Exile of Rama

The exile of Rama is an event featured in the Ramayana, and is an important period in the life of Rama. In the epic, Rama is exiled by his father, Dasharatha, under the urging of his step-mother Kaikeyi, accompanied by his wife Sita and half-brother Lakshmana for 14 years. Rama's exile is a prelude to subsequent events of the epic, such as abduction of his wife Sita, his meeting with Hanuman and Sugriva, his battle with Ravana, and ultimately, the killing of Ravana, the purpose for which Vishnu had incarnated himself as Rama.

Rama, Sita and Lakshmana in forest.

Background

Early life of Rama

19th-century depiction of Dasharatha with his children and three wives.

King Dasharatha was the king of Kosala Kingdom from Ikshvaku or Solar Dynasty. He had three wives: Kaushalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra. Dasharatha was ashamed of being childless, despite being in his middle years, and thus, he performed a Putrakameshti Yajna on the advice of his ministers by Rishyasringa. From the sacrificial fire, Agni himself blessed Dasharatha with four sons, and thus, Dasharatha's three wives bore four sons, Rama from Kaushalya, Bharata from Kaikeyi and twins Lakshmana and Shatrughana from Sumitra. Rama was actually the seventh avatar of Vishnu, who incarnated himself as human, to kill the cruel demon king Ravana of Lanka (present day Sri Lanka)Sri Lanka. Rama lived a happy childhood with his brothers and parents, and was educated by Guru Vasishtha in his Gurukula. After completing his education, Rama along with his brother Lakshmana accompanied Vishwamitra, to kill demons and protect the sages and their Yajnas. There, Rama killed several demons, including Maricha, Subahu and Tataka and even freed Ahalya, wife of Rishi Gautama from a curse, and thus proved his divinity. After that, both brothers accompanied Vishwamitra to the Mithila for the Svayamvara of Mithila's princess Sita, daughter of King Janaka. He broke the bow of Shiva, as that was the condition of the Svayamvara and married Sita. Rama's other three brothers also married to Sita's three sisters, daughters of Janaka's brother, Kushadhvaja. All four couples married and led a peaceful life in Ayodhya, for some time.

Envy of Manthara

Kaikeyi being provoked by Manthara.

After several years, Dasharatha decides to crown Rama as crowned prince of Ayodhya. Rama's coronation was organized and led to the celebration in Ayodhya. Manthara was a trusted maid and confidante of Queen Kaikeyi, known for her sharp wit and cunning nature. However, her loyalty to Kaikeyi was overshadowed by her envy towards Rama, the eldest son of King Dasharatha and Kaikeyi's stepson.

Upon learning of King Dasharatha's intention to crown Rama as his successor, Manthara saw her position threatened. She seized upon Kaikeyi's love for her own son, Bharata, and planted seeds of doubt and fear in Kaikeyi's mind regarding Rama's ascendancy to the throne. Manipulating Kaikeyi's emotions and exploiting her insecurities, Manthara cunningly convinced her that Rama's coronation would endanger Bharata's future and her own status in the palace.

Driven by Manthara's relentless persuasion, Kaikeyi demanded the fulfillment of two boons granted to her by King Dasharatha years earlier. Exploiting these boons, Kaikeyi coerced Dasharatha into banishing Rama to the forest for fourteen years and crowning Bharata as the king instead.

Companionship and exile

Dashratha grieving upon exile of Rama.

To fulfill his father King Dasharatha's promise to Kaikeyi, Rama willingly accepts exile, demonstrating his unwavering commitment to upholding dharma (righteousness) and honoring his father's word. Despite being the rightful heir to the throne of Ayodhya, Rama selflessly agrees to go into exile for fourteen years to honor his father's promise to Kaikeyi. His decision exemplifies his dedication to duty and sacrifice. Sita, Rama's beloved wife, and Lakshmana, his loyal brother, accompany him into exile, demonstrating their unwavering support and commitment to Rama. Sita's steadfast devotion and Lakshmana's selfless service complement Rama's resolve and form a poignant tableau of familial loyalty. Amidst scenes of sorrow and lamentation, Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana bid farewell to their loved ones and depart for the forest. The citizens of Ayodhya, grief-stricken at the departure of their beloved prince, express their sorrow as they watch the exiles leave the kingdom. The departure of Rama for the forest symbolizes the transient nature of worldly attachments and the importance of fulfilling one's duties and obligations, even at great personal cost. The episode underscores the central theme of dharma and the moral complexities inherent in familial relationships and political intrigue. The departure of Rama for the forest with his wife and brother remains one of the most iconic and poignant moments in Indian mythology. It serves as a timeless reminder of the power of duty, sacrifice, and unwavering devotion to principles of righteousness. The episode continues to inspire artists, writers, and devotees, resonating across cultures and generations with its timeless message of courage, loyalty, and spiritual fortitude.

Early years

First day

Rama, along with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, left Ayodhya during the night to honor his father King Dasharatha's word, despite protests and pleas from the citizens who were deeply attached to him. He didn't want to cause them emotional distress, so he chose to leave while they were asleep.

