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LATAM Airlines Brasil

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(Redirected from TAM Airlines)
Not to be confused with TAM - Transporte Aéreo Militar, TAME, or TAN Airlines.
LATAM Airlines Brasil
IATA ICAO Callsign
JJ[1] TAM[1] TAM
Founded
  • 21 February 1961; 63 years ago (1961-02-21)
    (as TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília)
  • 11 November 1975; 48 years ago (1975-11-11)
    (as TAM – Transportes Aéreos Marília S/A)
Commenced operations
  • 12 July 1976; 48 years ago (1976-07-12)
    (as TAM – Transportes Aéreos Marília S/A)
  • 15 May 2000; 24 years ago (2000-05-15)
    (as TAM Linhas Aéreas)
  • 5 May 2016; 8 years ago (2016-05-05)
    (as LATAM Brasil)
AOC #13,221 (November 24, 2023)[2]
Hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programLATAM Pass
Fleet size145[3]
Destinations93
Parent companyLATAM Airlines Group
HeadquartersSão Paulo, Brazil
Key peopleJerome Cadier (CEO)
FounderRolim Amaro
RevenueIncrease US10.7 billion (2017)
Net incomeIncrease US$109.4 million (2017)
Websitewww.latam.com

LATAM Airlines Brasil, formerly TAM Linhas Aéreas,[4][5] is the Brazilian brand of LATAM Airlines Group operating international and domestic flights from hubs in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Brasília.[6] According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC), between January and December 2023, LATAM had 37.8% of the domestic, and 18.2% of the international market share in terms of passenger-kilometers flown,[7] making it the largest domestic and largest international airline in Brazil.

TAM Linhas Aéreas was Brazil's and Latin America's largest airline before the takeover by Chilean airline LAN Airlines.[8][9] Its headquarters were in São Paulo,[10] operating scheduled services to destinations within Brazil, as well as international flights to Europe and other parts of North and South America. Shares in the company were traded on the São Paulo Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) and New York Stock Exchange as "TAM".[11] Prior to the merger with LAN, the company closed its capital, transferring its shares to LATAM Airlines Group. In August 2015, it was announced that the two airlines would fully rebrand as LATAM, with one livery to be applied on all aircraft by 2018.[12][13] The airline withdrew from the Star Alliance and joined Oneworld, effective from March 31, 2014.[14] The carrier left Oneworld on May 1, 2020.[15]

The word "TAM" is an acronym for "Transportes Aéreos Marília", which dates back to the company's origins as a regional aviation company founded in Marília, in the state of São Paulo.

History

[edit]

The Origins: TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília

[edit]
Main article: TAM Aviação Executiva

TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais were two different entities, although both belonged to the TAM Group. TAM – Marília, an air taxi company founded on February 21, 1961 at the city of Marília, provided the start-up infrastructure for TAM – Regionais.

TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK)

[edit]

On November 11, 1975, the Government of Brazil created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in to five different regions, for which five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. Founded by Rolim Adolfo Amaro,[16] TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A was the third of those regional airlines to be made operational. Its services started on July 12, 1976, and its operational area comprised parts of the Southeast and Central West regions of Brazil, specifically the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, and parts of Mato Grosso, and São Paulo plus the possibility of serving the cities of Cuiabá, Rio de Janeiro, Londrina, Maringá, and Brasília when linking them to its area of concession.[17]

TAM – Linhas Aéreas Regionais was formed as a joint-venture between TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília, and VASP which was then a state-owned airline. The airline received the IATA code KK[18] on October 13, 1999. The new airline flew Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes at first, but these proved grossly inadequate for the task at hand, and even at full capacity needed to be subsidized by the government in order to be profitable.

