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Yeshiva University

Coordinates: 40°51′02″N 73°55′47″W / 40.85056°N 73.92972°W / 40.85056; -73.92972
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This article is about the private university in NYC. For the unaffiliated high school in Los Angeles, see Yeshiva University High School of Los Angeles. For other topics, see Yeshiva University (disambiguation).

Yeshiva University
Mottoתורה ומדע (Hebrew)
Motto in English
Torah and secular knowledge
TypePrivate university
Established1886; 138 years ago (1886)[1]
AccreditationMSCHE
Religious affiliation
Modern Orthodox Judaism
Academic affiliations
NAICU[2]
Endowment$484 million (2022)
PresidentAri Berman
Academic staff
4,714
Undergraduates2,243
Postgraduates2,688
Location
New York, New York
,
U.S.

40°51′02″N 73°55′47″W / 40.85056°N 73.92972°W / 40.85056; -73.92972
CampusUrban, 300 acres (120 ha)
Newspaper
  • The YU Observer
  • The Commentator
Colors  Yeshiva Blue
  Yeshiva Black
  Yeshiva Gray[3]
Nickname
  • Maccabees
  • Taubermans
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division III – Skyline
MascotThe Maccabee
Websitewww.yu.edu

Yeshiva University is a private Orthodox Jewish university with four campuses in New York City.[4] The university's undergraduate schools—Yeshiva College, Stern College for Women, Katz School of Science and Health, and Sy Syms School of Business—offer a dual curriculum inspired by Modern–Centrist–Orthodox Judaism's hashkafa (philosophy) of Torah Umadda ("Torah and secular knowledge"), combining academic education with the study of the Torah.[5]

While the majority of students at the university identify as Modern Orthodox,[6] many students, especially at the Cardozo School of Law, the Sy Syms School of Business, and the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, are not Jewish.

Yeshiva University is an independent institution chartered by New York State.[7][8][9][10] It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.[11]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Yeshiva University
David H. Zysman Hall, on the Wilf Campus, houses Yeshiva University High School for Boys and the former main beit midrash.

Yeshiva University has its roots in the Etz Chaim Yeshiva founded in 1886 on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, a cheder-style elementary school founded by Eastern European immigrants that offered study of Talmud along with some secular education, including instruction in English.[citation needed] The rabbinical seminary was chartered in 1897.

In the 2020–2021 school year, Yeshiva University enrolled approximately 2,250 undergraduate students, and 2,700 graduate students.[12] It is also home to affiliated high schools—Yeshiva University High School for Boys and Yeshiva University High School for Girls—and the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS). It conferred 1,822 degrees in 2007 and offers community service projects serving New York, Jewish communities, the United States and Canada.[13] As of 2015, the university had run an operating deficit for seven consecutive years. In 2014, it lost $84 million, and in 2013, it suffered a loss of $64 million.[14]

In 2012 the Middle States Commission on Higher Education warned the university "that its accreditation may be in jeopardy because of insufficient evidence that the institution is currently in compliance with Standard 10 (Faculty) and Standard 14 (Assessment of Student Learning)." On June 26, 2014, the Middle State Commission on Higher Education, which accredits the university "reaffirmed accreditation", but requested a progress report "evidence that student learning assessment information is used to improve teaching and learning." This was accepted by the commission on November 17, 2016 (wherein the university met the minimum requirements for accreditation).[15]

In January 2016, the university disclosed plans to cede almost half of its $1 billion endowment to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, as the medical college enters a separate joint venture with Montefiore Health System.[16]

Presidents

[edit]

Academics

[edit]
245 Lexington Avenue is the campus hub for the Stern College for Women.

Schools

[edit]

The university's academic programs are organized into the following schools:

Graduate and professional schools
Affiliates

Rankings

[edit]
Academic rankings
National
ARWU[24]180-187
Forbes[25]226
U.S. News & World Report[26]105 (tie)
Washington Monthly[27]267
Global
ARWU[28]901-1000
QS[29]369
U.S. News & World Report[30]265

The U.S. News & World Report's 2024 "America's Best Colleges" ranked Yeshiva University 105th (tie) in National University.[31]

In 2023, Forbes ranked Yeshiva University as: No. 226 in "Top colleges 2023", No. 118 in Private Colleges, No. 143 in Research Universities, and No. 82 in the Northeast.[32] Nationally, Yeshiva was ranked 138th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[33] and internationally it is ranked in the 900s by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities[34] and 369th in the world by the QS World University Rankings.[35]

