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1878–79 United States Senate elections

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1878–79 United States Senate elections
← 1876 & 1877 Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)		 1880 & 1881 →
26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
39 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader William A. Wallace[a] Henry B. Anthony[b]
Party Democratic Republican
Leader since March 4, 1877 March 4, 1863
Leader's seat Pennsylvania Rhode Island
Seats before 36 38
Seats won 14 10
Seats after 42 31
Seat change Increase 6 Decrease 7
Seats up 8 17
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Anti-Monopoly Independent
Seats before 1 1
Seats won 0 0
Seats after 1 1
Seat change Steady Steady
Seats up 0 0
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Legislature failed to elect
Majority Party before election


Republican

Elected Majority Party


Democratic

The 1878–79 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1878 and 1879, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Democratic Party re-captured control of the Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.

Results summary

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Senate party division, 46th Congress (1879–1881)

  • Majority party: Democratic (42)
  • Minority party: Republican (31)
  • Other parties: Independent (1), Anti-Monopoly (1)
  • Total seats: 76

Change in composition

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Before the elections

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D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18
D28 D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21 D20 D19
D29
Ran 		D30
Ran 		D31
Ran 		D32
Ran 		D33
Unknown 		D34
Unknown 		D35
Retired 		D36
Retired 		AM1 I1
Plurality → R38
Retired
R29
Unknown 		R30
Unknown 		R31
Retired 		R32
Retired 		R33
Retired 		R34
Retired 		R35
Retired 		R36
Retired 		R37
Retired
R28
Ran 		R27
Ran 		R26
Ran 		R25
Ran 		R24
Ran 		R23
Ran 		R22
Ran 		R21 R20 R19
R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18
R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1

After the elections

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D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18
D28 D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21 D20 D19
D29
Re-elected 		D30
Re-elected 		D31
Hold 		D32
Hold 		D33
Hold 		D34
Hold 		D35
Hold 		D36
Gain 		D37
Gain 		D38
Gain
Majority → D39
Gain
R29
Hold 		R30
Hold 		R31
Gain 		V1
R loss 		AM1 I1 D42
Gain 		D41
Gain 		D40
Gain
R28
Hold 		R27
Re-elected 		R26
Re-elected 		R25
Re-elected 		R24
Re-elected 		R23
Re-elected 		R22
Re-elected 		R21 R20 R19
R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18
R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
Key
AM# Anti-Monopoly Party
D# Democratic
I# Independent
R# Republican
V# Vacant

Race summaries

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Special elections during the 45th Congress

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In these elections, the winners were seated in 1879 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Missouri
(Class 3) 		David H. Armstrong Democratic 1877 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired when successor elected.
Winner elected January 27, 1879.
Democratic hold.
Winner did not run for the next term, see below.
Indiana
(Class 3) 		Daniel W. Voorhees Democratic 1877 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected January 31, 1879.
Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.
Michigan
(Class 1) 		Isaac P. Christiancy Republican 1874 Incumbent resigned February 10, 1879, due to ill health.
Winner elected February 22, 1879.
Republican hold.

Races leading to the 46th Congress

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In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1885; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Alabama George E. Spencer Republican 1868 (special)
1872 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in August 1878.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas Stephen W. Dorsey Republican 1872 or 1873 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1878.
Democratic gain.
California Aaron A. Sargent Republican 1872 or 1873 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1878.
Democratic gain.
Colorado Jerome B. Chaffee Republican 1876 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1879.
Republican hold.
Connecticut William Henry Barnum Democratic 1876 (special) Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1879.
Republican gain.
Florida Simon B. Conover Republican 1872 or 1873 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 21, 1879.[2]
Democratic gain.
Georgia John Brown Gordon Democratic 1873 Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
Illinois Richard J. Oglesby Republican 1873 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected Jan 22, 1879.
Republican hold.
Indiana Daniel W. Voorhees Democratic 1877 (Appointed)
1879 (special) 		Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
Iowa William B. Allison Republican 1872 Incumbent re-elected January 23, 1878.[4]
Kansas John Ingalls Republican 1873 Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
Kentucky Thomas C. McCreery Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1879.
Democratic hold.
Louisiana James B. Eustis Democratic 1876 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1879.
Democratic hold.
Maryland George R. Dennis Democratic 1872 or 1873 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 19, 1878.
Democratic hold.
Missouri James Shields Democratic 1849 (Illinois)
1849 (Illinois–election voided)
1849 (Illinois–Special)
1855 (Illinois–Lost)
1858 (Minnesota)
1859 (Minnesota–Lost)
1879 (Missouri–Special) 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1879.
Democratic hold.
Nevada John P. Jones Republican 1873 Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
New Hampshire Bainbridge Wadleigh Republican 1872 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect.
Republican loss. 		[data missing]
New York Roscoe Conkling Republican 1867
1873 		Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1879.
North Carolina Augustus Merrimon Democratic 1872 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1879.
Democratic hold.
Ohio Stanley Matthews Republican 1877 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1878 or 1879.
Democratic gain.
Oregon John H. Mitchell Republican 1872 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1878 or 1879.
Democratic gain.
Pennsylvania J. Donald Cameron Republican 1877 (special) Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1879.
South Carolina John J. Patterson Republican 1872 or 1873 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1878.
Democratic gain.
Vermont Justin S. Morrill Republican 1866
1872 		Incumbent re-elected in 1878.
Wisconsin Timothy O. Howe Republican 1861
1866
1872 		Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 22, 1879.[6]
Republican hold.