TAM went on to purchase three used Fokker F27 turboprops, which were subsequently refurbished by Fokker in the Netherlands. In order to obtain the import authorization for the aircraft, a deal was struck with the government in which TAM was forced to maintain three Bandeirantes for every F27, as well as removing five seats from each one, bringing the F27's capacity down to 40 passengers. A fourth F27, previously owned by Air New Zealand, was added to the TAM fleet in 1981. By 1983, TAM had acquired 10 F27s. By 1981, TAM had flown 1 million passengers, and 2 million by 1984.

TAM (KK) joint operations with TAM (JJ)

[edit]
TAM's former headquarters, located at Congonhas Airport.
TAM's former logo (1980-2008)
Main article: Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas

Under financial stress, the company went public in August 1986, and began floating stock in the market. The same year, TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) acquired another regional airline, VOTEC, which operated in areas of northern and central Brazil. VOTEC was then renamed Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas. TAM and Brasil Central were both regional airlines and operated in different designated areas. They, however, operated as a consortium with integrated networks and fleet, with the most notable differences being the flight number IATA codes (whereas TAM had the IATA code KK, Brasil Central operated with the code JJ inherited from VOTEC), the different color schemes of the aircraft, and their designated areas of operation. In 1988, TAM flew its 3 millionth passenger.

On May 15, 1990, the Brazilian Government lifted restrictions on operational areas of regional airlines allowing them to fly anywhere in Brazil. As a consequence, Brasil Central was renamed TAM - Transportes Aéreos Meridionais, acquired the same color scheme of TAM (KK) but maintained the IATA code JJ.

In 2000, TAM (KK) was merged into TAM (JJ) and TAM (JJ) was renamed TAM Transportes Aéreos. The code JJ was maintained and the code KK was released back to IATA.

Despite TAM's success in the market, it was evident the airline would not last long when competing against airlines such as Varig and VASP, both of which already possessed Boeing 737s in their fleet. Amaro then tried to buy VASP, which was about to be privatized and called the project "Revolution". Having lost the bid, he opted for slower growth with the gradual addition of new aircraft, re-dubbed "Evolution".

Consolidation of Services

[edit]
Main articles: Helisul Linhas Aéreas, Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos, and Pantanal Linhas Aéreas

On September 15, 1989, TAM arranged for the acquisition of two Fokker 100 jets. Like the F27s before them, TAM did not actually purchase these aircraft but used Amaro's credibility to arrange for a third-party asset management company, Guinness Peat Aviation, to purchase them and subsequently lease them back to TAM. Two more were added in 1991. In 1992, TAM carried its 8 millionth passenger. By 1993, through the use of the Fokker 100 fleet, which now numbered at 14, TAM was serving 56 cities in Brazil.

A departures board showing a TAM flight at Miami International Airport in August 2010

In 1996, TAM bought another airline, Helisul Linhas Aéreas, which used the trade name of TAM. In 1997, TAM ordered its first large jets; the airline ordered 45 planes from Airbus, including 10 A330s, 4 A319s, and 34 A320s. In 1997, the Airbuses began to be delivered and the airline flew its first international service from São Paulo to Miami International Airport. In 1998, TAM purchased the passenger division of Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos.

Two years later, in 1999, services to Europe were inaugurated through a code share service with Air France, to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2000, the airline was renamed TAM Linhas Aéreas. Long running discussions to merge with Varig ended in 2004. In 2008, TAM transported 30,144,000 passengers, with an average load factor of 71%.[19] As of 2010, the airline is owned by the Amaro family (46.25%), Amaro Aviation Part (3.52%), treasury stocks (0.27%), and minority shareholders (49.96%). It employed 24,000 staff.[19] On May 13, 2010, TAM became the 27th member of Star Alliance.[20] David Barioni served as the airline's president from 2007 to 2009.[21][22]

In 2009, TAM decided to replace its Passenger Service System provided by Sabre, known as Sabresonic, with the Altéa platform from Amadeus.[23] The migration to Altéa was completed in the first quarter of 2010.[24]