Campuses

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The university's main campus, Wilf Campus, is located in the Washington Heights neighborhood of upper Manhattan. Yeshiva University's main office is located within the Wilf Campus, at 500 185th St.[36] A 1928 plan to build a spacious Moorish Revival campus around several gardens and courtyards was canceled by the Great Depression of 1929 after only one building had been erected. Building continued after the Depression in modern style and by the acquisition of existing neighborhood buildings.[37]

Since it was founded in 1886, Yeshiva University has expanded to comprise some twenty colleges, schools, affiliates, centers, and institutions, with several affiliated hospitals and healthcare institutions. It has campuses and facilities in Manhattan (Washington Heights, Murray Hill, Greenwich Village), the Bronx, Queens, and Israel.

The Yeshiva University Museum is a teaching museum and the cultural arm of Yeshiva University. Founded in 1973, Yeshiva University Museum is AAMG accredited and aims to provide a window into Jewish culture around the world and throughout history through multi-disciplinary exhibitions and publications.

The university's building in Jerusalem, in the Bayit VeGan neighborhood, contains a branch of the rabbinical seminary and an office coordinating the S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program.[38] Under the latter, first year students studying in selected Israeli Yeshivot are considered YU undergraduates.

Student life

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Student publications

[edit]

The undergraduate university newspaper is The Commentator, and the newspaper for Stern College is The Observer. Law students at Cardozo also edit and publish five law journals. There are numerous other publications on a wide range of topics, both secular and religious, produced by the various councils and academic clubs, along with many official university publications and the university press. The call letters of the student radio station are WYUR, and it is currently an Internet-only station.[39]

LGBTQ+ club controversy and lawsuit

[edit]
LGBTQ flags at YU's Cardozo School of Law (2022)

Yeshiva University has been involved in legal proceedings since April 2021 after it blocked official recognition of a Pride Alliance club for undergraduate LGBTQ+ students and their allies.[40][41]

Controversy over LGBTQ-supportive undergraduate groups has been ongoing since at least 2009, when students created a "Tolerance Club." Its purpose was to promote acceptance of diversity of people within the Yeshiva University community. A founding member said that the group had "determined that the school’s lack of diversity has fostered significant insensitivity to those outside of the mainstream Y.U. culture" and aimed to address that issue.[42] The group's members included undergraduates at both the men's and women's campuses.[42] Although not organized to address LGBTQ issues specifically, the group's promotion of tolerance for sexual and gender diversity generated controversy on the Yeshiva University campus; the student newspaper reported that the administration quashed a panel discussion because they objected to one of the speakers, a gay Orthodox rabbi.[42] This controversy came to a head when the Tolerance Club sponsored a panel discussion entitled "Being Gay in the Orthodox World" in December, 2009. Several hundred people attended this panel discussion. Numerous Jewish news sources covered the panel and the conflict that enveloped the Yeshiva campus in its wake, and the Tolerance Club disbanded in May 2010.

A decade later, in 2021, undergraduate students sued the university for refusing to recognize a new LGBTQ+ student group, YU Pride Alliance.[43] The university has retained the pro-religious practice law firm Becket Law as its counsel. A New York court ruled in June 2022 that the university must recognize the undergraduate Pride Alliance. The university appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in August 2022, and a temporary stay was issued by Justice Sotomayor. In a 5–4 decision the full court vacated the stay without prejudice, ruling the NY appeals process was incomplete and thus SCOTUS relief premature.[44][45] In response, the university put all student clubs on hold in September 2022, pending resolution of their ongoing legal challenges.[46]

YU-affiliated Cardozo School of Law and the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology have publicly supported their own students and voiced their disapproval of the university's position and legal response. At Cardozo School of Law, there has long been an officially recognized LGBTQ+ student group, and the Graduate School of Psychology also publicly supports the LGBTQ members of their communities.[44]

The university announced on October 24, 2022 that they approved "Kol Yisrael Areivim", a new LGBTQ student group. According to the university, this new group will be the "approved traditional Orthodox alternative to its current LGBTQ student group, the YU Pride Alliance".[47] There is still a dispute with the Pride Alliance who claimed the university's action as a stunt and distraction.[48] Administrators later described Kol Yisrael Areivim as "a framework within which we hope to eventually form a club".[49] Kol Yisrael Areivim is not included on official club lists, and it does not have any student members. On April 10, 2023, student journalist reported that Kol Yisrael Areivim was still yet to hold a single event.[50]

Undergraduate clubs and activities

[edit]

Student groups include the Yeshiva University Dramatics Society (YCDS), which puts on a performance each semester. A student-run group known as the Heights Initiative sponsors several outreach programs that work with the schools and organizations of the Washington Heights community. Student Government is run through YSU, YCSA, SOY-JSC, and SYMS. Additionally, these groups run community events like the annual Hanukkah Concert and a carnival celebrating Israeli Independence Day.

