1979 Machchhu dam failure
 Failed earthen embankment of Machchhu-2 dam | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Date | 1979 |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 1,800–25,000 (estimated)[1] |
| Damage | Estimated ₹100 crore (equivalent to ₹26 billion or US$310 million in 2023)[2] |
| Areas affected | Morbi and villages of Rajkot district, Gujarat, India |
The Machchhu dam failure or Morbi disaster is a dam-related flood disaster which occurred on 11 August 1979. The Machchu-2 dam, situated on the Machchhu River, failed, sending a wall of water through the town of Morbi (now in the Morbi district) of Gujarat, India.[2] Estimates of the number of people killed vary greatly ranging from 1,800 to 25,000 people.[1][3][4]
The Machchu II dam
[edit]The first dam on the Machchhu river, named Machchhu I, was built in 1959, having a catchment area of 730 square kilometres (280 sq mi). The Machchhu II dam was constructed downstream of Machchhu I in 1972, and has a catchment area of 1,929 square kilometres (745 sq mi).[5]
It was an earthfill dam. The dam was meant to serve an irrigation scheme. Considering the long history of drought in Saurashtra region, the primary consideration at the time of design was water supply, not flood control. It consisted of a masonry spillway of 206 metres (676 ft) consisting 18 sluice gates across the river section and long earthen embankments on both sides. The spillway capacity provided for 5,663 cubic metres per second (200,000 cu ft/s).[6] The embankments were of 2,345 metres (7,694 ft) and 1,399 metres (4,590 ft) of length on left and right side respectively.[7] The embankments had a 6.1 m top width, with upstream and downstream slopes 1:3 (V:H) and 1:2 respectively; and a clay core extending through alluvium to bedrock. The upstream face consisted of 61 cm small gravel and a 61 cm hand packed rip-rap. The dam stood 22.6 metres (74 ft) above the river bed and its overflow section was 164.5 metres (540 ft) long. The reservoir had a storage capacity of 101,020 cubic decametres (81,900 acre-feet).[8]
Failure
[edit]The failure was caused by excessive rain and massive flooding leading to the disintegration of the earthen walls of the four kilometre long Machchhu-2 dam. The actual observed flow following the intense rainfall reached 16,307 m3/s, thrice what the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. 762 metres (2,500 ft) of the left and 365 metres (1,198 ft) of the right embankment of the dam collapsed.[7] Within 20 minutes the floods of 12 to 30 ft (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-lying areas of Morbi industrial town located 5 km below the dam.[6]
Around 3.30 pm the tremendous swirling flow of water struck Morbi. Water level rose to 30 feet (9.1 m) within the next 15 minutes and some low lying areas of city were under 20 feet (6.1 m) of water for the next 6 hours.[2]
The Morbi dam failure was listed as the worst dam burst in the Guinness Book of Records[9] (before the death toll of the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure was declassified in 2005).[10] The book No One Had A Tongue To Speak by Tom Wooten and Utpal Sandesara debunks the official claims that the dam failure was an act of God and points to structural and communication failures that led to and exacerbated the disaster.[11] There was great economic loss. The flood damaged farmland, leading to a decrease in productivity of crops.
The book by Wooten and Sandesara gives vivid first person accounts of many survivors. It narrates how people scrambled for rooftops, hilltops, and other safe grounds in order to save themselves. Over a hundred people took shelter in Vajepar Ram Mandir but later the deluge submerged them with the temple. Women were compelled to drop their babies into the furious surge in order to save themselves and people lost their loved ones in a flash.[12]
During reconstruction of the dam the capacity of the spillway was increased by four times and fixed at about 21,000 m3/s.[6]
Popular culture
[edit]The Gujarati disaster film Machchhu is based on the Machchhu dam failure.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Noorani, A. G. (21 April 1984). "Dissolving Commissions of Inquiry". Economic and Political Weekly. 19 (16): 667–668. JSTOR 4373178.
- ^ a b c Noorani, A. G. (25 August 1979). "The Inundation of Morvi". Economic and Political Weekly. 14 (34): 1454. JSTOR 4367866.
- ^ World Bank. Environment Dept (1991). Environmental assessment sourcebook. World Bank Publications. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8213-1845-4.
- ^ S.B. Easwaran (27 August 2012). "The Loudest Crash Of '79". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ^ "Machchhu River". Narmada, Water Resources and Water Supply Department, Government of Gujarat. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ^ a b c Rao, Professor T. Shivaji. "Polavaram Dam Failure Kills 45 Lakhs of People". Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ a b Vijay, Nagendra (October 2008). "Safari Magazine, Issue 173". Scribd (in Gujarati). p. 15-23. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "RCEM Case History Compilation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Guinness, El Libro de los Récords [Guinness Book the Records] (in Spanish). Mexico: Ediciones Maeva, S.A. October 1986. ISBN 978-968-458-366-5.
- ^ "People's Daily Online -- After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China's worst dams burst accident surface". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ "Book on 1979 Morbi dam disaster rubbishes 'Act of God' theory". The Indian Express. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ "Machhu dam disaster of 1979 in Gujarat – Discussion on a book by Tom Wooten and Utpal Sandesara". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015.
- ^ "Machchhu: A real life tragic story is all set to release - Times of India". The Times of India. 21 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020.