On March 30, 2011, TAM signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas, a regional airline which code-shares with TAM since 2004.[25] A final decision had however been postponed;[26] and finally, in February 2012, the purchase agreement was not renewed. On May 28, 2012, TRIP was sold to Azul Brazilian Airlines.[27] Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013.[28]

TAM's last logo (2008-2016) before merging with LAN Airlines

On December 21, 2009, TAM Linhas Aéreas purchased Pantanal Linhas Aéreas. At that time, TAM decided to maintain Pantanal as a separate airline within the TAM Group integrated into the network of TAM.[29] Starting August 1, 2011, Pantanal operated flights on behalf of TAM, all with origin and destination at São-Paulo-Congonhas Airport. On March 26, 2013, Brazilian authorities approved the incorporation of all Pantanal assets by TAM and Pantanal ceased to exist.[30] The incorporation process was completed on August 23, 2013.[31]

In January 2013, the Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) determined that TAM Linhas Aéreas had the second-worst safety record in the world. The ratings take into account the number and deadliness of the hull losses (destroyed airplanes) they have suffered in the past 30 years, how they have fared more recently, and how many flights they have flown without incident. The results do not take into account the cause of the hull losses, or whether the airline is at fault, so they are not a perfect measure of how safely an airline behaves.[32]

The creation of LATAM Airlines Group

[edit]
Main article: LATAM Airlines Group
A former LATAM Brasil Airbus A350-900 approaching Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in 2016

On August 13, 2010, TAM signed a non-binding agreement with Chilean airline LAN Airlines to merge and create LATAM Airlines Group.[33] This was changed into a binding agreement on January 19, 2011.[34] LATAM's agreement was approved with 11 restrictions by Chilean authorities on September 21, 2011. These included transferring four slots at São Paulo-Guarulhos to competitors interested in operating flights to Santiago de Chile, renouncing membership to either Oneworld or Star Alliance, restricting increase capacity on flights between Brazil and Chile, and opening code-share possibilities and fidelity program membership to interested competitors.[35] On December 14, 2011, Brazilian authorities approved the agreement imposing similar restrictions as Chilean authorities. By August 2012, LATAM made a decision in favor of Oneworld and frequencies between São Paulo and Santiago de Chile were reduced: TAM had two pairs of slots while LAN had four. LAN ceded two pairs to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be Sky Airline.[36] The merger was completed on June 22, 2012.[37] As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM.[38] It still continues to use the "TAM" name as a call sign for its LATAM Brasil operated flights.

On July 9, 2020, LATAM Brasil announced that it filed for judicial reorganization in the United States due to the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the company's operations. The LATAM Airlines group and its affiliates had already entered the debt restructuring process in May of the same year under the protection of Chapter 11 of the United States bankruptcy law, which allows a deadline for companies to reorganize themselves financially. Despite the announcement, the company continues to operate normally.[39]

Subsidiary: LATAM Paraguay

[edit]
Main article: LATAM Paraguay

In 1994, TAM Linhas Aéreas established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of the Cessna 208 Caravans, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. Today TAM owns 94.98% and the Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares.

In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name TAM Mercosur was dropped and the airline adopted an identical corporate identity of TAM Airlines. However, its corporate structure remained the same.[40] This airline is today informally known as TAM Paraguay, and uses the IATA code PZ. In 2016, the airline was rebranded to LATAM Paraguay, at the same time as all other airlines of the LATAM group.[41]

Destinations

[edit]
Main article: List of LATAM Brasil destinations

The network of LATAM Brasil and LATAM Paraguay covers Brazil, Paraguay, Africa, Europe, North and South America.

Codeshare agreements

[edit]

LATAM Brasil codeshares with the following airlines:[42]

Fleet

[edit]
LATAM Brasil Airbus A320neo
LATAM Brasil Airbus A321-200 in former oneworld livery.
LATAM Brasil Boeing 777-300ER in Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge/Disney World livery.

