman is a son of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of the Sudairi Seven. He was the deputy governor of Riyadh and later the governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011. He was then appointed minister of defense. He was named crown prince in 2012. Salman became king in 2015 upon the death of his half-brother, King Abdullah. Since January 2024, he is the oldest surviving son of King Abdulaziz.

Salman's major initiatives as king include the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, Saudi Vision 2030, and a 2017 decree allowing Saudi women to drive. His seventh son, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, is considered the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia due to the King's poor health and Mohammed's own political maneuvering.[2] Mohammed replaced his father as prime minister in 2022.[3]

Early life

[edit]

Salman was born on 31 December 1935, and is reported to be the 25th son of King Abdulaziz, the first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia.[4] Salman and his six full brothers make up the Sudairi Seven.[5][6] He was raised in the Murabba Palace.[7]

Salman received his early education at the Princes' School[8] in the capital city of Riyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically to provide education for his children.[9] He studied religion and modern science.[10]

Riyadh

[edit]

Salman was appointed Deputy Governor of Riyadh Province on 17 March 1954, aged 19, and held the post until 19 April 1955.[4] He was appointed the governor of the same provincial on 5 February 1963,[9] and remained in that office until 5 November 2011, a period of almost half a century.[10]

Salman in his youth
Governor Salman with Vladimir Putin in 2007

As governor, he contributed to the development of Riyadh from a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis. He served as an important liaison to attract tourism, capital projects, and foreign investment to his country. He favored political and economic relationships with the West.[11] During his governorship, Salman recruited advisors from King Saud University.[12]

During Salman's five decades as Riyadh governor, he became adept at managing the delicate balance of clerical, tribal, and princely interests that determine Saudi policy.[13] He was also the chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (KAFRA),[14] King Abdulaziz Museum,[15] the Prince Salman Center for Disability Research and the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients.[4]

King Salman also undertook several foreign tours while he was governor. In 1974, he visited Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar to strengthen Saudi Arabia's relationship with those nations. During his visit to Montreal, Canada in 1991, he inaugurated a gallery. In 1996, he was received in the Élysée Palace in Paris by the then-French president Jacques Chirac. The same year he toured Bosnia and Herzegovina to give donations to the Muslim citizens of the country. Being a part of an Asian tour in 1998, Salman visited Pakistan, Japan, Brunei[16] and China.[17]

According to The Washington Post, the late Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi "criticized Prince Salman, then governor of Riyadh and head of the Saudi committee for support to the Afghan mujahideen, for unwisely funding Salafist extremist groups that were undermining the war [in Afghanistan against the Soviets]."[18]

Under Salman, Riyadh became one of the richest cities in the Middle East and an important place for trade and commerce.[citation needed] There were also infrastructural advances including schools, universities, and sports stadiums.[4] About the province, he said:

Every village or town in the Riyadh Region is dear to me, and holds a special place in my heart ... I witnessed every step taken by the city of Riyadh, and for this reason, it is difficult for me to think about being far away from Riyadh.[4]

Second in line

[edit]
Prince Salman at the Pentagon in April 2012

On 5 November 2011, Salman was appointed Minister of Defense, replacing his full brother, the Crown Prince Sultan.[19] Sattam bin Abdulaziz was named governor of Riyadh Province. Salman was also named a member of the National Security Council (NSC) on the same day.[20]

It is speculated that he was placed in the immediate line of succession due to his personal qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature. He headed the family council, called The Descendants' Council (Majlis al Uthra in Arabic), that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters, reach consensus and try to avoid any publicly embarrassing behaviour by some family members.[21][22] Second, Salman belongs to the "middle generation" in the royal family; therefore, he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally. Last, as a result of his long-term governorship, he had developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles.[23]

Salman continued the policy of military intervention in Bahrain. In April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron.[24][25] 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67bn, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally.[26] As defense minister, Salman was head of the military as Saudi Arabia joined the United States and other Arab countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in 2014.[27]

Crown Prince

[edit]
Crown Prince Salman meeting US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, 23 April 2013

On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia shortly after the death of his brother, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.[28][29] Prince Salman was also made First Deputy Prime minister.[30] His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was seen by some as a signal that King Abdullah's cautious reforms were likely to continue.[30] On the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that while Prince Salman, in contrast to other Saudi royals, took a more diplomatic approach towards them, he could not be considered a political reformer.[31] They also argued that, like King Abdullah, Salman focused mainly on economic improvement rather than political change.[31]

