T-unit
In linguistics, the term T-unit was coined by Kellogg Hunt in 1965.[1] It is defined as the "shortest grammatically allowable sentences into which (writing can be split) or minimally terminable unit." Often, but not always, a T-unit is a sentence.
More technically, a T-unit is a dominant clause and its dependent clauses: as Hunt said: it is "one main clause with all subordinate clauses attached to it" (Hunt 1965:20). T-units are often used in the analysis of written and spoken discourse, such as in studies on errors in second language writing. The number of error-free T-units may be counted, as in Robb et al. (1986),[2] or changes in accuracy per T-unit overdrafts of compositions may be measured (Sachs and Polio, 2007).[3]
Young (1995)[4] gives some examples of what a T-unit is and is not:
"The following elements were counted as one T-unit: a single clause, a matrix plus subordinate clause, two or more phrases in apposition, and fragments of clauses produced by ellipsis. Co-ordinate clauses were counted as two t-units. Elements not counted as t-units include backchannel cues such as mhm and yeah, and discourse boundary markers such as okay, thanks or good. False starts were integrated into the following t-unit." (Young 1995:38)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hunt, K. (1965). Grammatical structures written at three grade levels. NCTE Research Report No. 3. Champaign, IL, USA: NCTE.
- ^ Robb, T., Ross, S., & Shortreed, I. (1986). Salience of feedback on error and its effect on EFL writing quality. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 83–93.
- ^ Sachs, R., and Polio, C. (2007).Learners' uses of two types of written feedback on an L2 writing revision task. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29:67-100.
- ^ Young, Richard (1995). "Conversational Styles in Language Proficiency Interviews". Language Learning. 45 (1): 3–42. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00961.x.
External links
[edit]- Reading complexity judgments: Episode
- Foster, P., Tonkyn, A. and Wigglesworth, G. (2000). Measuring spoken language: a unit for all reasons Applied Linguistics 21/3:354-375.