During their journey, Rama encountered several individuals who would later play crucial roles in the narrative. Nishadraj Guha, a tribal leader and a devotee of Rama, provided shelter to them on the banks of the river Ganga on the first night of their exile. Kevat, the boatman, helped them cross the river and showed his devotion by washing their feet. Both Nishadraj Guha and Kevat, were symbolised the epitome of devotion and purity.

After crossing the river Ganga, Arya Sumant, the minister, who was sent by Dasharatha to bring Rama back to Ayodhya returned to Ayodhya adhering to the orders of Rama. Despite being unhappy with Rama's decision to stay in exile keeping his father's words, Sumant was forced to return Ayodhya without Rama, Sita and Lakshmana.

Chitrakoot and initial days

After Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana depart from Ayodhya following Rama's exile decree, their journey brings them to Chitrakoot, a serene and picturesque region nestled along the banks of the Mandakini River. This marks the beginning of their temporary abode during the exile period.

Upon arriving in Chitrakoot, Rama seeks out the renowned sage Bharadwaja, known for his wisdom and spiritual prowess. Sage Bharadwaja's ashram in Chitrakoot serves as a sanctuary for Rama, providing him with spiritual guidance and solace during this challenging time.

Sage Bharadwaja warmly welcomes Rama, recognizing his divine lineage and righteous character. He offers his blessings and imparts valuable guidance to Rama, advising him on the path of dharma (righteousness) and the duties of a prince even in exile.

During their stay in Chitrakoot, Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana immerse themselves in the teachings of Bharadwaja. They engage in spiritual practices, meditation, and discussions on philosophy and morality, enriching their understanding of life's deeper truths.

Bharadwaja serves as a trusted counselor and mentor to Rama, offering counsel on various matters and providing emotional support during moments of doubt or adversity. His wisdom and guidance strengthen Rama's resolve to fulfill his responsibilities despite the challenges of exile.Chitrakoot's natural beauty and tranquil environment provide Rama and his companions with a serene backdrop for contemplation and introspection. The lush forests, flowing rivers, and gentle hills of Chitrakoot nurture their spirits and deepen their connection with nature.

As Rama resides in Chitrakoot under the benevolent guidance of Sage Bharadwaja, the ashram becomes a haven of spiritual growth and inner peace.

The teachings and experiences gathered during this period lay the foundation for Rama's steadfast adherence to dharma and his unwavering devotion to righteousness.

Death of Dasharatha

Death of Dasharatha

After Sumantra returned with the news of Rama's exile, Dasharatha was overcome with grief and guilt. His heart, already burdened by the separation from Rama, couldn't bear the additional shock. He fell seriously ill, his health rapidly deteriorating as he struggled to come to terms with the events unfolding in his kingdom.

Despite the best efforts of the palace physicians, Dasharatha's condition worsened day by day. He suffered from intense emotional distress, leading to physical complications that ultimately proved fatal. Surrounded by his loved ones and advisors, Dasharatha breathed his last breath, leaving Ayodhya in mourning for their beloved king.

After the death of Dasharatha, Bharata along with Shatrughana, who was at the Kekeya kingdom summoned by Sage Vashishta.

After the death of King Dasharatha, Bharata's return to Ayodhya is marked by a mix of emotions and challenges. As he arrives, the atmosphere in Ayodhya is heavy with grief and uncertainty. The sudden demise of the beloved king, coupled with the circumstances surrounding his death, leads to suspicion and distrust among some of the people towards Bharata.

One of the primary reasons for this suspicion is the role played by Kaikeyi, Bharata's mother, in Rama's exile and Dasharatha's subsequent death. Kaikeyi's actions, driven by her desire to see Bharata crowned as king, are widely criticized and seen as a betrayal of Rama, who was dearly loved by the people of Ayodhya. This leads to doubts about Bharata's loyalty and intentions, despite his innocence in the matter.

However, Bharata remains steadfast in his devotion to Rama and his commitment to the well-being of Ayodhya. Upon his return, he takes on the responsibility of performing the last rites of his father Dasharatha with utmost reverence and respect, showcasing his adherence to tradition and duty as a prince.

Despite the challenges and criticisms he faces, Bharata's love and reverence for Rama shine through. He prepared to go to Chitrakoot, where Rama was staying in his exile, to tell him the news of his father's demise and bring him back to ascend the throne Ayodhya. Bharata's return to Ayodhya after Dasharatha's death is a complex narrative of familial loyalty, duty, and the struggle to uphold righteousness amidst challenging circumstances.

Bharata, along with his three mothers, ministers, citizens and priests moved to Chitrakoot in order to bring Rama back to Ayodhya. He met with Guha, on the way, who directed him the way to Chitrakoot.

Bharata and Rama's meet or Bharatmilaap

Bharata carries Rama's slippers on his head, in order to make them as representative of Rama, the actual king of Ayodhya.