On 27 August 2012, the Royal Court announced that Salman was in charge of state affairs whilst King Abdullah was out of the country.[32] Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013.[33] In September 2012, Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council.[34] He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such as Somalia, Sudan, and Afghanistan.[11]

King of Saudi Arabia

[edit]
US President Barack Obama shakes hands with King Salman, Riyadh, 27 January 2015

On 23 January 2015, Salman, aged 79, inherited the throne after his half-brother Abdullah died of pneumonia at the age of 90. The new king issued a statement which read "His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and all members of the family and the nation mourn Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who passed away at exactly 1 am this morning." He appointed his younger half-brother, Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, as Crown Prince.[35]

Salman at the 2015 G20 Summit in Turkey, 15 September 2015

After coming to power, Salman reshuffled the cabinet on 30 January 2015. Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al-Humaidan was made the intelligence chief. Prince Bandar bin Sultan was removed from his post in the security council and the adviser to the monarch was also removed as were the former monarch's sons Turki as governor of Riyadh and Mishaal as governor of Mecca. Ali al-Naimi remained the minister of petroleum and mineral resources, as did Saud al-Faisal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ibrahim Al-Assaf as finance minister. Salman also "gave a bonus of two months' salary to all Saudi state employees and military personnel", including pensioners and students, while also asking citizens to "not forget me in your prayers".[36]

In February 2015, Prince Salman received Charles, Prince of Wales, during his six-day tour in the Middle East. They "exchanged cordial talks and reviewed bilateral relations" between the countries.[37]

In April 2021, Prince Mishaal bin Majid Al Saud, who has been the governor of Jeddah since 1997, was appointed as adviser to King Salman with the rank of minister.[38]

Early reforms

[edit]

One of the first things the King and his son, Mohammed bin Salman, did was to streamline the government bureaucracy. On the death of King Abdullah, there were as many as eleven government secretariats, and all of these were abolished and reconstituted as only two, the Council of Political and Security Affairs (CPSA), headed by Deputy Crown prince Mohammed bin Nayef, and the Council for Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA), headed by the Secretary-General of the Royal Court, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who was given free rein to completely reorganize the government[39] and cementing the power of the Sudairi faction, to which both princes belong.

Yemen military intervention

[edit]
Main article: Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
King Salman and Narendra Modi of India, 16 November 2015.

In March 2015, the king ordered the bombing of Yemen and military intervention against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[40] He first put together a coalition of ten Sunni Muslim countries. Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, this was the first time the Saudi Air Force had launched airstrikes against another country since the 1990–91 Gulf War.[citation needed]

According to Farea Al-Muslim, direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict; for example, an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike.[41] Human Rights Watch (HRW) wrote that the Saudi-led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war.[42] Human rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the alleged use of cluster bombs against Yemeni civilians.[43] In 2022, Saudi airstrikes at a prison in Northern Yemen killed at least 70 people and knocked out the country's internet access.[44] The UN estimated that by the end of the year 2021, the death toll of the war on Yemen had reached 377,000 people and could reach 1.3 million people by 2030.[45]

Crown Prince changes

[edit]

In April 2015, three months after becoming king, Salman appointed a full nephew, Muhammad bin Nayef, as the new Crown Prince to replace his youngest brother Prince Muqrin. Furthermore, he made his son, Mohammed bin Salman, the Deputy Crown Prince. Almost all powers under the king were concentrated in the hands of the crown prince and deputy crown prince, both of whom held the portfolio determining all security and economic development issues in Saudi Arabia.[46]

King Salman then removed Muhammad bin Nayef from the line of succession to the Saudi throne on 21 June 2017 and designated his son Mohammed bin Salman as the new crown prince.[47] At the same time, King Salman removed Muhammad bin Nayef from his other positions in the Saudi government.[48] Mohammad bin Salman has been described as the power behind the throne.[49]

KSRelief

[edit]

