Aari language

Aari
Aari
አፋን፡ኣሪ፡ (Áfan Ārí)
Native to	Ethiopia
Region	north central Omo Region
Ethnicity	Aari
Native speakers	290,000 (2007)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Omotic South Aari; ; ;
Dialects	Bako; Biyo; Laydo; Seyki; Sido; Zeddo; Shangama; Wubahamer;
Writing system	Geʽez, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aiw
Glottolog	aari1239

Aari (also rendered Ari, Ara, Aro, Aarai) is an Omotic language spoken by the Aari people in the South Omo Zone of Ethiopia.

Dialects are Bako, Biyo (Biya), Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer, Zeddo.

History

The Aari people suffered considerable pressures to assimilate after the conquest of the Omo River region by the Ethiopian Empire in the late 1800s, which resulted in the widespread adoption the Amharic language there. Nevertheless, the Aari language survived; today, many Aari are also fluent in Amharic.^[2]

Current status

Aari had a population of 285,000 first language speakers in 2007, of whom 129,350 were monolingual. 13,300 second language users were also recorded in 2007.^[1] The ethnic population was 289,835 as of 2007.^[3]^: 73

Aari is used at home and at local markets. The size of the Aari tribe is growing, and thus the Aari language has seen an increase in language use and development in recent years. The language is learned by all of the Aari people and some members of neighboring tribes as well. Many Aari speakers also use Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia.^[1]

Although it is widely spoken by Aari people, literacy in the language is low.^[4] An orthography has been developed and rolled out in local schools; today, all schools in the two districts where it is spoken teach Aari writing and literature as a subject. An Aari-English-Amharic dictionary has also been published.^[5] A translation of the New Testament into Aari was published in 1997.^[6]

Dialects

There are nine dialects of the Aari language, each dialect being associated with a former chiefdom. While these dialects are mutually intelligible with one another, some also have distinct features.

The following are dialects of Aari. Alternate names are given in parentheses.

Bako (Baco)
Biyo (Bio)
Gayil (Galila)
Laydo
Seyki
Shangama
Sido
Wubahamer (Ubamer)
Zeddo

Phonology

Aari Consonant Phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	q
	voiced	b	d		g
	glottalized	pʼ	ɗ				ʔ
Affricate	pulmonic		ts	tʃ
Affricate	ejective		tsʼ	tʃʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ
Fricative	voiced		z	ʒ			ɦ
Trill			r
Approximant		ʋ	l	j

Stop sounds /p b/ can have allophones as fricatives [ɸ β].
/ʋ/ can also be heard as labio-velar [w].

Aari Vowel Phonemes
	Front	Back
High	i	u
Mid	e	o
Low	a

Aari has two tones, high and low.

Grammar

Aari is a subject-object-verb language (SOV), meaning that the English sentence "the cow (subject) ate (verb) the grass (object)" would translate back from Aari as "cow (subject) grass (object) ate (verb)."

Verbs

In Aari, the suffix -sis can be applied to the stem of most verbs with a causative meaning. Doing so will increase the verb's valency. When applied to an intransitive verb, it will make the verb transitive. For example, the intransitive verb stem daqal- "become bad" with the marker -sis becomes daqalsis-, is transitive and has the causative meaning "make bad". The transitive verb kam- "pick up" with -sis becomes kamsis-, is trivalent and has the meaning "cause to pick up".^{[citation needed]}

Example verb conjugation

Verb stem buruk, meaning "boil."

The causative stem of buruk- is burukš-, making this verb irregular.

"To boil" is burukinti. This consists of the stem buruk with the infinitive (also called the verbal noun suffix) -inti.

The causative third-person singular perfect (past tense) of burukinti is búrukse ("it boiled").

The present tense is búrukše, "he boils [something]."

A sentence can be formed with the verb buruk by adding a noun as an object (something being boiled). Búrukše... means "he boiled...", so "he boiled water" would be noqá búrukše.

Note that in Aari the object comes before the verb; búrukše noqá is not correct.

Orthography

Aari uses a Latin script and an Ethiopic script, but below 10% of Aari speakers can read. Schooling is not well developed in this region of the world, so Aari is mostly spoken rather than written down and most speakers have no use for the language's two writing systems. However, despite this, there are schools in numerous villages and there are efforts to promote education and literacy. At present, 8% of second language users are literate in Aari.

The New Testament was translated into Aari in 1997. Additionally, some other books have been translated into Aari to help promote literacy; Genesis Exodus, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, Esther, Ruth, Psalms, Leviticus, Joshua and Judges have all been translated into Aari, but at present only Genesis has been published. Some external organizations are working with Aari churches to write a complete Aari Bible and increase the literacy rate.

Vocabulary

laqimiu? - how are you?
laqimi - reply to laqimiu
noqá - water (Sido dialect: loqa)
waakí - cattle
zémma - morning
gurdá - fence
sónqa - kiss
tóoni - waste
wókka - axe
endefsi - brother
enani - sister
abiya - father
emiya - mother
hanna - you
etsimi - food
fecha - land
kiee - husband
ekina - cabbage
hami - farm land
wollaqa - one
qastan - two
makkan - three
noo - fire
háy - sun
arpén - moon
zomí (or maqás) - blood
adím - tongue
atsí - tooth
muda - all
muuda - sorrow

Bibliography

Hayward, Richard (1990). "Notes on the Aari Language". In Hayward, Richard (ed.). Omotic Language Studies. London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 425–493. ISBN 9780728601666.
Røsok, Marie Iversdatter (2016). /qààmîsték ʋúúrsìté/ The Sound Pattern of Aari (Master's thesis). University of Oslo. hdl:10852/54038.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Aari at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Gebre, Yntiso (December 2010). "Cultural contact and change in naming practices among the Aari of southwest Ethiopia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 22 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1080/13696815.2010.506387. ISSN 1369-6815. S2CID 153922382.
^ "Ethiopian Census 2007". csa.gov.et. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
^ Lewis, M. Paul (2005). "Towards a categorization of endangerment of the world's languages". SIL Electronic Working Papers 2006.
^ Halvorsen, Tor; Skare Orgeret, Kristin; Krøvel, Roy (2019). Sharing Knowledge, Transforming Societies : The Norhed Programme 2013-2020. African Minds.
^ Abayneh, Leyon (2018-05-05). "Perceptions by Aari speakers of factors that affect the use of vernacular sctripture in the Aari community". Dissertation. Africa International University.

External links

[e25-1] Aari at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[2] Gebre, Yntiso (December 2010). "Cultural contact and change in naming practices among the Aari of southwest Ethiopia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 22 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1080/13696815.2010.506387. ISSN 1369-6815. S2CID 153922382.

[CSA2007-3] "Ethiopian Census 2007". csa.gov.et. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

[4] Lewis, M. Paul (2005). "Towards a categorization of endangerment of the world's languages". SIL Electronic Working Papers 2006.

[5] Halvorsen, Tor; Skare Orgeret, Kristin; Krøvel, Roy (2019). Sharing Knowledge, Transforming Societies : The Norhed Programme 2013-2020. African Minds.

[6] Abayneh, Leyon (2018-05-05). "Perceptions by Aari speakers of factors that affect the use of vernacular sctripture in the Aari community". Dissertation. Africa International University.

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