Current fleet

[edit]

As of June 2024, LATAM Brasil operates the following aircraft:[3]

LATAM Brasil fleet
Aircraft In
service 		Orders Passengers Notes
J W Y Total
Airbus A319-100 19 — – – 144 144
Airbus A320-200 57 — – – 162 162 5 operating for LATAM Paraguay.
174 174
180 180
Airbus A320neo 18 2 – – 174 174
180 180
Airbus A321-200 31 — – – 224 224 Older aircraft to be replaced by Airbus A321neo.
Airbus A321neo 12 11 – – 224 224 To replace older Airbus A321-200.
Boeing 777-300ER 10 — 38 50 322 410
Boeing 787-9 1 — 30 57 216 303 Taken over from LATAM Chile.[citation needed]
Total 148 13

Former fleet

[edit]

LATAM Brasil had also operated these following aircraft since it started services:[43][44]

LATAM Brasil former fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A330-200 22 1998 2016
Airbus A340-500 2 2007 2011 Leased from Air Canada.
Airbus A350-900 13 2016 2021 Subleased to other airlines[citation needed]
Boeing 767-300ER 19 2008 2023 [45]
Cessna 170A 1 1961 Un­known
Cessna 180 4 1961 Un­known
Cessna 206 Stationair 1 1961 Un­known
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan 39 1996 2012
Cessna 402B 4 1972 1979
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante 15 1976 1996
Fokker F27 10 1980 2000
Fokker 50 9 1995 2001
Fokker 100 51 1990 2008 Most were taken from orders of Sempati Air and Pan Am
Learjet 24 1 1984 Un­known
Learjet 25 6 1974 Un­known
Learjet 35 1 2007 Un­known
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 1 2007 2008 Leased from Boeing Capital
McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER 2
Mitsubishi MU-2 1 1994 1999
Piper PA-31-350 Navajo[46] 1 1976 1984

Fleet development

[edit]

On June 16, 2005, TAM purchased 20 additional Airbus A320 family aircraft (including the A319, A320 and A321), with an additional 20 options. These were expected to be delivered between late 2007 and 2010, adding to the already scheduled delivery of 6 A320s between 2006 and 2008. At the same time, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus stating its intent to buy 10 of the new Airbus A350-900 plus 5 options, with deliveries planned due to commence at the end of 2014. However, LATAM received its first A350 in early 2016.[47]

TAM has also signed a firm contract with Airbus to acquire 37 additional aircraft. The order comprises 12 A319s, 16 A320s, 3 A321s and 3 A330s and includes 12 unspecified extra options. This would bring the number of aircraft in TAM's fleet acquired directly from Airbus to 115 aircraft.[48] The commitments are separate from deals in earlier years for 29 firm-ordered A320s and 20 options. The deliveries were concluded by 2010. In 2013, TAM announced that it would phased out three of the oldest Boeing 767 it operates; however, it later changed plans and decided to keep the aircraft, adding some more aircraft from LAN Airlines instead. They replaced the A330-200s. TAM also received the first aircraft of the A320 family with Sharklets in April 2013.[49]

Fleet maintenance is partially conducted at the technology center at São Carlos Airport.[50][51]

LATAM Pass

[edit]

LATAM Pass is the frequent flyer program of LATAM Brasil. Under this program, flyers can redeem program points for purchasing tickets on airlines of the LATAM group and selected partners. The program offers cards for different categories and percentages of mileage accrual:[52]

Card Type Points Needed / Year Economy class Business class First class
LATAM (former WHITE) — 100% 150% 200%
GOLD (former BLUE) 10,000 100% + 25% 150% + 25% 200% + 25%
PLATINUM (former RED) 40,000 100% + 75% 150% + 75% 200% + 75%
BLACK (former RED PLUS) 100,000 100% + 100% 150% + 100% 200% + 100%
BLACK SIGNATURE (former BLACK) 150,000 100% + 100% 150% + 100% 200% + 100%