With company of Guha and other people, Bharata reached to Chitrakoot to Rama, and was first misunderstood by Lakshmana. The event of Rama and Bharata's meeting is generally called as Bharatmilaap (Sanskrit: भरतमिलाप; lit. The meeting with/of Bharata).

Bharata meets Rama in the forest where Rama, along with his wife Sita and loyal brother Lakshmana, has been living a life of asceticism. Bharata, dressed in simple attire and carrying Rama's wooden sandals, approaches Rama with reverence and humility. He expresses his deep sorrow at the turn of events and his earnest desire to see Rama return to Ayodhya as the rightful king.

Rama, touched by Bharata's devotion and unwavering loyalty, embraces his brother warmly. The emotional reunion between the brothers is depicted with great sensitivity, emphasizing the bond of love and duty that transcends all challenges and trials. The scene is often portrayed with musical accompaniment and poetic recitations in traditional retellings of the Ramayana, evoking a sense of reverence and awe.

Following the Bharat Milap, Bharata takes Rama's sandals and requests him to return to Ayodhya and assume the throne. However, Rama, bound by his father's promise and his own sense of honor, refuses to break the exile vow. Instead, he entrusts Bharata with the responsibility of ruling Ayodhya in his absence and assures him of his support and guidance from the forest.

The Bharat Milap concludes with Bharata returning to Ayodhya with Rama's sandals, symbolizing his commitment to preserving Rama's legacy and upholding righteousness and dharma. The event is celebrated annually in various parts of India through theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and cultural festivities, reinforcing its enduring significance in Ramayana and cultural heritage.

Meeting with Atri and Anusuya

After meeting with Bharata, Rama with Sita and Lakshmana moved to Dandaka forest, with other Rishis. Rama along with Lakshmana and Sita met with Atri, a great sage and his wife Anusuya. Atri and Anusuya were revered sages known for their devotion and penance. When Rama, along with Sita and Lakshmana, was in exile, they reached the hermitage of Atri and Anusuya. Upon their arrival, Atri and Anusuya welcomed them with great honor and hospitality, recognizing Rama's divine essence despite his guise as an ordinary prince in exile. The meeting is characterized by profound conversations, where Atri and Anusuya offer wisdom and guidance to Rama, reinforcing his sense of duty and righteousness.

During their stay, Atri and Anusuya also narrate tales of valor and virtue, inspiring Rama further on his path. Their blessings and teachings strengthen Rama's resolve to uphold dharma and fulfill his responsibilities as a prince and future king. This meeting with Atri and Anusuya not only enriches Rama's spiritual journey but also highlights the timeless values of respect for elders, devotion to sages, and the power of righteous conduct.

Middle years

Meeting with Sharabhang

In Dandaka forest, Rama along with Lakshmana and Sita, came across Rishi Sharabhang, a sage deeply engrossed in meditation. Rama greeted him, but the sage remained silent, as he was absorbed in his spiritual practices. Rama, respecting the sage's devotion, waited patiently for many days until Rishi Sharabhang emerged from his meditation. Finally, when the sage opened his eyes, Rama humbly asked for his blessings, and the sage, impressed by Rama's patience and humility, blessed him. This encounter exemplifies Rama's respect for asceticism and the importance of patience and perseverance in the pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment.

Meeting with Sootikshna

Amidst their wanderings, the trio stumbles upon the hermitage of Sage Sootikshna, nestled in the serene depths of the forest. Sage Sootikshna, renowned for his austere penance and profound wisdom, welcomes the divine guests with reverence and humility. The atmosphere pulsates with an aura of spirituality, as the mortal and divine energies converge in a timeless dance of knowledge and enlightenment. As Rama and his companions settle in the hermitage, a dialogue ensues between the sage and the divine prince, transcending the boundaries of mortal comprehension. The discourse touches upon the intricacies of dharma (righteousness), karma (action), and the eternal quest for liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Sage Sootikshna, with his sagely demeanor and spiritual insight, imparts profound teachings to Rama, illuminating the path of righteousness and self-realization. Through metaphor, allegory, and timeless wisdom, he elucidates the essence of existence, guiding Rama along the arduous journey of life. Central to their exchange is the concept of dharma, the moral and ethical duty that governs one's actions and conduct. Sage Sutikshna elucidates the intricacies of dharma, emphasizing its role in upholding cosmic order and fostering harmony in the universe. Rama, ever the epitome of righteousness, absorbs these teachings with humility and reverence, recognizing the profound significance of righteous conduct in the pursuit of spiritual evolution. The discourse delves deeper into the nature of reality, delving into the illusory nature of the material world and the eternal truth that lies beyond. Sage Sootikshna expounds upon the principles of detachment and renunciation, urging Rama to transcend the fleeting pleasures of the senses and seek refuge in the eternal bliss of the self. As the dialogue unfolds, the hermitage reverberates with the timeless wisdom of the ages, echoing the eternal truths that transcend mortal existence. Rama, the embodiment of divine grace and virtue, listens intently, his heart resonating with the profound teachings of the sage.