In May 2015, the King Salman Center for Relief and Humanitarian Aid (KSRelief) was established to deliver aid internationally to victims of civil war and natural disaster, working with the UN and other agencies. As of June 2018, KSRelief has implemented more than 400 individual projects in 40 countries at a cost of $1.8 billion.[50] Moreover, in 2018, KSRelief assisted 180,555 Syrian patients living in Zataari Syrian refugees camp in Jordan.[51] In 2019, KSRelief signed a memorandum of cooperation with UNICEF that aims at enhancing cooperation in the humanitarian field, exchanging knowledge, sharing experiences, promoting voluntary work and boosting capacity building programs.[52] Until 2019, the center provided 1,839 Yemeni civilians wounded during the war with prosthetic limbs for a total amount of $2.3 million.[53]

In its ongoing efforts to support the people of Yemen, KSRelief organized a vocational training program to train women in Yemen to enable them to earn money for themselves and their families.[54] In a similar context, under the umbrella of the UN, KSRelief has led an international team to implement a rehabilitation project for the children affected by war in Yemen.[55] Moreover, as part of the 40th session of the UN Human Rights Council, KSRelief organized an event entitled: Children and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen where it presented a number of facts and figures related to the amount of assistance provided by the center to the people of Yemen. This includes the implementation of 328 projects for an amount of $2 billion.[56] Furthermore, in 2018 alone, KSRelief provided medical services to 2,501,897 Yemenis.[57]

In 2019, KSRelief signed a number of agreements with different civil society organizations to implement relief projects for the benefit of Palestinian and Syrian refugees as well as the host Lebanese community. KSRelief signed an agreement with the UNHCR to support the families affected by war for an amount of $5 million. Another agreement with IOM was signed to help Syrian refugees under the poverty line for an amount of $3.8 million.[58]

Human rights

[edit]
Main article: Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Vladimir Putin and King Salman in Kremlin, Moscow, 2017

In February 2012, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested for participating in, and encouraging, pro-democracy protests, when he was 16 or 17 years old. In May 2014, Ali Al-Nimr was sentenced to be executed, despite the minimum age for execution being 18 when a crime is committed.[59] Ali Al-Nimr has reported being tortured in detention. As of 23 September 2015, the sentence awaited ratification by King Salman.[60]

In February 2015, a man from Hafar al-Batin was sentenced to death for rejecting the religion of Islam.[61] In June 2015, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for Raif Badawi, a Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after being charged for 'insulting Islam'.[62]

In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court stated under a royal decree made by King Salman that minors who commit crimes will no longer face execution, but would be sentenced to imprisonment in a juvenile detention facility for a maximum of 10 years.[63][64][65]

Iran and Syria

[edit]
Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil and King Salman in October 2019

US Defense Secretary Ashton Carter met with King Salman and his Arabian military counterpart, Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, at Jeddah to answer regional security concerns in the Kingdom and the Gulf states over lifting Iranian economic and conventional military sanctions as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action outlines. The King has misgivings over the deal since it would increase the regional power of Iran especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.[66] In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr.[67] Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high price for the execution of Sheikh Nimr by God's will.[67]

Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels fighting against the Syrian government.[68] Saudi Arabia openly backed the Army of Conquest, an umbrella rebel group that reportedly included an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.[69][70][71]

In May 2019, leaders of Gulf and Arab states held two emergency summits in Mecca to present a united front to Iran.[72] Salman accused Iran of threatening global oil supplies and shipping at a meeting of Arab leaders that called on the international community to confront Tehran following attacks on shipping and rising tensions in the oil-rich region.[73] Salman said "what the Iranian regime is doing, from intervening in regional countries' affairs and developing its nuclear program, threatening global maritime traffic and global oil supplies, is a blatant violation of the treaties and principles of the United Nations." He urged the international community should "use all means to deter this regime."[74]

Normalization of ties with Israel

[edit]

In the late 2010s and early 2020s under King Salman, Saudia Arabia engaged in attempts to normalize relations with Israel. Saudi Arabia engaged in such efforts in order to forge a defensive alliance against Iranian threats against Saudia Arabia, either directly or indirectly through Iranian proxies such as the Houthis in Yemen. [75][76]

Panama Papers revelations

[edit]

King Salman has been implicated in the Panama Papers leaks, with two companies originating in the British Virgin Islands taking mortgages in excess of US$34 million to purchase property in central London. His role has not been specified.[77] The then-Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also been named in association with the Papers.[78]

Later reforms

[edit]