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
This building across the street from Congonhas-São Paulo Airport and the fuel station seen to the left of it were completely destroyed in a 2007 accident. The building used to host offices and a warehouse for the TAM Express service. A memorial garden and monument now stand at the site.
The TAM Express warehouse after the crash of Flight 3054.
  • On February 8, 1979, an Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante (PT-SBB) operating a flight from Bauru to São Paulo-Congonhas, while on initial climb from Bauru, struck trees and crashed into flames. All 2 crew and 16 passengers died.[53][54]
  • On October 7, 1983, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante (PP-SBH) flying from Campo Grande and Urubupungá to Araçatuba struck the ground just short of the runway threshold after missing the approach at Araçatuba Airport twice. Seven crew and passengers died.[55][56]
  • On June 28, 1984, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante (PP-SBC) operating a chartered flight by Petrobras from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão to Macaé flew into São João Hill while descending through rain and clouds over the Municipality of São Pedro da Aldeia. All 16 passengers and 2 crew died. The passengers were journalists of well-known Brazilian networks who were preparing a special report about the Campos Basin oil fields.[57][58]
  • On February 12, 1990, a Fokker F27 (PT-LCG) operating a flight from São Paulo-Congonhas to Bauru, due to faulty approach procedures, touched down at Bauru 775 meters (2,543 ft; 848 yd) past the runway threshold. The pilot was unable to initiate a go-around procedure and went past the end of the runway, hitting a car that was passing on a road nearby. One crew member and two occupants of the car died.[59]
  • On October 31, 1996, a Fokker 100 (PT-MRK) and operating as Flight 402 from São Paulo-Congonhas to Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont crashed into an urban area during takeoff procedures and after engine no. 2 suffering at least three uncommanded reverse thrust deployments and thus losing power, stalled, rolled to the right and struck two buildings. All 95 passengers and crew on board and 4 people on the ground died.[60][61]
  • On July 9, 1997, a Fokker 100 that was on a daily route between Vitória and São Paulo, with a stopover in São José dos Campos, suffered a sudden explosion between seats 18 and 20, which opened a 4-square-meter (43 sq ft) hole in its fuselage and threw engineer Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos out of the plane. The passenger fell from a height of 2,400 meters (7,874 ft), at a speed of 100 meters per second (330 ft/s), creating a 1-meter (3.3 ft) diameter fault in the ground, in a cassava plantation in the city of Suzano, where he was found.[62][63] According to the cadaveric report, despite the explosion, it is very likely that Fernando arrived alive and lucid to the ground. Days later, the Federal Police of Brazil indicted unemployed professor Leonardo Teodoro de Castro, who was also traveling on the aircraft, as the author of the explosion. Leonardo, however, could not be judged for what happened, because days after the explosion he was run over by a bus and is in a vegetative state.[64][65]
  • On September 15, 2001, a Fokker 100 (PT-MRN) operating the charter Flight 9755, flying from Recife to São Paulo-Congonhas via Campinas-Viracopos, following an uncontrolled engine failure en route to Campinas, had three cabin windows shattered by fragments of the engine and made an emergency landing at Belo Horizonte-Confins. One passenger was sucked out partly and held by another passenger until the aircraft landed. The passenger did not survive.[66][67]
  • On July 17, 2007, an Airbus A320-200 (PR-MBK) operating Flight 3054 from Porto Alegre to São Paulo-Congonhas overran the runway while landing at Congonhas, crossed a major thoroughfare and impacted against a TAM Express warehouse. All 187 passengers and crew perished, as did 12 people on the ground.[68]
  • On September 28, 2018, an empty Airbus A320 (PT-MZJ) of more than 18 years old, got off the pusher truck during towing at the São Paulo-Congonhas and the rear hit a palm and other trees. The palm crushed the right rear wing.[69]
  • On December 20, 2018, a Boeing 777-300ER (PT-MUG) operating as LA8084 from São Paulo-Guarulhos to London Heathrow suffered a serious electrical fault inflight, subsequently diverting to Belo Horizonte International Airport. There were no reported injuries or fatalities.[70] The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.

