2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (April 2024) |
| 2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Disease | Dengue fever |
| Virus strain | Dengue virus |
| First outbreak | Sri Lanka |
| Dates | May 2017 – Aug 2017 |
Type | DENV-2 |
| Confirmed cases | 186,101 |
Deaths | 440 |
| Fatality rate | 0.24% |
| Vaccinations | no vaccine available (at time) |
In 2017, there was a rise in the number of dengue fever cases reported in the island country of Sri Lanka. The peak of the outbreak occurred during the mid-year monsoon season, with more than 40,000 cases reported in July alone, far exceeding historical highs. By the end of the year, the total number of dengue cases had risen to 186,101.[1]
Most cases (43%) were recorded in urban areas of the Western Province, such as the Colombo district.[2] The majority of dengue cases affected young people and school children. By the end of the year, the total number of dengue-related deaths reached 440.
Background
[edit]In 2017, Sri Lanka experienced its largest outbreak of dengue fever, a neglected tropical disease, since the first recorded case in 1962.[3][4][5] This biological hazard, transmitted via female mosquito bites, resulted in 186,101 dengue cases, a significant increase compared to previous years (see table 2), and let to 440 deaths.[6][7][8]
| Year | Number of cases |
|---|---|
| 2010 | 34,188 |
| 2011 | 28,473 |
| 2012 | 44,461 |
| 2013 | 32,063 |
| 2014 | 47,502 |
| 2015 | 29,777 |
| 2016 | 50,592 |
| 2017 | 186,101 |
| 2018 | 51,659 |
| 2019 | 105,049 |
| 2020 | 31,162 |
| 2021 | 25,067 |
| 2022 | 57,864 |
Outbreak
[edit]Sri Lanka's Ministry of Health (MoH) reported an increase in dengue fever cases from January, peaking in July.[9] The Majority of cases were concentrated in the western and northern parts of the country, particularly in the urban Colombo district.[6]
| Area | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | 10,927 | 8,724 | 13,540 | 12,540 | 15,963 | 25,319 | 41,121 | 22,270 | 9,519 | 6,614 | 8,868 | 10,753 | 186,158 |
| Colombo District | 2,734 | 1,900 | 2,467 | 2,570 | 3,333 | 5,372 | 7,471 | 3,620 | 1,251 | 823 | 1,131 | 1,602 | 34,274 |
| Gampaha District | 1,635 | 1,087 | 1,870 | 2,072 | 3,168 | 4,901 | 9,039 | 3,553 | 1,246 | 779 | 1,078 | 1,219 | 31,647 |
| Kalutara District | 581 | 448 | 836 | 739 | 946 | 1,248 | 2,612 | 1,477 | 663 | 337 | 528 | 546 | 10,961 |
The Government of Sri Lanka spent over US$12 million on outbreak control efforts, with support from NGOs like the Red Cross.[11][6][12]
Causes
[edit] |
Climate
[edit]- Sri Lanka's tropical climate offers prime mosquito breeding conditions.[13]
- The 2017 monsoon rains (May–August) coincided with the peak of the dengue outbreak (table 2). Triggering floods and disrupting refuse collection, increasing mosquito breeding sites.[5][14]
- However, annual rainfall and El Nino conditions were lower on average than previous years, suggesting that climate was not completely responsible for the outbreak.[6]
Political
[edit]- MoH failed to prepare and take appropriate mosquito vector control.[4][15]
- Insufficiencies in the virologic surveillance program failed to identify dengue serotypes and genotypes.[4][5][16] Leaving Sri Lanka unprepared for new strains (DENV-2), for which their population would have little immunity.[2][6][16]
Socio-economic
[edit]- Sri Lanka is a middle-income country with a GDP per capita of US $12,600 (2017).[17] This restricts investment in healthcare infrastructure resulting in an overstretched healthcare system.[5]
- High urban population density in western districts created higher probability of transmission.[6]
- In 2017, 42% of Sri Lankans were in extreme poverty (below US$5.50 a day) which limits a family's access to healthcare and increases risk of disease.[17][18]