The Yeshiva University Medical Ethics Society (MES) is an undergraduate student-run organization of Yeshiva University which was founded by students in the fall of 2005 with the help of the Center for the Jewish Future toward the goal of promoting education and awareness of Jewish medical ethics in the university itself and the community at large. In the first several years, the group hosted a program of on-campus lectures in the field of medical ethics and Halakha (Jewish law). They also host genetic testing events to help combat the high incidence of various genetic diseases in the Jewish community.[citation needed]

Athletics

[edit]

Yeshiva University includes a number of NCAA Division III-level sports teams. The teams, nicknamed "The Maccabees",[51] include: men's baseball, basketball, golf, volleyball, wrestling, women's basketball, cross country, fencing, soccer, tennis, and volleyball.

Because of Yeshiva's dual curriculum, most of the sports teams practice at night, sometimes even as late as 11:00 pm. A few of the sports teams practice or work out before classes begin at 9:00 am; for example, the men's basketball team routinely practices at 6:00 am.[52]

Teams have participated in weekend tournaments outside of New York City, with athletes staying with local families in the area. This took place in Boston with the basketball and fencing teams, and in Hollywood, Florida with the baseball team in 2008. Some international students have participated in NCAA sports, with as many as nine different nationalities representing the school on the sports field.[53]

Baseball

[edit]

Two members of the Yeshiva Maccabees Baseball team were drafted out of college by professional teams of the Israeli Baseball League. Pitcher Aryeh Rosenbaum celebrated a championship with his team in the IBL's first year.[54]

Basketball

[edit]

Yeshiva's Men's Basketball team is an annual playoff contender. The most successful eras for Yeshiva basketball in recent history have been at the start and end of the 1990s, as well as the dawn of the 2020s. Banners hang in the Max Stern Athletic Center commemorating seasons from both eras. The 2007–08 season had particular note as Yeshiva was home to the Skyline Conference's Rookie of the Year. In 2018, the team won the Skyline Conference title in a game against SUNY Purchase, earning its first-ever NCAA berth and considerable media coverage.[55] The current head coach of the team is Elliot Steinmetz, who has been with the team since 2014. Steinmetz succeeded Jonathan Halpert, the longest ever tenured NCAA men's basketball coach in New York City at 42 years.[56]

In the 2019–20 season, the men's basketball team's only loss was in the season opener, with the Maccabees going on to win the Skyline Conference championship. This was the second time in three years that the Maccabees made the NCAA Division III Tournament. They won the first two rounds, pushing them into the Sweet Sixteen (3rd round) for the first time in school history. Before they played in the third round, the NCAA tournament was canceled due to COVID-19. After a 7–0 season in 2020–21 also abbreviated by COVID-19, the Maccabees entered the 2021–22 season on a 36-game winning streak, the longest current streak in NCAA men's basketball in any division, and were ranked #2 in the preseason by the Division III basketball website D3hoops.com. During this streak, the team has been featured by media outlets as diverse as ESPN, CNN, the New York Daily News, the Los Angeles Times, and The Wall Street Journal.[52] After previous #1 Randolph–Macon lost in overtime, the Maccabees, with their winning streak having reached 44 games, inherited the #1 ranking in the D3hoops.com poll released on November 29, 2021, marking the first time any Yeshiva team had topped any national poll.[57] The Maccabees received recognition from the ESPN and NBA Twitter accounts for their 50th straight win, the longest winning streak in NCAA Men's Division III Basketball.[58][59]

As of December 29, 2021, the men's basketball team held the then-longest active winning streak in men's college basketball with 50 consecutive wins.[60] On December 30, 2021, the men's basketball team lost their winning streak.[61]

Fencing

[edit]

One of the most successful teams in Yeshiva University sports history is the fencing team, known as the "Taubermen", named after the coach of the team, Professor Arthur Tauber, who served as the head coach of the team from 1949 through 1985. Olympic gold medalist Henry Wittenberg was at one time the coach of the wrestling team.[62]

Tennis

[edit]

In 2014, the Men's Tennis team won the Skyline Conference championship, becoming the first team in school history to advance to the NCAA tournament in any sport. In 2015,[63] the Men's Tennis team repeated as Skyline Conference champions and went back to the NCAA National Tournament, advancing to the second round.[64] They lost to the defending National Champions Amherst[65] College. In 2016, the Men's Tennis team won the Skyline Conference a third year in a row[66] and advancing to the NCAA D3 National Tennis Tournament again. The Men's Tennis team repeated as Skyline Conference champions in 2017 and 2018 to extend this streak of success to five consecutive NCAA National Tournament appearances.

