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Education in Punjab, India

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Punjab school classroom

Punjab has a long history of education.

History

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During the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, funding was given by the royal court to the schools affiliated to the various religious communities. Schools for girls were also opened in many places. Near the end of his rule in the 1830s, Ranjit Singh also started to encourage the learning of English, for which a Christian teacher was hired in a school in Lahore.[1]

The first printing press in Punjab using Gurmukhi script was established in Ludhiana in 1835 by a Christian mission. The first Punjabi dictionary was published in 1854 by Reverend J. Newton.[2] Missionary schools were established in Jalandhar (1848), Ludhiana (1851) and Amritsar (1853). Following the example of the missionaries government soon started establishing primary schools in cities and large towns and the district officers opened and started maintaining schools with local funds in minor areas. The subjects taught in these schools included English, Geometry, Geography and Persian, Arabic and Urdu languages.[3] Starting from late 1877, Punjabi became one of the languages in which students could be examined at Punjab University.[4]

Khalsa College was founded in 1892 in Amritsar.[5] In 1962, Punjab Agricultural University was established in Ludhiana and Punjabi University in Patiala.[6][7] On November 24, 1969, Guru Nanak Dev University was established in Amritsar.[8]

A primary school book published under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Punjab

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was started in 2000s by the government of India to provide free and compulsory education to the children from 6 to 14 years of age.[9]

In August 2024, Punjab government announced that it is planning to start a new project called "Schools of happiness". According to the sources, it aims to "create a nurturing and joyful learning environment in the schools by upgrading infrastructure, enhancing facilities, and integrating a holistic approach to education".[10][11]

Primary and secondary education

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Senior School students in Punjab

The Indian government lays emphasis on the primary education up to the age of fourteen years, referred to as elementary education in India. It has been a fundamental right enlisted in the constitution of the country under Article 21-A up till the age of 14 years. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.[12] However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions.[12] 80% of all recognized schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country.[13]

School workshop

However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India.[14] As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India.[15] Education has also been made free[12] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.[16]

There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system.[17] 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states.[17] The DERP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes.[17]

This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states.[17] Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme.[17] The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low.

The table below shows the district level teacher to pupil ratio from class 1 to 5 in Punjab, as of 2017.[18][19][20][21]

District-wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 1 to 5 in 2017 (As of 30 September)[18]
District Ratio
Hoshiarpur 15
Rupnagar 16
Fatehgarh Sahib 16
SAS Nagar 17
SBS Nagar 18
Gurdaspur 18
Pathankot 19
Kapurthala 20
Faridkot 20
Sri Muktsar Sahib 20
Jalandhar 21
Sangrur 21
Patiala 22
Ludhiana 24
Bathinda 24
Barnala 26
Fazilka 27
Amritsar 30
Ferozpur 30
Mansa 30
Moga 31
Taran taran 46

Secondary education

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Classroom in Punjab

The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system.[22] Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18, 88.5 million children according to the Census, 2001.

A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing.[23] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.[24]

A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education.[25] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage[26] Another notable special programme, the Kendriya Vidyalaya project, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are distributed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred.[25]

Schools of Repute

  • Army Public School, Patiala[27]
  • Little Flower Convent School, Dhariwal
  • Cambridge International school, Dasuya
  • DAV Public School, Amritsar
  • Doon International School, Amritsar
  • Doon International school, Gurdaspur
  • DPS Ludhiana
  • Government High Smart School Mauran, Barnala
  • Guru Teg Bahadur International School, Dhariwal
  • Indus World School, Ludhiana
  • Kundan Vidya Mandir Sen Sec. School, Ludhiana[28]
  • Rayat International school, SBS Nagar
  • Patel Memorial National College, Rajpura[29]
  • Ryan International School, Amritsar
  • Ryan International School, Ludhiana
  • Shivalik Public School, Mohali
  • Sainik School, Kapurthala
  • Yadavindra Public School, Patiala
  • Yadavindra Public School, Mohali
  • The Punjab Public School, Nabha
  • St.Xavier's High School, Rampuraphul

Tertiary education

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Main article: List of institutions of higher education in Punjab, India
An educational seminar

Punjab is served by many public institutes of higher education (listed below). All the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business courses are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas of excellence. Punjab Agricultural University is one of the world's leading authorities in agriculture. It was instrumental and played vital role in Punjab's Green Revolution in the 1960s-70s.

Universities

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Central

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State

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Punjabi University

Private

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Deemed

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Students in Punjab

Autonomous colleges in Punjab

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College students

Many colleges of Punjab have been granted autonomous status by UGC.