Subsidiaries

[edit]
  • LATAM Cargo Brasil provides cargo services.[71]
  • Multiplus Fidelidade is the customer loyalty network.[71] On November 8, 2011, Multiplus and the Canadian company Aimia (which also administers Air Canada's loyalty program Aeroplan) established a joint-venture to create in Brazil a third company that would administer loyalty schemes of other companies.[72]
  • TAM Aviação Executiva provides air services for business executives.[71]
  • TAM Viagens provides vacation package services for Brazilians,[71] while TAM Vacations provides vacation package services for Americans.[73][74]
  • Cine TAM was a cinema in São Paulo owned by the airline.
  • TAM Museum was a museum of vintage aircraft located in São Carlos and maintained by TAM Group.[71]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "LATAM Airlines Brasil". Ch-aviation.com.
  2. ^ "Empresas Aéreas - Consulta". ANAC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b "LATAM Airlines Brasil Fleet". Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  4. ^ TAM Airlines Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  5. ^ "Resumo Historico do Grupo TAM". Retrieved 26 January 2012. (in Portuguese)
  6. ^ https://www.latamairlines.com/br/pt/sobre-latam/historia>"Chile's LAN Airlines completes takeover of rival TAM". Reuters. June 22, 2012.
  7. ^ "Relatório de demanda e oferta". Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "AméricaEconomía - Ránking las 500 mayores empresas de América latina". rankings.americaeconomia.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  9. ^ "Press release" (PDF) (Press release). TAM. February 21, 2008.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Contact Us Archived 2009-03-18 at the Wayback Machine TAM Airlines. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  11. ^ TAM S.A., Joins NYSE Group, Inc. as 3rd Latin American IPO for 2006 Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "LAN and TAM to operate as LATAM with a new livery" retrieved 9 August 2015
  13. ^ "LATAM's entire fleet to have new livery by 2018" retrieved 9 August 2015
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  15. ^ "Details | oneworld". www.oneworld.com. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
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  18. ^ "TAM". 13 October 1999. Archived from the original on 13 October 1999. Retrieved 15 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  29. ^ "TAM compra Pantanal Linhas Aéreas por R$13 milhões". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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  35. ^ Seabra, Luciana (September 21, 2011). "Tribunal chileno aprova fusão de TAM e LAN com 11 condições". Valor Econômico (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 26, 2011.
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  37. ^ "Chile's LAN Airlines completes takeover of rival TAM". Reuters. June 22, 2012.
  38. ^ "LATAM and You". LATAM. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  39. ^ "Latam Brasil asks for judicial recovery in the USA". Congresso em Foco (in Portuguese). 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  40. ^ "TAM Airlines Consolidates Fleet and Initiates New Air Network" (Press release). Sao Paulo, Brazil: PRNewswire. 27 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  41. ^ "LATAM then-and-now: from leadership to bankruptcy - AeroTime". 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  42. ^ "Vendas Codeshare". LATAM Trade (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  43. ^ "TAM Fleet - Airfleets aviation". www.airfleets.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  44. ^ "LATAM/TAM fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  45. ^ "LATAM Airlines Brasil concludes B767-300ER operations". Ch-Aviation. 27 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Aviation Photo #1189807: Piper PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain - TAM". Airliners.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  47. ^ "TAM Airlines becomes first A350 XWB operator from the Americas". Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  48. ^ Airliner World January 2007
  49. ^ "LATAM takes delivery of 200th A320 aircraft at Paris Air Show". Skies Mag. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
  50. ^ "Centro Tecnológico de São Carlos Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine," TAM Airlines
  51. ^ "Brazil MRO sector poised for major expansion". Flightglobal. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  52. ^ "Pontos em voo" (in Portuguese). TAM. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
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