Elections during the 46th Congress

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In this election, the winner was elected in 1879 after March 4.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
New Hampshire
(Class 3) 		Charles H. Bell Republican 1879 (Appointed) Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
Interim appointee retired when successor elected.
Winner elected June 17, 1879.
Republican hold.

Maryland

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See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1878 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1872 January 19, 1878 1884 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate James Black Groome Lewis Henry Steiner
Party Democratic Republican
Legislative vote 73 17
Percentage 78.50% 18.28%

James Black Groome was elected by a margin of 60.22%, or 56 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[7]

New York

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Senator Roscoe Conkling
Main article: 1879 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

In New York, the election was held on January 21, 1879, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been re-elected in January 1873 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1879. At the State election in November 1877, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1878–1879) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1878, 97 Republicans, 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were elected for the session of 1879 to the Assembly, and Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to fill the vacancy in the State Senate caused by the death of Democrat John Morrissey. The 102nd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 20, Temporary President of the State Senate William H. Robertson presided. Present were all Republican legislators except State Senator Louis S. Goebel[8] (6th D.) and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 20. State Senator Thomas C. E. Ecclesine (8th D.) offered to adopt a prostest against the senatorial election proceedings, claiming that the senatorial and assembly districts were incorrectly apportioned and thus the State Legislature did not represent the wish of the people of the State. The protest was substituted by a resolution to appoint a committee which would elaborate an address on the apportionment at a later date. Ecclesine then marched out, and the remaining legislators nominated Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer for the U.S. Senate.

1879 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result
Candidate First ballot Second ballot
William Dorsheimer 11 18
James F. Starbuck 8 8
DeWitt C. West[9] 8 6
Elijah Ward 2

The two Greenback assemblymen John Banfield (Chemung Co.) and George E. Williams (Oswego Co.) voted for 87-year-old Peter Cooper, a New York City inventor, industrialist and philanthropist who had run for U.S. president in 1876 on the Greenback ticket.

Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

1879 United States Senator election result
  Republican Democrat Greenback
State Senate
(32 members) 		Roscoe Conkling 20 William Dorsheimer 12
State Assembly
(128 members) 		Roscoe Conkling 95 William Dorsheimer 23 Peter Cooper 2

Note: The votes were cast on January 21, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Pennsylvania

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Senator J. Donald Cameron
Main article: 1879 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania, the election was held January 20, 1879. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[10]

After Sen. Simon Cameron resigned from office, his son J. Donald Cameron was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1877 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1879. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 20, 1879, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican J. Donald Cameron (Inc.) 135 53.78
Democratic Hiester Clymer 92 36.65
Greenback Daniel Agnew 16 6.37
Republican Edward McPherson 3 1.20
Republican Russell Thayer 1 0.40
Republican Galusha A. Grow 1 0.40
N/A Not voting 3 1.20
Totals 251 100.00%

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ as Democratic Caucus Chair
  2. ^ as Republican Conference Chair

References

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  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ "THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. January 22, 1879. p. 1.
  3. ^ "IL US Senate". OurCampaigns.com. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing Chicago Tribune.
  4. ^ a b Clark, p. 185.
  5. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  6. ^ Thompson, p. 262.
  7. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  8. ^ State Senator Goebel refused to caucus with any of the parties, but voted for Conkling at the election.
  9. ^ DeWitt Clinton West (1824-1880), of Lowville, assemblyman 1853
  10. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Further reading

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