Reputed colleges (Technical /Professional)

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College meeting

Other Institutes of Repute (General)

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Medical Colleges

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As of 2015, there are more than 920 MBBS and 1,070 BDS seats across Punjab.[39]

Government Medical Colleges

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Private Medical Colleges

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Literacy Rate

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The table below shows the literacy rate of urban and rural areas of Punjab, through the years.

Literacy rate of urban and rural areas of Punjab through the years[41]
Year Rural Urban
2011 71.40% 83.20%
2001 64.72% 79.10%
1991 52.77% 72.08%
1981 35.21% 55.63%
1971 27.81% 52.49%
1961 20.42% 47.82%

The table below shows the gender wise literacy rate of rural and urban areas of Punjab through the years.

Gender wise literacy rate of rural and urban areas of Punjab through the years[41]
Year Female (Rural) Male (Rural) Female (Urban) Male (Urban)
2011 65.70% 76.60% 79.20% 86.70%
2001 57.75% 71.05% 74.49% 83.05%
1991 43.85% 60.71% 66.10% 77.30%
1981 27.63% 41.91% 49.70% 60.70%
1971 19.88% 34.69% 45.40% 58.60%
1961 11.51% 28.12% 37.70% 56.09%

Effects

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A study of data from 1,520 households collected from 2008 to 2010 in Punjab showed that their standard of living and per capita income is positively correlated with education level at household and individual level. This implied that improvement in educational attainments reduces the chances of being poor.[42]

Statistics

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The table below shows the district level teacher to pupil ratio from class 1 to 5 in Punjab, as of 2017.[18][19][20][21]

District-wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 1 to 5 in 2017 (As of 30 September)[18]
Sr. No. District Ratio
1 Hoshiarpur 15
2 Rupnagar 16
3 Fatehgarh Sahib 16
4 SAS Nagar 17
5 SBS Nagar 18
6 Gurdaspur 18
7 Pathankot 19
8 Kapurthala 20
9 Faridkot 20
10 Sri Muktsar Sahib 20
11 Jalandhar 21
12 Sangrur 21
13 Patiala 22
14 Ludhiana 24
15 Bathinda 24
16 Barnala 26
17 Fazilka 27
18 Amritsar 30
19 Ferozpur 30
20 Mansa 30
21 Moga 31
22 Taran taran 46

The table below shows the average population per school in each district of Punjab, as of 2011 census and the total number of schools, as of 2017. This includes government schools, affiliated schools, recognised and aided schools.[43] Note:- Pathankot and Fazilka were part of Gurdaspur and Ferozepur respectively, before 2011, so separate data for them regarding the average population per school is not available.

District-wise average price per school as of 2011 census and total number of schools as of 2017[43]
Sr. No. District Average population per school (2011) Total number of schools (2017)
1 SBS Nagar 2,251 272
2 Kapurthala 2,433 335
3 Fatehgarh Sahib 2,480 242
4 Gurdaspur 2,582 637
Pathankot ---- 193
5 Hoshiarpur 2,584 614
6 Moga 2,613 381
7 Faridkot 2,616 236
8 Rupnagar 2,706 253
9 Sangrur 2,908 569
10 Sri Muktsar Sahib 2,918 309
11 Mansa 2,937 262
12 Ferozpur 3,023 419
Fazilka ---- 252
13 Patiala 3,251 583
14 Barnala 3,403 175
15 Jalandhar 3,476 631
16 Bathinda 3,533 393
17 Amritsar 3,722 669
18 Ludhiana 3,770 928
19 SAS Nagar 3,812 261
20 Taran taran 4,373 372

The table below shows the percentage of households with computer and internet facility in Punjab from July 2017 to June 2018.

Percentage of households in Punjab with computer and internet facility in 2017-18[44]
Facility Total Rural Urban
Computer 16.2% 9.4% 26.7%
Internet 46.4% 39.4% 57.1%

The table below shows the percentage of people in Punjab above the age of 5 with the ability to operate computer and internet, from July 2017 to June 2018.