Beyond the realms of mortal understanding, the encounter between Rama and Sage Sootikshna symbolizes the eternal dance of wisdom and enlightenment, wherein the divine and the mortal converge in a timeless embrace. Through their exchange, the boundaries between heaven and earth dissolve, and the seeker is guided towards the ultimate realization of the self. The meeting between Rama and Sage Sootikshna epitomizes the convergence of mortal and divine wisdom, weaving together themes of spirituality, guidance, and the pursuit of enlightenment. Through their exchange, the eternal truths of existence are revealed, guiding seekers towards the ultimate realization of the self.

Meeting with Agastya

Agastya Muni, a revered sage and one of the Saptarshi (seven sages), is known for his wisdom and spiritual prowess. When Rama and his companions reached the Panchavati forest in the Dandaka forest region, Agastya Muni approached them with great reverence. Agastya Muni, recognizing Rama's divine nature and his role as an incarnation of Vishnu, offered his blessings and guidance. He shared profound spiritual teachings with Rama, advising him on righteous conduct, duty, and the path to spiritual liberation. During their meeting, Agastya Muni also presented Rama with divine weapons, including the powerful bow known as the Sharanga, which was later used by Rama in his battle against the demon king Ravana.

The encounter between Rama and Agastya Muni is often interpreted as a symbol of the passing down of wisdom from one generation to the next, with Agastya Muni representing the ancient lineage of spiritual teachers and Rama embodying the ideal king who upholds dharma (righteousness) and protects his people. This meeting is revered by devotees of Rama as a demonstration of the profound bond between the divine and the sage tradition, as well as a testament to the importance of seeking guidance from enlightened beings on the path of righteousness and spiritual growth.Lord Rama moved to Panchvati then, on Agastya's orders.

Meeting with Jatayu

The first meeting of Jatayu with Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita occurs in the epic Aranya Kand. Jatayu is a noble vulture and an old friend of Rama's father, King Dasharatha. Jatayu became a friend of Rama and Lakshmana too in the forest.

Abduction of Sita

Encounter with Shurpanakha

Lakshmana cuts off Shurpanakha's nose

Rama and companions, spent almost 13 years in exile, and last year remained. Both Rama and Aayodhya's citizen were waiting for his return. One day, Shurpanakha, a demoness and the sister of the demon king Ravana, encountering Rama and Lakshmana during their exile in the forest. She is enamored by Rama's appearance and attempts to seduce him. However, Rama, who is devoted to his wife Sita, rejects her advances. Enraged and humiliated, Shurpanakha turns her attention to Lakshmana. But Lakshmana also rejects her, prompting her to attack Sita in a fit of jealousy. In retaliation, Lakshmana swiftly intervenes and mutilates Shurpanakha by cutting off her nose and ears.

Horrified and in pain, Shurpanakha flees to her brother Khara and Dushana She narrates her ordeal to Khara and Dushana. This sets the stage for the major events of the Ramayana, including Ravana's abduction of Sita, Rama's quest to rescue her, and the ensuing battle between Rama and Ravana.

The episode of Shurpanakha serves as a catalyst for the larger conflict in the Ramayana and highlights themes of jealousy, revenge, and the consequences of desire. It also underscores the complexity of characters and their motivations within the epic narrative.

War with Khara and Dushana

Khara and Dushana, powerful and man eater demons, led a formidable army to confront Rama and Lakshmana. The battle took place in the Dandaka forest, where Rama and Lakshmana were residing during their exile. Khara and Dushana, along with their demon forces, launched a fierce attack on Rama and Lakshmana, aiming to defeat them and capture Sita.

Rama, with his divine prowess and skill in archery, engaged in a fierce combat with Khara and Dushana. Using his exceptional archery skills and strategic prowess, Rama swiftly defeated the demon army, causing havoc among their ranks. Khara and Dushana, realizing the futility of their efforts against Rama's might, fought fiercely but were eventually defeated by Rama's arrows. During the battle, Rama displayed his valor, courage, and righteousness, upholding dharma (righteousness) in the face of adversity. The defeat of Khara and Dushana marked a significant victory for Rama and his companions, further establishing his reputation as a heroic figure in the epic narrative.

The battle with Khara and Dushana is often cited as an example of Rama's divine nature and his unwavering dedication to protecting righteousness and defeating evil forces, as depicted in the Ramayana.

Golden deer and abduction

Ravana visits Sita as an ascetic

After the defeat of Khara and Dushana, Shurpanakha provoked Ravana, her brother and king of Lanka, to abduct Sita by telling about her beauty. Ravana, who was a demon king, son of great sage Vishrava and demoness Kaikasi, had a boon from Brahma that he could not be killed by any living being except humans and apes. Vishnu incarnated himself as Rama to kill Ravana only. Mesmerized by Sita's beauty, Ravana decides to abduct Sita. He agreed form changing demon Maricha, his distant relative too. Maricha disguised himself as a golden deer and went to Panchvati.