Further government reforms took place in June 2018, when Salman replaced the labor and Islamic affairs ministers.[79] The appointment of businessman Ahmed al-Rajhi as labor minister signalled a growing role for private sector expertise in the Saudi government.[80] The new minister for Islamic affairs, Abdullatif al-Alsheikh, had previously been credited with reining in the power of the religious police.[81] At the same time Salman ordered the establishment of the Ministry of Culture, with responsibility for delivering Saudi Vision 2030's cultural goals; and the Council of Royal Reserves, tasked with environmental protection.[81][82]

In September 2022, the King resigned from the post of prime minister, handing this role to his son Mohammed.[83]

Influence

[edit]
Salman, US President Donald Trump, and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi touching a glowing globe at the 2017 Riyadh summit.

Salman was often a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes. He was a prominent figure of the royal council, which allowed him to select which princes would be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom.[11]

Salman and his family own a media group, including pan-Arab daily Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah.[citation needed][84] Though he owns only ten percent of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), he is often referred by auditors as its owner.[citation needed] He reportedly controlled the organization through his son Prince Faisal,[citation needed] who is a former chairman of the concern. The SRMG publishes such daily papers as Arab News, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC).[85]

In a similar vein, Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists. He is said to be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al-Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and to Othman Al Omeir, who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph. King Salman is thought to have connections with the Elaph website.[86]

Views

[edit]
Prince Salman takes part in the Saudi Arabian traditional dance in the 1960s.

Salman holds traditional views with regard to political reforms and social change.[87] In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism (e.g. al-Haramain Foundation, Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina), he stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations,[88] but added "I know the assistance goes to doing good. But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities, then it is not the Kingdom's responsibility, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."[88]

In 2023, in a major departure from Wahhabism, King Salman ordered the establishment of an authority in Medina to scrutinise uses of the hadith that are used by religious preachers and jurists to support teachings and edicts on all aspects of life.[89]

Personal life

[edit]

Marriages and issue

[edit]

Salman bin Abdulaziz has been married thrice[90] and has at least thirteen children, including twelve sons.[91]

Salman's first wife was his first cousin Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi,[92][93] daughter of his maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,[94] a former governor of Asir Province.[95] They were married in 1954, when Salman was 18 years old and Sultana was 13 or 14.[96] She bore him six children, including his only known daughter. Two adult sons died during the couple's lifetimes. Sultana died on 30 July 2011.[97] Their children were:

  • Prince Fahd (1955–2001). Salman was only 19 years old when he became a father with the birth of Fahd in 1955.[98] Fahd married a cousin and was the father of four children. A businessman and horse-breeder, he died of heart failure aged 47 in July 2001.[99] After his death, his mother extended generous patronage in his memory to an existing, struggling charity, which then renamed itself The Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients. Fahd's brother Abdulaziz has taken over patronage of that charity after the death of their mother.
  • Prince Sultan (born 1956). He became the first person of royal blood, the first Arab, and first Muslim to fly to outer space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51-G) in June 1985.[100] Sultan bin Salman is currently the chairman of the Saudi Space Commission.[101] Prince Sultan bin Salman was formerly the chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA), which later was changed to be the Ministry of Tourism.[102]
  • Prince Ahmed (1958–2002), died of a heart attack in July 2002 aged 43.[103]
  • Prince Abdulaziz (b. 1960). He has been the deputy minister of oil since 1995, then the minister of Energy since 2019.[104]
  • Prince Faisal (b. 1970). He is the governor of Madinah province.
  • Princess Hassa (b. 1974), Salman's only known daughter. On 28 May 2021, she was married to a cousin, Fahd bin Saad Al Saud, at the Royal Sea Place in Jeddah.[105][97]

Salman's second wife was Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai, whom he divorced. The relatively brief marriage produced one son:

Salman's third wife is Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain, granddaughter of Rakan bin Hithlain and great-granddaughter of Dhaydan bin Hithlain, leaders of the Al Ajman tribe.[106] She has six sons with Salman:[107]

  • Prince Mohammed (b. 1985), Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. He was Salman's private adviser at the Ministry of Defense and at the Crown Prince Court.[108] Upon Salman's accession to the throne in January 2015, he was appointed minister of defense and head of the royal court.[109] Later he was named crown prince.
  • Prince Turki (b. 1987). He became the chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group in February 2013, replacing his elder half-brother Faisal.[110]
  • Prince Khalid (b. 1988)
  • Prince Nayef
  • Prince Bandar
  • Prince Rakan