Percentage of people in Punjab above the age of 5 with the ability to operate computer and internet in 2017-18[45]
Group Computer Internet
Total 26.6% 35.0%
Total (Female) 22.5% 28.4%
Total (Male) 30.1% 40.9%
Rural (Total) 20.8% 28.5%
Rural (Female) 17.2% 22.1%
Rural (Male) 24.0% 34.3%
Urban (Total) 37.1% 46.8%
Urban (Female) 32.4% 40.0%
Urban (Male) 41.0% 52.6%

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Pioneering Educator". 22 November 2020.
  2. ^ "In which year first printing press was established through a christian".
  3. ^ Gautam, Shriya (January 2011). "Education in Punjab under the British Rule from 1849 to 1947". National Seminar on Education and Caste System in India Under the British Rule September 27-28, 2011 Icdeol Himachal Pradesh University.
  4. ^ The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab, by Farina Mir, Chapter 2, Punjabi Print Culture, Page 62, Paragraph 2
  5. ^ https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/khalsa-college-amritsar-a-heritage-marvel-144865 [bare URL]
  6. ^ https://education.icar.gov.in/Univ_Details_New?Univ=wnufJizMEhAQziS8mydmsiElkPZ6Rzkd [bare URL]
  7. ^ http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/punjabi/Pages/Department.aspx?dsenc=43< [bare URL]
  8. ^ "Guru Nanak Dev University".
  9. ^ "Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) Manual for District- Level Functionaries 2017" (PDF). darpg.gov.in.
  10. ^ "Five things to know about Schools of Happiness, a new project of Punjab govt". 10 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Punjab to launch its first 'School of Happiness' in Anandpur Sahib". 10 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Blackwell, 93–94
  13. ^ "DISE--District Information System for Education". www.dise.in. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  14. ^ "dise.in" (PDF). www.dise.in.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "THE RIGHT OF CHILDREN TO FREE AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT, 2009" (PDF). education.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d e India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 215
  18. ^ a b c d "District-wise Stage wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 1 to 5 from 1989 to 2017 (As of 30 September) | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". 21 January 2022. [permanent dead link]
  19. ^ a b "District-wise Stage wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 6 to 8 from 1989 to 2017 (As of 30 September) | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". 21 January 2022. [permanent dead link]
  20. ^ a b "District-wise Stage wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 9 to 10 from 1989 to 2017 (As of 30 September) | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". 21 January 2022. [permanent dead link]
  21. ^ a b "District-wise Stage wise Teacher-Pupil Ratio of Class 11 to 12 from 1992 to 2017 (As of 30 September) | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". 21 January 2022. [permanent dead link]
  22. ^ India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 231
  23. ^ Blackwell, 94–95
  24. ^ Microsoft Word – Framework_Final_RMSA.doc Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  25. ^ a b India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 233
  26. ^ Secondary Education Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. Education.nic.in. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  27. ^ "Army Public School Punjab". iCBSE. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  28. ^ "Kundan Vidya Mandir Ludhiana| Best School In Ludhiana". kundanvidyamandir.com.
  29. ^ a b "Patel Memorial National College, Rajpura". patelcollege.in.
  30. ^ "PU not central university: HC | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. 5 March 2011.
  31. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab". www.tribuneindia.com.
  32. ^ "Maharaja Ranjit Singh State Technical University on the campus of Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering and Technology in Bathinda". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  33. ^ "PURCITM | PURCITM". Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Punjab govt to establish Open University in Guru Nanak's name". 25 October 2019.
  35. ^ a b "Best College for MBA & B.Tech Courses in Jalandhar (Punjab)". aimetc.apeejay.edu.
  36. ^ "Autonomous Colleges - University Grants Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  37. ^ "Budget 2014-15: IIM to be set up in Amritsar". India Today. 12 July 2014.
  38. ^ "::: Best Engineering College in Punjab, India ::: Aryabhatta College of Engineering & Technology, Barnala :: Aryabhatta College of Management & Technology, Barnala ::: Courses :: B.Tech (CSE,ECE,ME,EE) MBA ::". www.aryabhattagroup.com.
  39. ^ "Admissions for PMET 2015 on hold, High court issues notices". hindustantimes.com. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  40. ^ "Official MCI website". Archived from the original on 7 June 2013.
  41. ^ a b "Participation of women in education in Punjab", by SA Saiyed, Rajni Pathania, Page 67, Table 2, https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1issue9/PartB/1-8-62-166.pdf
  42. ^ Sarkaria, M., & Sharma, S. (2016), Education and Poverty Relationship in Punjab, IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267), 4(2), 394-416, 8.6 Summary and Conclusion, https://www.academia.edu/100243811/Education_and_Poverty_Relationship_in_Punjab?sm=b
  43. ^ a b "Status of the Education Facilities in Punjab" (PDF). 4 January 2017.
  44. ^ https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf, A-74
  45. ^ https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf, A-75, A-76
  46. ^ "Subodh Kumar Jaiswal Biography: All you need to know about the new CBI Director". The Financial Express. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
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