Sita, enchanted by the mesmerizing beauty of a golden deer, expresses her desire to possess it. The golden deer is no ordinary animal; it is a magical creature created by the demon Maricha under the instructions of Ravana. Its purpose is to lure Rama away from the hermitage so that Ravana can execute his nefarious plan.

Upon Sita's request, Rama sets out to capture the golden deer to fulfill her wish. Knowing the danger it poses, Rama instructs Lakshmana to stay behind and protect Sita at all costs. As Rama chases the deer deeper into the forest, the deer employs its illusionary powers to lead Rama far away from the hermitage.

During Rama's absence, Sita becomes apprehensive and requests Lakshmana to go to Rama's aid, fearing that he might be in trouble. Lakshmana, following his duty to protect Sita, hesitates but ultimately yields to her insistence. Before leaving, Lakshmana draws a protective boundary, the Lakshmana Rekha, around the hermitage, instructing Sita not to step outside it under any circumstances.

Meanwhile, Ravana takes advantage of Rama's absence and his separation from Sita. Disguised as a sage, Ravana approaches the hermitage and deceitfully lures Sita out of the protective boundary by pretending to be in need of alms. Seizing this opportunity, Ravana abducts Sita and takes her to his kingdom of Lanka, setting the stage for the epic battle between Rama and Ravana.

Jatayu and Ravana's battle

Jatayu killed by Ravana, painting by Raja Ravi Varma

After Abduction of Sita, Ravana took Sita in sky in Pushpaka Viman. As Ravana flies across the sky with Sita in his aerial chariot, Jatayu notices the distress of Sita and valiantly confronts Ravana to rescue her. A fierce battle ensues between Jatayu, who is determined to protect Sita at all costs, and Ravana, who possesses immense strength and magical abilities. Despite Jatayu's courageous efforts, Ravana proves to be a formidable opponent. The battle between the two adversaries is described as intense and epic, with Jatayu displaying unmatched bravery and valor. However, despite Jatayu's valiant struggle, he is ultimately overpowered by Ravana's might. Ravana, using his superior strength and weaponry, inflicts grievous wounds upon Jatayu, leading to the bird's incapacitation. In his dying moments, Jatayu conveys crucial information about Sita's abduction to Rama and Lakshmana, fulfilling his duty as a loyal friend and protector. After the intense battle with Ravana, Jatayu, grievously wounded on the ground. Rama and Lakshmana, in their quest to find Sita, come across Jatayu in his weakened state. Meanwhile, Lakshmana and Rama returned and saw an empty hut without Sita. Overcome with sorrow at the sight of his injured friend, Rama rushes to Jatayu's side to offer solace and gratitude. Jatayu narrates the events leading to Sita's abduction by Ravana, providing vital information to Rama and Lakshmana about the direction in which Ravana took Sita. Despite his injuries, Jatayu expresses his unwavering devotion to Rama and his determination to fulfill his duty as a protector, even at the cost of his own life.

Search for Sita

Initial searches

After meeting with Jatayu, Rama and Lakshmana sets on voyage to search for Sita. On the way, both met with various people, such as Kabandha and Shabari.

During their search for Sita, Rama and Lakshmana come across Kabandha, a monstrous demon with a distorted appearance. Kabandha's arms and head are attached directly to his torso, giving him a fearsome and unnatural look. Despite his menacing form, Kabandha is revealed to be a cursed celestial being seeking liberation from his curse. Rama and Lakshmana engage in a fierce battle with Kabandha, eventually defeating him and releasing him from his curse. In gratitude, Kabandha advises Rama to seek an alliance with Sugriva, the banished king of the Vanaras, who can assist in the search for Sita. Kabandha's guidance proves instrumental in shaping the course of Rama's quest and leads to the subsequent alliance with Sugriva and Hanuman. Kabanda suggests Rama, to met with Shabari, in the Pampa lake region.

Shabari, an elderly ascetic and devotee of Rama, plays a crucial role in guiding the brothers on their quest. She resides in the hermitage of sage Matanga in the Pampa Lake region. When Rama and Lakshmana reach her ashram, Shabari welcomes them with utmost reverence and devotion. She offers them hospitality and shares her wisdom about righteousness and devotion. Shabari's devotion to Rama is profound, as she has been eagerly awaiting his arrival for years. She narrates her life's story to Rama and Lakshmana, expressing her unwavering faith and devotion despite her old age and humble circumstances. Impressed by Shabari's devotion and sincerity, Rama accepts her offerings of wild berries with great humility and gratitude. Shabari guided Rama and Lakshmana with further way and also told the way to Rishyamook Parvat.

Meeting with Hanuman and Sugriva

Hanuman and Rama with Lakshmana

Hanuman, in his service to Sugriva, the vanara king, is on a mission to find allies against Sugriva's brother Bali. Hanuman initially mistakes Rama and Lakshmana for adversaries due to their appearance as ascetics in the forest. However, after a brief confrontation, Hanuman realizes their true identity and becomes devoted to Rama's cause. Rama and Hanuman's bond grows stronger as Hanuman proves his loyalty and invaluable skills.