Other sports

[edit]

Since 2010, the Men's Cross Country and Men's Volleyball teams have won multiple championships.[67][68] Many of the Maccabees have gained attention nationwide, like Sam Cohen won an individual championship as well as Capital One Academic honors.[69] Other attention grabbers come from Women's Basketball and Women's Fencing.[70][71]

Notable alumni

[edit]
Main article: List of Yeshiva University people

Notable staff

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History of YU | Yeshiva University". Yeshiva University. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  2. ^ NAICU – Member Directory Archived November 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Branding – Yeshiva University".
  4. ^ "About YU on the Yeshiva University website
  5. ^ "Mission Statement". Yeshiva University. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  6. ^ MOLLY MEISELS AND TALYA HYMAN (September 19, 2019). "53.6% OF STUDENTS FEEL RELIGIOUSLY REPRESENTED BY YU, 74.8% ARE RELIGIOUSLY CONTENT ON CAMPUS". Yeshiva University Observer. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  7. ^ "A brief overview of the History of Yeshiva University". Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  8. ^ "Past Presidents – Yeshiva University". yu.edu.
  9. ^ "Yeshiva University Undergraduate women's catalog". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  10. ^ "Yeshiva University Overview". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  11. ^ "Yeshiva University Accredited". Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  12. ^ "Yeshiva University Enrollment". New York State Education Department. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  13. ^ This is Yeshiva University: 2007–2008
  14. ^ Moshael Straus Elected Yeshiva U. Board Chief The Jewish Daily Forward, 30 April 2015
  15. ^ Yeshiva University – Statement of Accreditation Status Middle States Commission on Higher Education, Jan 14, 2019
  16. ^ Kestenbaum, Sam (February 18, 2016). "Yeshiva U. Gives Away Half Its Endowment To Shed Albert Einstein Medical School". The Forward.
  17. ^ "Dr. Bernard Revel, Head of Yeshiva, 55 — President of Hebrew College Here for the Last 25 Years Succumbs in Hospital — Son of a Russian Rabbi — Was Founder of Talmudical Academy and an Associate Editor of Encyclopedia". New York Times. December 2, 1940. p. 23. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  18. ^ "Elected as President Of Yeshiva at Age of 32". The New York Times. June 29, 1943. p. 17. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  19. ^ Spiegel, Irving (September 9, 1975). "Belkin, Citing Illness, Resigns as Yeshiva President". The New York Times. p. 29. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  20. ^ Spiegel, Irving (August 9, 1976). "New Head of Yeshiva U. Norman Lamm". The New York Times. p. 18. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  21. ^ Medina, Jennifer (August 28, 2002). "Wanted: University President/Religious Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  22. ^ Bronfman, Edgar M.; Schusterman, Lynn; Steinhardt, Michael; Moss, Neil M. (December 5, 2002). "Richard Joel Named Yeshiva University President". Hillel. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  23. ^ Berger, Joseph (November 18, 2016). "Yeshiva University Names Ari Berman President". The New York Times. p. A28. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
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  27. ^ "2023 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
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  29. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  30. ^ "2022-23 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  31. ^ "Yeshiva University – Best College – US News". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  32. ^ "Yeshiva University". Forbes.
  33. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education Supplement. 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  34. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2023". ARWU. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  35. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024 Results". TopUniversities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  36. ^ "Yeshiva University Campus Map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009.
  37. ^ "Building Bust — The Unbuilt Synagogues of the Great Depression". Tablet Magazine. August 20, 2009.
  38. ^ "S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program Home Page". Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  39. ^ "WYUR – Yeshiva University Student Radio". www.wyur.net. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  40. ^ Fruchter, Sruli (April 27, 2021). "YU and Administrators Sued for LGBTQ Discrimination by YU Pride Alliance, Students and Alumni". The Commentator.
  41. ^ Hurley, Lawrence (September 14, 2022). "Supreme Court rejects Orthodox Jewish university's emergency request to deny official recognition to LGBTQ student group". NBC News.