Personality

[edit]

Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan, having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York City and Morocco, from 2008 to 2011.[23] Prince Sultan described him as "the prince of loyalty" in a letter sent to him.[111] Salman was also King Fahd's most trusted adviser during his reign.[112][113]

His legal counsel was William Jeffress Jr., of U.S.-based firm Baker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of the September 11 attacks from 2002 to 2010.[114]

In August 2010, Salman underwent spinal surgery in the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery.[115] He has had one stroke and, despite receiving physiotherapy, his left arm does not work as well as his right.[116][117][118] It has been reported that Salman has mild vascular dementia,[119] in addition to reports of Alzheimer's dementia.[120]

U.S. intelligence officials believe that King Salman has been kept apart from his wife Princess Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain for several years, on the orders of their son Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[121]

Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Al-Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013.[7] In 2017, Salman pledged US$15,000,000 for Rohingya Muslim refugees in Bangladesh.[122]

In July 2020, King Salman underwent successful gallbladder surgery.[123]

In May 2024, it was reported that King Salman had a lung infection and would be taking antibiotics.[124]

Honours

[edit]
Styles of
King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The power, politics and possessions of the 'world's richest royals'". www.9news.com.au. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  2. ^ "King Salman's illness raises concerns and speculations". 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  3. ^ "9/11 Commission interview with Saudi Prince Bandar released". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Profile: New Saudi Defense Minister Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Asharq Alawsat. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  5. ^ "An Heir to the Kingdom: New Crown Prince Salman" (PDF). The Diplomat. 35: 8–11. July–August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  6. ^ Alexander Bligh. From Prince to King; Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. New York, New York University Press (1984). Arabic edition: Alexander Bligh. Min amir ila malik. London, D.A. Publications (1989).
  7. ^ a b "Crown Prince receives Lifetime Achievement Award in the field of Urban Heritage". National Built Heritage Forum. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  8. ^ "Arab Rulers' Academic Degrees, Majors at a Glance". 11 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  9. ^ a b "His royal highness Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Ministers with portfolio". Saudi Embassy, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  11. ^ a b c "Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". PBS. 7 October 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  12. ^ Joseph A. Kechichian. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print.
  13. ^ Here's Everything We Know About The New Saudi King Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Business Insider. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  14. ^ Sharif M. Taha (5 May 2012). "Sharjah ruler among 18 to be honored by Prince Salyman". Arab News. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  15. ^ "In-Depth Study of King Faisal's Life Urged". Arab News. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  16. ^ Giorgio Cafiero; Theodore Karasik (2017). "King Salman's Return to Brunei Two Decades Later". IndraStra Global (3): 5.
  17. ^ "الجولات الخارجية لسلمان.. دعم للعلاقات وتعزيز للرؤية السعودية". Al Madina. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Jamal Khashoggi's long road to the doors of the Saudi Consulate". The Washington Post. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Saudi Arabia names Prince Salman as new defence minister". BBC News. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  20. ^ "The Allegiance Council". APS Diplomat News Service. 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  21. ^ Talal Kapoor (2 July 2012). "Nayif's Passing – The Family Regroups". Datarabia. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  22. ^ Amir Taheri (2012). "Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family". The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. 34 (3): 138–143. doi:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725. S2CID 154850947.
  23. ^ a b Basheer al Baker (3 November 2011). "Prince Sulayman Seeks Balance in Saudi Transitional Period". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 23 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ "Saudi Prince dead, Salman likely successor". Trade Arabia. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  25. ^ "Al Saud move with speed to reconfigure top team after Nayef's death" (PDF). Gulf States Newsletter. 36 (926). 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  26. ^ "Saudis lead Middle East military spending". 14 April 2014. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  27. ^ "Islamic State: Where key countries stand". BBC News. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  28. ^ Patrick, Neil (17 June 2012). "Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince's death raises succession questions". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  29. ^ Roberts, David (19 June 2012). "Saudi Succession after the Death of Crown Prince Nayef". RUSI Analysis. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013.