Sugriva, the vanara king, seeks Rama's help in reclaiming his kingdom from his tyrannical brother Bali, who unjustly usurped Sugriva's throne and exiled him. Their meeting takes place in the Rishyamukha mountain, where Sugriva and his loyal advisor Hanuman are in hiding. Sugriva, aware of Rama's valor and righteousness, forms an alliance with him. In return for Rama's assistance in defeating Bali and reinstating him as the rightful king, Sugriva pledges his support in the search for Sita. He was once the prosperous king of the vanaras, ruling from the Kishkindha kingdom. However, his brother Bali, known for his strength and valor, grew suspicious of Sugriva's intentions, particularly regarding Bali's wife Tara. In a series of misunderstandings and power struggles, Bali banished Sugriva and seized control of the kingdom. Sugriva, unjustly accused and exiled, sought refuge in the Rishyamukha mountain, where he met Hanuman and formed a loyal friendship. The conflict between Sugriva and Bali intensified due to Bali's oppressive rule and mistreatment of Sugriva's allies, including Hanuman and Angada. This discord culminated in Sugriva seeking Rama's assistance to overthrow Bali and reclaim his rightful place as the vanara king.

Rama and Bali

Rama's intervention in the conflict between Sugriva and Bali leads to a decisive battle. Rama, armed with his divine weapons and supported by Sugriva and the vanara army, confronts Bali in a duel. Despite Bali's initial advantage due to a boon that transferred half of any opponent's strength to him, Rama's skill and righteousness prevail, ultimately resulting in Bali's defeat and death. With Bali's demise, Sugriva ascends to the throne as the legitimate king of the vanaras. Rama's role in restoring Sugriva's kingship solidifies their alliance and paves the way for their collaboration in the search for Sita.

Search operations of Vanara

Under Sugriva's leadership, the vanaras embark on a meticulous search operation to locate Sita, who has been abducted by Ravana and taken to Lanka. The vanaras explore various regions, including forests, mountains, and seashores, encountering numerous challenges and allies along the way. One notable encounter is their meeting with Sampati, a noble vulture and brother of Jatayu, who provides crucial information and assistance to the vanaras. Samprati guides them in their search and offers support, showcasing the solidarity and alliances formed during their quest to rescue Sita.

Jambavan, the wise and venerable vanara elder, plays a pivotal role in motivating Hanuman during the search for Sita. When Hanuman expresses doubts about his ability to cross the vast ocean to reach Lanka, Jambavan reminds him of his divine heritage and extraordinary powers as the son of Vayu, the wind god. Jambavan's encouragement reignites Hanuman's confidence and determination. Hanuman, fueled by Jambavan's words and his devotion to Rama, performs the legendary leap across the ocean, a feat that showcases his immense strength and devotion to the mission of finding Sita.

Search operation of Hanuman

Lanka Dahan, the burning of Lanka by Hanuman

Hanuman's mission was to locate Sita, who had been abducted by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka. To reach Lanka, which was across the ocean, Hanuman utilized his extraordinary powers. With a powerful leap, he soared into the sky, and with each leap, he covered vast distances until he reached the southern tip of India.

As Hanuman was flying over the ocean, he encountered Surasa, a mythical creature who was given a boon that she could swallow any being that entered her mouth. Surasa intercepted Hanuman and demanded that he enter her mouth as part of her divine boon. However, Hanuman, being wise and quick-witted, cleverly expanded his size to such an extent that Surasa's mouth could not contain him. Impressed by his intelligence, Surasa blessed Hanuman and allowed him to continue his journey.

Upon reaching Lanka, Hanuman encountered Lankini, the guardian deity of Lanka. Lankini initially tried to stop Hanuman from entering the city, as it was her duty to protect Lanka from intruders. However, Hanuman killed Lankini, after a battle. Realizing that Hanuman was no ordinary being and that his arrival signaled a significant event, Lankini allowed him to proceed. Hanuman's next significant encounter was with Vibhishana, Ravana's younger brother who had a good heart and opposed his brother's evil deeds. Vibhishana, aware of Hanuman's mission and impressed by his devotion to Rama, decided to help him. He provided valuable information about Sita's whereabouts and advised Hanuman on how to approach her. Hanuman finally found Sita in Ashoka Vatika, a garden in Lanka where she was held captive by Ravana. Hanuman approached Sita in the form of a messenger of Rama, offering her hope and assurance of rescue. He conveyed Rama's love and determination to save her, lifting her spirits in her time of despair. After meeting Sita and assessing the strength of Ravana's forces, Hanuman decided to teach Lanka a lesson. In a daring act, he set fire to Lanka using his tail, causing chaos and destruction. This event, known as Lanka Dahan (the burning of Lanka), demonstrated Hanuman's power and determination to fulfill his mission. Having accomplished his tasks, Hanuman returned to Rama with news of Sita's whereabouts and the situation in Lanka. His return was met with joy and gratitude by Rama and his allies. Hanuman's devotion, bravery, and intelligence played a crucial role in the eventual rescue of Sita and the defeat of Ravana.