- Regional disparities, due to the Sri Lankan civil conflict (1983-2009), displaced people to IDP camps and marginalized ethnic groups (Tamils) in north and eastern districts, reducing support and increasing disease risk.[19][20]
Impacts
[edit] |
Short-term impacts
[edit]- Unexpected high death toll.[5]
- Disruption to workplaces, household income, and education as the majority of cases were of people aged 10–29.[6]
- Direct and indirect impacts of the dengue outbreak affected 600,000 people, in all 25 districts, prominently in urban areas.[2] However, some districts may have been under-reported due to ethnic marginalization and the presence of IDP camps.[19][21]
- Dengue treatment strained national economic resources costing Sri Lanka US $12.7 million (LKR 1.938 billion).[6]
Long-term impacts
[edit]- Today dengue cases are declining in Sri Lanka, with 25,067 total cases in 2021 (table 1).[9]
- Dengue is still present with new strains (serotypes DENV-3 and DENV-4) becoming more prominent threatening future outbreaks.[16]
- Combined with the COVID-19 pandemic there is still immense pressures on healthcare and trade networks.[22]
- 2022 has seen an economic crisis and severe food insecurity in Sri Lanka, the dengue outbreak would be a contributing factor.[23][24]
Future
[edit]Climate change models suggest that Sri Lanka's climate is becoming more conducive to mosquito breeding, this combined with economic instability could trigger a future epidemic.[24][25] There is a possibility of a cycle of disease, poverty and food insecurity which may be challenging to break.[26] However, this could be mitigated if the MoH, supported by institutions like WHO, engage in proactive strategies.[22] A licensed vaccine (Dengvaxia) is now available, at the cost of US$78 per person - with five more in development.[22] However, Sri Lanka's current expenditure is US$161 per capita on healthcare (2021), the vaccine is a significant proportion of that budget and in uncertain economic times may not be a priority.[27][28]
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101108/
- ^ a b c "WHO | Dengue fever – Sri Lanka". WHO. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- ^ "CDC - Neglected Tropical Diseases - Diseases". www.cdc.gov. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ a b c Ngwe Tun, Mya Myat; Muthugala, Rohitha; Nabeshima, Takeshi; Rajamanthri, Lakmali; Jayawardana, Dulani; Attanayake, Shanthi; Soe, Aung Min; Dumre, Shyam Prakash; Ando, Tsuyoshi; Hayasaka, Daisuke; Inoue, Shingo; Buerano, Corazon C.; Morita, Kouichi (2020-04-01). "Unusual, neurological and severe dengue manifestations during the outbreak in Sri Lanka, 2017". Journal of Clinical Virology. 125: 104304. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104304. ISSN 1386-6532. PMID 32145478. S2CID 212629415.
- ^ a b c d e Ali, Shahid; Khan, Abdul Waheed; Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W.; Adnan, Muhammad; Malik, Shahana; Gul, Saba (June 2018). "The unprecedented magnitude of the 2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka provides lessons for future mosquito-borne infection control and prevention". Infection, Disease & Health. 23 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.idh.2018.02.004. PMID 38715304. S2CID 80605119.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tissera, Hasitha A.; Jayamanne, Bernard D.W.; Raut, Rajendra; Janaki, Sakunthala M.D.; Tozan, Yesim; Samaraweera, Preshila C.; Liyanage, Prasad; Ghouse, Azhar; Rodrigo, Chaturaka; de Silva, Aravinda M.; Fernando, Sumadhya D. (April 2020). "Severe Dengue Epidemic, Sri Lanka, 2017". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (4): 682–691. doi:10.3201/eid2604.190435. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 7101108. PMID 32186490.