  30. ^ a b Angus McDowall (18 June 2012). "Saudi appoints Prince Salman as crown prince". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  31. ^ a b Abeer Allam (26 August 2012). "Saudi Arabia: In a restless realm". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  32. ^ "Crown prince in charge as Saudi king leaves on holiday". Reuters. Riyadh. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  33. ^ "Saudi Crown Prince Salman launches Twitter account". Al Arabiya. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  34. ^ "Saudi- Authority to monitor audiovisual media". MEFAFN. Arab News. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  35. ^ McDowall, Angus (22 January 2015). "Saudi King Abdullah dies, new ruler is Salman". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  36. ^ "Saudi Arabia's King Salman unveils cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  37. ^ "King Salman receives Prince Charles in Riyadh". Al Arabiya. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  38. ^ "Who's Who: Prince Mishaal bin Majed bin Abdul Aziz, adviser to King Salman". Arab News. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  39. ^ Mohammad bin Nayef takes leading role in Saudi Arabia Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Gulf News. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". CNN. 27 March 2015.
  41. ^ Laura Kasinof (4 May 2015). "How Yemen's Civil Conflict Turned Into a Regional Proxy War". The Nation. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  42. ^ "Yemen: Saudi-Led Airstrikes Used Cluster Munitions". Human Rights Watch. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  43. ^ Fanack. "A New Wind in Saudi Arabia". Fanack.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  44. ^ Yee, Vivian (21 January 2022). "Saudi-Led Airstrikes Kill Scores at a Prison in Yemen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  45. ^ "Yemen war deaths will reach 377,000 by end of the year: UN". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  46. ^ Angus McDowall; Sami Aboudi (29 April 2015). "Saudi king resets succession to cope with turbulent times". Reuters. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  47. ^ "Mohammed bin Salman named Saudi Arabia's crown prince". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
  48. ^ Nicole Chavez; Tamara Qiblawi; James Griffiths (21 June 2017). "Saudi Arabia's king replaces nephew with son as heir to throne". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  49. ^ Transcript: Interview with Muhammad bin Salman Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Economist, 6 January 2016.
  50. ^ "King Salman relief center implements 428 projects worth $1.7 bln". Al Arabiya. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  51. ^ "King Salman Humanitarian aid agency treats 180,000 Syrian patients in Jordan". Arab News. 4 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  52. ^ "KSRelief inks cooperation deal with UNICEF". Arab News. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  53. ^ "Saudi Arabia's relief center prosthetic limbs project benefits 1,839 Yemenis". Arab News. 24 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  54. ^ "KSRelief launches pilot project for female breadwinners in Yemen". Arab News. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  55. ^ "Saudi Arabia's aid agency takes steps to improve rehab projects". Arab News. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  56. ^ "KSrelief Holds Seminar on Children, Humanitarian Crisis, in Yemen, in Geneva". www.spa.gov.sa. The official Saudi Press Agency. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  57. ^ "Saudi Arabia's KSRelief team discusses Yemen livelihood project". Arab News. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  58. ^ "KSRelief signs agreements for relief to Lebanese, Syrians and Palestinians". Arab News. 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  59. ^ "Father of Ali, Saudi teen slated for public execution, speaks out". Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  60. ^ Zafar Gondal, "Analysis of court Judgment and conviction of Ali bin Mohammad bin Baqir Al-Nimr – Saudi Arabia" Archived 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, London, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015
  61. ^ "Saudi Arabia court gives death penalty to man who renounced his Muslim faith". The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  62. ^ "Saudi court upholds blogger's 10 years and 1,000 lashes". BBC. 7 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  63. ^ "Saudi Arabia scraps execution for those who committed crimes as minors: Commission". Reuters. 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  64. ^ "Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for crimes committed by minors". The Guardian. 27 April 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  65. ^ Perper, Rosie. "Saudi Arabia ends executions for individuals who committed crimes as minors as it tries to shape up its troubling human rights record". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  66. ^ Robert Tait and Peter Foster. (22 July 2015) "Saudi Arabia's King Salman backs Israel over Iran nuclear deal concerns". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2015. The Telegraph website Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^ a b Slawson, Nicola (2 January 2016). "Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016.
  68. ^ Karouny, Mariam (31 May 2013). "Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support". Reuters.
  69. ^ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015.
  70. ^ "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest' Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine". Al Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015.
  71. ^ Hussein, Sarah (28 April 2015). "'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime". Yahoo! News.
  72. ^ "Saudi king warns attacks on oil stations threaten global supply". The Guardian. 1 June 2019.