War of Lanka

Preparations

After Hanuman's return, Rama, with Lakshmana, Sugriva, Jambvant, Angad and other Vanara sena, marched to the Indian Ocean, (present- day that part is known as Palk Strait). Rama's journey to Lanka required a passage over the vast sea. Rama requested sea to give them a way to cross sea, however, sea filled with pride, ignores Rama. A furious Rama was about to shoot arrow to sea, and sea appeared and told Rama that a bridge could be constructed over the sea, by writing 'Rama' in the rocks. To facilitate this, Rama enlisted the help of Nala and Nila, the chiefs brother architect and engineer among the Vanaras. Under Rama's guidance, Nala and his team embarked on the monumental task of constructing a bridge, known as Setubandhanam, across the ocean.

Despite facing challenges such as turbulent seas and time constraints, the Vanaras, under Rama's leadership, worked tirelessly to complete the bridge. Their collective effort and determination showcased the power of unity and teamwork in overcoming obstacles. The construction of the bridge also attracted divine attention and support. Various celestial beings, including gods and sages, blessed the endeavor, ensuring its success. This divine intervention added a spiritual dimension to the preparation for battle, reinforcing Rama's righteous cause. The bridge is today known as Rama Setu or Adam's Bridge. Beyond the bridge construction, Rama used this time to prepare his army for the imminent battle with Ravana. He conducted strategic meetings, reviewed battle plans, and boosted morale among his troops. The completion of the bridge marked a crucial milestone in Rama's preparations, signaling the approaching climax of his quest to rescue Sita and vanquish evil.

Final battle

See also: Vijayadashami

Killing of Ravana

Prior to war, Vibhishana protests against the bad intentions of Ravana. He was disgracefully thrown out of the Lanka by Ravana, after which he seek refuse to Rama.

Before the war, Rama, Lakshmana, and the Vanara army led by Hanuman, Sugriva, and Angad prepare strategically. Vibhishana, Ravana's brother who has defected to Rama's side, provides crucial information about Ravana's strengths and weaknesses. In Ravana's court, Angada, the son of Vali and a skilled diplomat, boldly confronts Ravana. He delivers Rama's message, urging Ravana to return Sita peacefully to avoid destruction. Angad's eloquence and courage impress many in the court. Despite Angad's plea, Ravana refuses to yield. The war commences with both sides displaying valor and employing various strategies and weapons.

Key events of the battle were:

• Ravana's military generals: Ravana's generals like Indrajit (Meghnad) and Kumbhakarna play significant roles, showcasing their martial prowess.
• Lakshmana's faint: Lakshmana is severely injured by Indrajit's powerful weapons, requiring the intervention of Hanuman to bring the Sanjeevani herb for his recovery.
• Fall of Kumbhakaran: Kumbhakarna, awakened from his long slumber, fights fiercely but is ultimately defeated by Rama.
• Fall of Indrajit: Eventually, Rama and Lakshmana confront Indrajit in a fierce battle. With Vibhishana's guidance, they overcome his magical illusions and slay him.
• Fall of Ravana: Ultimately, Ravana was killed by Rama. Rama ascends on the divine chariot of Indra, and engaged in a fierce battle with Ravana. Vibhishina, then reveals a secret that Ravana should be shoot on the navel to kill.

Rama became victorious, and the day when Rama killed Ravana, is celebrated today as Dussehra, to celebrate the victory of good over evil.

Rescue of Sita

19th- century depiction of Rama rescuing Sita, India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting

After the war, Vanaras rescued Sita, resulting in his reunion with Rama.

According to several legends and Ramacharitmanasa, a version of original epic Ramayana, Sita was not abducted by Ravana, instead a delusion of Sita was abducted by him, and real Sita was kept safe with Agni, god of fire. After Sita's rescue Sita was ordered by Rama, to pass through fire, to receive original Sita, and termed it as Agniparikhsa. However, people there thought that, Agniparikhsa was done to check the purity of Sita.

Return to Ayodhya

See also: Diwali

Coronation of Rama

After killing Ravana, Rama finally prepares to return Ayodhya, as 14 years were about to complete.After the victorious battle against Ravana and the rescue of Sita, Rama's return to Ayodhya is marked by grandeur and celebration. Every year, on Amavasya of Kartik month, in Hindu calendar is celebrated as Diwali, to mark the return of Rama and Sita to Ayodhya.

Rama, along with Sita, Lakshmana, Hanuman, and their allies, returns to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana and his forces in Lanka. This return is met with immense joy and celebration among the citizens of Ayodhya, who eagerly await their beloved prince's return. Upon reaching Ayodhya, preparations begin for Rama's coronation as the king of Ayodhya. The city is adorned with decorations, and the atmosphere is filled with festivity. Rama's coronation ceremony is conducted with great pomp and splendor, attended by dignitaries, sages, and citizens alike. Rama's rule as king of Ayodhya is characterized by justice, fairness, and righteousness. He follows the path of dharma (righteousness) in all his decisions and actions, earning him the title of "Maryada Purushottama" (the epitome of virtue and righteousness). Rama establishes a robust judicial system that ensures justice for all. He appoints wise and impartial judges who dispense justice based on merit and evidence, regardless of social status or wealth. Rama is deeply committed to the welfare of his subjects. He ensures that the basic needs of the citizens are met, and he initiates various welfare schemes to uplift the disadvantaged and marginalized sections of society.