- ^ "What is a disaster? | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Shepard, Donald S; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Halasa, Yara A; Coffeng, Luc E; Brady, Oliver J; Hay, Simon I; Bedi, Neeraj; Bensenor, Isabela M; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Chuang, Ting-Wu; Gibney, Katherine B; Memish, Ziad A; Rafay, Anwar; Ukwaja, Kingsley N (June 2016). "The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 16 (6): 712–723. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00026-8. PMC 5012511. PMID 26874619.
- ^ a b c d "Trends". www.epid.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 2022-12-09. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ "Trends". www.epid.gov.lk. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: Dengue Outbreak - Jul 2017". ReliefWeb. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- ^ "Dengue Fever Outbreak in Sri Lanka Kills Nearly 300 People". Time. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- ^ "Dengue and severe dengue". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; van Panhuis, Willem Gijsbert (December 2009). "Health Impact of the 2004 Andaman Nicobar Earthquake and Tsunami in Indonesia". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 24 (6): 493–499. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00007391. ISSN 1049-023X. PMID 20301065. S2CID 14765887.
- ^ Tissera, H. A.; Samaraweera, P. C.; Jayamanne, B. D. W.; Janaki, M. D. S.; U Chulasiri, M. P. P.; Rodrigo, C.; Fernando, S. D. (February 2018). "Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in integrated vector control of Aedes sp. in Sri Lanka: a prospective controlled effectiveness study". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 23 (2): 229–235. doi:10.1111/tmi.13015. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_48835. PMID 29164802. S2CID 5071742.
- ^ a b c Ngwe Tun, Mya Myat; Muthugala, Rohitha; Rajamanthri, Lakmali; Nabeshima, Takeshi; Buerano, Corazon C.; Morita, Kouichi (2021-09-30). "Emergence of Genotype I of Dengue Virus Serotype 3 during a Severe Dengue Epidemic in Sri Lanka in 2017". Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 74 (5): 443–449. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.854. ISSN 1344-6304. PMID 33642435. S2CID 232078010.
- ^ a b "Gapminder Tools". www.gapminder.org. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ WHO (2017). "World Bank and WHO: Half the world lacks access to essential health services, 100 million still pushed into extreme poverty because of health expenses". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ a b "Sri Lanka - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Kapila, Mukesh (2018). "Healthcare in Conflict Settings". World Innovation Summit for Health. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Xiao-Nong Zhou; Robert Bergquist; Remigio Olveda; Jürg Utzinger, eds. (2010). Advances in Parasitology: Important Helminth Infections in Southeast Asia: Diversity and Potential for Control and Elimination. Part A. London. ISBN 978-0-12-381956-7. OCLC 689053662.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c WHO (2022). "Vaccines and immunization: Dengue". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Root & Win (2022-08-09). "How Sri Lanka went from topping Lonely Planet's list to almost 30% hunger levels". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ a b Quiggin, John; Mallawaarachchi, Thilak (25 July 2022). "How did Sri Lanka run out of money? 5 graphs that explain its economic crisis". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Bhatia, Surbhi; Bansal, Dhruvisha; Patil, Seema; Pandya, Sharnil; Ilyas, Qazi Mudassar; Imran, Sajida (2022). "A Retrospective Study of Climate Change Affecting Dengue: Evidences, Challenges and Future Directions". Frontiers in Public Health. 10: 884645. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.884645. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 9197220. PMID 35712272.
- ^ Yngve, Agneta; Margetts, Barrie; Hughes, Roger; Tseng, Marilyn (November 2009). "Food insecurity – not just about rural communities in Africa and Asia". Public Health Nutrition. 12 (11): 1971–1972. doi:10.1017/S1368980009991650. ISSN 1475-2727. PMID 19814853.
- ^ "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) - Sri Lanka | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ^ Pearson, Carl A. B.; Abbas, Kaja M.; Clifford, Samuel; Flasche, Stefan; Hladish, Thomas J. (August 2019). "Serostatus testing and dengue vaccine cost–benefit thresholds". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 16 (157): 20190234. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0234. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 6731500. PMID 31431184.