  73. ^ Al-Atrush, Samer (30 May 2019). "Saudi King Accuses Iran of Threatening Global Oil Supplies". Bloomberg News.
  74. ^ "Saudi king: Iran-backed groups threaten global oil". Deutsche Welle. 6 January 2019.
  75. ^ "How normalized relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel could change the Middle East". PBS NewsHour. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  76. ^ "Israel-Saudi normalization: the pros and cons". Globes. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  77. ^ "The who's who of Middle East leaders and their secret billions". Middle East Eye. 5 April 2016.
  78. ^ "A world tour of the politicians named in the Panama Papers". France 24. 4 April 2016.
  79. ^ "King Salman's reign sees largest structural reforms in history of Saudi Arabia". Al Arabiya English. 2 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.
  80. ^ "FaceOf: Ahmed bin Suleiman Al-Rajhi, new minister of labor and social development". Arab News. 4 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018.
  81. ^ a b Ahmed Al Omran (2 June 2018). "Saudi Arabia creates new departments in reshuffle". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018.
  82. ^ "Saudi Arabia seeks ecotourism boost by protecting environment, wildlife". Arab News. 3 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018.
  83. ^ "Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince to become Kingdom's Prime Minister: Royal decree". Al Arabiya English. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022.
  84. ^ "9 Challenges Facing The New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia". Alifarabia. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  85. ^ "Al-Faiz new editor in chief of Arab News". SRPC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  86. ^ "Saudi succession issues" (PDF). GSN (Gulf States Newsletter). 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
  87. ^ Sullivan, Kevin (23 January 2015). "Before he was king, Salman was the family disciplinarian who put princes behind bars". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015.
  88. ^ a b Jean Charles Brisard (19 December 2002). "Terrorism financing. Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing" (PDF). Security Council, United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  89. ^ Anas, Mohammed (14 May 2023). "Not Wahabi hardliners but Ahle Quran group is behind MBS' bold reforms in Saudi Arabia". Khmer Times.
  90. ^ "Prince Sulayman Named Saudi 'Crown Prince'". Arab Times. Riyadh. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  91. ^ Raf Sanchez (21 June 2017). "Who is Mohammed bin Salman, the 31-year-old future king of Saudi Arabia?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  92. ^ "Princess Sultana". Eugene Register Guard. 19 June 1983. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  93. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (6 June 2015). "Surprising Saudi Rises as a Prince Among Princes". The New York Times. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  94. ^ "Sultana, wife of Riyadh Emir, passes away". Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  95. ^ "Sultana bint Ahmad bin Muhammad al Sudairi". Datarabia. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  96. ^ "بالفيديو: الأمير "سلطان بن سلمان" يروي قصة زواج والده الملك سلمان من سلطانة بنت تركي السديري". Al Marsad (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  97. ^ a b "Kingdom mourns loss of princess". The Siasat Daily. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  98. ^ Bradley Hope; Justin Scheck (1 September 2020). Blood and Oil: Mohammed bin Salman's Ruthless Quest for Global Power. Hachette Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-306-84665-6. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  99. ^ "Death of a Generous man". The Telegraph. 25 July 2001. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  100. ^ "First Arab astronaut makes a royal tour of space". The Windsor Star. New York. 20 June 1985. pp. B12. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  101. ^ "Saudi Space Commission". ssc.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  102. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". mt.gov.sa. Retrieved 13 March 2020.[permanent dead link]
  103. ^ John R. Bradley (23 July 2002). "Prince Ahmed's cousin killed on way to funeral". USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  104. ^ Faucon, Benoit; Said, Summer; Malsin, Jared (8 September 2019). "Saudi Arabia Names New Energy Minister". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  105. ^ Maria Naguib (4 June 2020). "A Closer Look At The Dreamy Wedding Dress Of Saudi Arabia's Princess Hassa bint Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Harper's Bazaaar Arabia. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  106. ^ Hugh Miles (23 October 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Eight of King Salman's 11 surviving brothers want to oust him". Independent. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  107. ^ "Family Tree of Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud". Datarabia. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  108. ^ "Prince Sultan arrives to Bahrain to attend Bahrain Grand Prix". Bahrain News Agency. 22 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  109. ^ "Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman named defense minister". Al Arabiya. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  110. ^ "Prince Turki succeeds Prince Faisal as SRMG chairman". Arab News. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  111. ^ "Late crown prince's letter shows his deep love toward Sulayman". Arab News. 26 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  112. ^ Paul Michael Wihbey (1997). "Succession in Saudi Arabia: The not so silent struggle". IASPS Research Papers in Strategy (4). Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  113. ^ Milton Viorst (January–February 1996). "The storm and the citadel". Foreign Affairs. 75 (1): 93–107. doi:10.2307/20047470. JSTOR 20047470. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  114. ^ "Representative Engagements". Baker Botts L.L.P. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  115. ^ "King Sulayman bin Abdulaziz undergone successful surgery, Royal Court statement says". Gulf in the Media. 17 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  116. ^ Simon Henderson (10 April 2012). "The Man Who Would Be King". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  117. ^ Simon Henderson (10 January 2013). "To Stop Iran, Get a New Saudi King". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  118. ^ Next after next… Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Economist (Cairo). 5 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  119. ^ Chulov, Martin (15 December 2021). "As Arab leaders gather in Saudi Arabia King Salman's absence looms large". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  120. ^ Miles, Hugh (23 October 2015). "A family revolt could bring down the Saudi monarchy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  121. ^ "U.S. officials: Saudi crown prince has hidden his mother from his father, the king". NBC news. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  122. ^ "Saudi Arabia Pledges $15 Million to Aid Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar". einnews.com. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  123. ^ "Saudi Arabia's King Salman has successful gallbladder surgery". Al Jazeera. 7 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  124. ^ "Saudi Arabia's 88-year-old King Salman has a lung infection and will take antibiotics, doctors say". AP News. 19 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  125. ^ "Saudi King Salman begins official visit to Bahrain". GDN Online. 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  126. ^ "Berkenan menerima kunjungan muhibah Kebawah DYMM Raja Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud". Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 4 March 2017. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  127. ^ "King Salman holds talks with Djibouti leader". Arab News. 18 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  128. ^ Ali, Mostafa (8 April 2016). "Egypt's Sisi awards Saudi King Salman 'Order of the Nile' honour". Ahram Online. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  129. ^ "Top Guinea medal for King". Arab News. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  130. ^ "Saudi King Salman increases Indonesia's haj quota". Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  131. ^ "King Salman to hold talks with Japanese premier today". Arab News. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  132. ^ "Saudi Arabia's King Salman receives Jordan's highest award". Al Arabiya. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  133. ^ a b "Kuwaiti Crown Prince hosts banquet in honor of King Salman". Saudi Gazette. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  134. ^ a b "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat". Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  135. ^ "Mexico eyes Gulf investment funds". Arab News. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  136. ^ a b c "A New King for Saudi Arabia: H.E. King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  137. ^ "King Salman, Niger president discuss ties". 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2023. The visiting president decorated King Salman with the National Merit Medal, the highest medal of his country.
  138. ^ Haider, Mateen (4 March 2015). "Nawaz Sharif holds talks with Saudi King Salman". Dawn. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  139. ^ "Sultan Haitham and King Salman hold talks in NEOM during Saudi Arabia visit". Arab News. 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  140. ^ "Mahmoud Abbas and King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud". Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  141. ^ "King Salman awarded medal of honor". Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  142. ^ "Otras disposiciones" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  143. ^ "King Salman, Tunisian president hold talks, oversee signing of two deals & confer medals". Saudi Gazette. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  144. ^ "Colloqui ufficiali tra il Custode delle Due Sacre Moschee e il Presidente Erdogan, nel corso della visita di Stato di Re Salman in Turchia". Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  145. ^ "King starts Gulf tour with UAE visit". Arab News. 3 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  146. ^ "Riyadh, Kiev cement relations with President Poroshenko's Saudi visit". Arab News. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  147. ^ "President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev awards King of Saudi Arabia Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud with the Order of Altyn Kyran". dknews.kz. 24 July 2022. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
[edit]
Salman
Born: 31 December 1935
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Saudi Arabia
2015–present 		Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Mohammed bin Salman
Saudi Arabian royalty
Preceded by Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
2012–2015 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
Abdullah
 Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
2015–2022 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Riyadh Region
1963–2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defense
2011–2015 		Succeeded by
Mohammed bin Salman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia&oldid=1238223392"