Despite being a king, Rama remains accessible to his people. Citizens can approach him with their grievances, and he listens to them with empathy, addressing their concerns promptly and fairly. Rama's governance is marked by ethical conduct and transparency. He leads by example, upholding moral values and integrity in all his dealings, setting a high standard for his administration.

Aftermath

Main article: Exile of Sita

Sita in exile

Rama's later life is described in the Uttar Kand of original Valmiki's Ramayan. However, many scholars believes that it is not a part of original epic, but a later interpretation in it. This section of epic goes in detail, about the suspicion of Rama on his wife Sita, and sent her into exile, despite being pure, and birth of his twin sons, Lava and Kusha.

After Rama becomes the ruler, Sita became pregnant with twins. However, citizens of Ayodhya are suspicious about the purity of Sita, as she was kidnapped by Ravana, tough untouched.

Rama, heard the rumours spread among the citizens, and exiles Sita. There, she seeks shelter in the Ashram of Valmiki and gave birth to twin sons of Rama: Lava and Kusha. Both were trained by Valmiki in various subjects, and were brave, like Rama. Valmiki also taught them Ramayana, which he composed on the orders of Narada and Brahma. When Rama does Asvamedha Yajna in order to expand his kingdom, his horse was captured by Lava and Kusha, and it was then, they both recite Ramayana in the court of Rama and Rama got to know about their real identity, that Lava and Kusha are his sons. However, Rama asked Sita to again give an Agnipareeksha or fire test, to prove her purity. Disheartened Sita, returned to her actual mother, Dharti Maa or Goddess Earth forever leaving Rama and Ayodhya behind.

Many versions, such as, Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas, doesn't include about the exile of Sita. Tough, many scholars believes that Tulsidas didn't want to end Rama's story in a tragic way.

According to Valmiki Ramayana, Rama ruled for 11000 years, and after completing all his duties accordingly, he along with his companions left his human body and moved to his heavenly abode.

Timeline

In terms of historical dating, the Ramayana doesn't provide specific dates in the Gregorian calendar. Instead, it is traditionally placed in the Treta Yuga, an era within Hindu cosmology. However, scholars and researchers have attempted to correlate events from the Ramayana with historical timelines and astronomical observations.

One such attempt is the work of Dr. V. V. Raman, a physicist and Indologist, who proposed a dating for Rama's exile based on astronomical references in the epic. He suggested that Rama's birth occurred around 5114 BCE and his exile around 5077 BCE. This dating is based on astronomical configurations described in the Ramayana, such as the positions of planets and stars, which have been correlated with astronomical software to determine possible dates.

Another approach involves analyzing archaeological evidence and cultural contexts. Some scholars suggest that events from the Ramayana might have taken place during the early part of the first millennium BCE, based on archaeological findings and cultural developments in ancient India.

It's essential to note that these datings are subject to debate and interpretation, and there isn't a consensus among scholars. The Ramayana is primarily a religious and mythological text deeply embedded in Hindu tradition, and attempts to historically date its events should be approached with caution.

Legacy

Traditional Diwali celebration, so as to mark the returning of Sita and Rama after 14 years of exile

Rama's exile holds a profound legacy within Hindu tradition and beyond. It serves as a narrative of moral and ethical lessons, exemplifying virtues such as duty, sacrifice, and devotion. Rama's adherence to dharma, or righteousness, even in the face of adversity, provides a timeless example for devotees. Additionally, Rama is revered as the epitome of an ideal king, symbolizing just and compassionate governance. The bond between Rama, his wife Sita, and his brother Lakshmana is celebrated as a model of unwavering love and familial duty. The Ramayana, which chronicles Rama's exile, is one of the most revered epics in Hinduism and has influenced literature, art, and culture across South and Southeast Asia. Festivals such as Diwali and Vijayadashmi commemorate aspects of the Ramayana narrative, while philosophical insights explored in the epic delve into concepts such as karma, dharma, and the pursuit of spiritual liberation. Overall, Rama's exile continues to inspire individuals and societies with its timeless teachings on morality, devotion, and righteousness.

Gallery

Various artistic depictions of Rama's exile is a significant part of Indian art and culture:

• 
  Rama in the exile, with his wife and brother
• 
  Rama and Sita before going to exile
• 
  Rama in exile in the forest, setting off to hunt deer - Museu do Oriente - Lisbon, Portugal
• 
  Rama Spurns Suparnakha by Warwick Goble

See also

• Rama
• Ramayana
• Versions of Ramayana
• List of characters in Ramayana
• Rama's Journey in Mithila