  42. ^ a b c Botwinick, Simeon (May 5, 2009). "Didn't Think Tolerance Could Be Controversial? Welcome To Yeshiva University". New Voices. Jewish Student Press Service. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  43. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (August 29, 2022). "Yeshiva University asks Supreme Court to let it block LGBTQ student club". CNN. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  44. ^ a b Kovac, Adam (August 30, 2022). "As Yeshiva University fights to block LGBTQ group, not all its grad schools are on board". The Forward. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  45. ^ Chung, Andrew (August 30, 2022). "U.S. Supreme Court requires Yeshiva University to allow LGBT student club". Reuters.
  46. ^ Hernandez, Joe (September 17, 2022). "Yeshiva University cancels all clubs after it was ordered to allow an LGBTQ group". NPR. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  47. ^ Lavietes, Matt (October 24, 2022). "Yeshiva University launches 'traditional' alternative to LGBTQ student group". NBC News. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  48. ^ "YU Pride Alliance Statement Regarding Kol Yisrael Areivim".
  49. ^ "Yeshiva University's 'Newly Founded' LGBTQ Club Does Not Currently Exist; University has 'Framework' For Club". November 2022.
  50. ^ "Faculty-Organized Town Hall Discusses LGBTQ Issues". April 11, 2023.
  51. ^ "Yeshiva Maccabees homepage". Yeshiva Maccabees. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  52. ^ a b Belsky, Gary (November 6, 2021). "The longest winning streak in men's college basketball belongs to ... Yeshiva University". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  53. ^ "Players From Nine Countries Find Common Goal in Men's Soccer Team". Yeshiva University News. Yeshiva University. November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  54. ^ Mike Spinner (December 6, 2007). "Two former Yeshiva University Baseball players to compete in new Israeli Baseball League". Yeshiva Sports Information. Skyline Conference. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  55. ^ Rojas, R. (1 March 2018)Rojas, Rick (March 2018). "After Fasting and Before the Sabbath, Yeshiva Debuts in N.C.A.A. Tournament". New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  56. ^ Schonbrun, Zach (February 22, 2014). "At Yeshiva, Outpouring of Support for Departing Coach". The New York Times. pp. D7.
  57. ^ "Men's Basketball Now Ranked No. 1 in D3hoops.com Top 25 Poll" (Press release). Yeshiva Maccabees. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  58. ^ ESPN [@espn] (December 22, 2021). "FIFTY straight games for Yeshiva men's basketball" (Tweet). Retrieved December 28, 2021 – via Twitter.
  59. ^ NBA [@NBA] (December 26, 2021). "Congrats to Yeshiva University men's basketball team for 50 consecutive wins" (Tweet). Retrieved December 28, 2021 – via Twitter.
  60. ^ Sales, Ben (December 26, 2021). "Incredulous Yeshiva U. fans watch their basketball team continue a 50-win streak". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  61. ^ Philissa Cramer (December 31, 2021). "Yeshiva U's basketball team loses at home, snapping 50-game win streak". The Times of Israel.
  62. ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 10, 2010). "Henry Wittenberg, Champion Wrestler, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  63. ^ "Men's Tennis Repeats as Skyline Conference Champions, Beats Farmingdale State 5-4". Yeshiva University. April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  64. ^ "Men's Tennis Beats Colby-Sawyer in First Round of NCAA Tournament for First NCAA Tournament Win in Yeshiva Athletics History". Yeshiva University. May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  65. ^ "Men's Tennis History Making Season Ends with 5-0 Loss to Amherst in NCAA Tournament Second Round". Yeshiva University. May 8, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  66. ^ "Three-peat! Men's Tennis Defeats Farmingdale State to Capture Third Straight Skyline Title". Yeshiva University. May 8, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  67. ^ "Championships – Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference". hvmac.net. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  68. ^ "Championships – Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference". hvmac.net. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  69. ^ "Yeshiva University Athletics – Cohen Named to Capital One Academic All-District 3 NCAA Division III Men's Track/Cross Country Team". yumacs.com. May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  70. ^ "Yeshiva University Athletics – Elizabeth Penn Earns Fencer of the Year Honors. Shaul and Goldson Earn 2nd Team at EWFC Championships". yumacs.com. March 2, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  71. ^ "Yeshiva University Athletics – Yoshor Named to All Met Division III Women's College Basketball Second Team". yumacs.com. April 8, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  72. ^ Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2005). Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24458-0.
  73. ^ Gewertz, Ken (November 1, 2001). "Identity politics in late antiquity". Harvard Gazette.
  74. ^ "Cohen, Shaye J.D.". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Encyclopedia.com.
  75. ^ Traiman, Alex (February 1, 2021). "Netanyahu names strategic adviser Aaron Klein as campaign chief". JNS.org. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
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