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Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering

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The following timeline tables list the discoveries and inventions in the history of electrical and electronic engineering.[1][2]

History of discoveries timeline

[edit]
Year Event
600 BC Ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus described static electricity by rubbing fur on substances such as amber.
1600 English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments. He also explained the magnetism of Earth.
1660 German scientist Otto von Guericke invented a device that creates static electricity. This is the first ever electric generator.
1705 English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand
1720 English scientist Stephen Gray made the distinction between insulators and conductors
1745 German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars
1752 American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite and explained how Leyden jars work
1780 Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered Galvanic action in living tissue
1785 French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated and published Coulomb's law in his paper Premier Mémoire sur l’Électricité et le Magnétisme
1785 French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation into an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis.
1800 Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery
1804 Thomas Young: Wave theory of light, Vision and color theory
1808 Atomic theory by John Dalton
1816 English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph
1820 Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field
1820 One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed the right-hand screw rule
1821 German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity
1825 English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet
1827 German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance
1831 English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently)
1831 American scientist Joseph Henry in the United States developed a prototype DC motor
1832 French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator
1833 Michael Faraday developed the laws of electrolysis
1833 Michael Faraday invented the thermistor
1833 English physicist Samuel Hunter Christie invented the Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it)
1836 Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented the transformer in Ireland
1837 English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay
1839 French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect
1844 American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code
1844 Woolrich Generator, the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process.[3]
1845 German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed the two laws now known as Kirchhoff's Circuit laws
1850 Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator
1851 Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff developed the first coil, which he patented in 1851
1855 First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne
1856 Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony
1856 First electrically powered lighthouse in England
1860 German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented the Microphone
1862 Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published the four equations bearing his name
1866 The Transatlantic telegraph cable
1873 Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed the DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna.
1876 Paper capacitor manufacturing started
1876 Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented the electric carbon arc lamp
1876 Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone
1877 American inventor Thomas Edison invented the phonograph
1877 German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed a primitive loudspeaker
1878 First electric street lighting in Paris, France
1878 First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England
1878 William Crookes invents the Crookes tube, a prototype of Vacuum tubes
1878 English engineer Joseph Swan invented the Incandescent light bulb
1879 American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered the Hall Effect
1879 Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long-lasting filament for the incandescent lamp.
1880 French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity
1882 First thermal power stations in London and New York
1887 German American inventor Emile Berliner invented the gramophone record
1888 German physicist Heinrich Hertz proves the existence of electromagnetic waves, including what would come to be called radio waves.
1888 Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor, and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same device[4][5]
1890 Thomas Alva Edison invents the fuse
1893 During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago, electrical units were defined
1893 English physicist J. J. Thomson invented waveguides
1894 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi begins developing the first radio wave based wireless telegraphy communication system[6][7]
1895 Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose conducts experiments in extremely high frequency millimetre waves using a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves[8][9]
1895 In a series of field experiments, Marconi finds that he could transmit radio waves at much greater range than the half-mile maximum physicist of the time were predicting, achieving ranges up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and transmitting over hills[10][11]
1895 Russian physicist Alexander Popov finds a use for radio waves, building a radio receiver that can detect lightning strikes[12]
1895 Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen
1896 Electrolytic capacitor patent was granted to Charles Pollak
1897 German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
1901 First transatlantic radio transmission by Guglielmo Marconi
1901 American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented the Fluorescent lamp
1904 English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented the diode
1906 American inventor Lee de Forest invented the triode
1908 Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid out the principles of Television.
1909 Mica capacitor was invented by William Dubilier
1911 Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity
1912 American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the Electronic oscillator
1915 French physicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar
1917 American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented the crystal oscillator
1918 French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented the multivibrator
1919 Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the standard AM radio receiver
1921 Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units
1921 Edith Clarke invents the "Clarke calculator", a graphical calculator for solving line equations involving hyperbolic function, allowing electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacity in power transmission lines[13]
1924 Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi began a research program on electronic television[14]
1925 Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later)
1926 Yagi–Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda
1926 Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated CRT television with 40-line resolution,[15] the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver.[14]
1927 Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi increased television resolution to 100 lines, unrivaled until 1931[16]
1927 American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier
1927 German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube
1928 Raman scattering discovered by Indian physicist C. V. Raman and Indian physicist Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan,[17] providing basis for later Raman laser
1928 Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on television, influencing the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin[18]
1928 First experimental Television broadcast in the U.S.
1929 First public TV broadcast in Germany
1931 First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union
1934 Akira Nakashima, Claude Shannon and Viktor Shetakov switching circuit theory lays the foundation for digital electronics[19]
1936 Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed the FM detector circuit.
1936 Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the Printed circuit board
1936 Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier.
1938 Russian-American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed the Iconoscope
1939 Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the FM radio receiver
1939 Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US.
1941 German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin
1944 Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube
1945 Transatlantic telephone cable
1947 American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented the transistor.
1948 Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography
1950s Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitor was invented by Bell Laboratories
1950 French physicist Alfred Kastler invented the MASER
1951 First nuclear power plant in the US
1952 Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode[20]
1953 First fully transistorized computer in the U.S.
1958 American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC)
1960 American engineer Theodore Maiman develops the first laser
1962 Nick Holonyak invented the LED
1963 First home Videocassette recorder (VCR)
1963 Electronic calculator
1966 Fiber-optic communication by Kao and Hockham
2008 American scientist R. Stanley Williams invented the memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971

History of associated inventions timeline

[edit]
Brief History of Electronics Timeline
Date Invention/Discovery Inventor(s)
1900 Old quantum theory Planck
1905 Theory of relativity Einstein
1918 Atomic transmutation Rutherford
1932 Neutron Chadwick
1932 Particle accelerator Cockcroft and Walton
1935 Scanning electron microscope Knoll
1937 Xerography Carlson
1937 Oscilloscope Von Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen
1950 Modem MIT and Bell Labs
1950 Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) Karnaugh
1952 Digital voltmeter Kay
1954 Solar battery Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson
1956 Transatlantic telephone cable UK and U.S.
1957 Sputnik I satellite Soviet Union
1957 Nuclear Missile Kurchatov / Soviet Union
1957 FORTRAN programming language Watson Scientific
1959 First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914) Xerox
1959 Veroboard (Stripboard) Terry Fitzpatrick
1961 Electronic clock Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, a Scottish clockmaker in 1840.
1963 First commercially successful audio compact cassette Philips Corporation
1964 BASIC programming language Kemeny and Kurtz
1964 Liquid-crystal display George H. Heilmeier
late 1960s First digital fax machine Dacom
1969 UNIX operating system AT&T's Bell Labs
1970 First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) Intel
1970 First commercially available DRAM memory IBM
1971 EPROM N/A
1971 PASCAL programming language Niklaus Wirth
1971 First microcomputer-on-a-chip Intel
1971 Laser printer Xerox
1972 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) Intel
1972 First programmable word processor Automatic Electronic Systems
1972 5¼-inch diskette N/A
1972 First modern ATM (IBM 2984) IBM
1973 Josephson junction IBM
1973 Tunable continuous-wave laser Bell Labs
1973 Ethernet Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC
1973 Mobile phone John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola
1974 C (programming language) Kernighan, Ritchie
1974 Programmable pocket calculator Hewlett-Packard
1975 BASIC for personal computers Allen
1975 First personal computer (Altair 8800) Roberts
1975 Digital camera Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak
1975 Integrated optical circuits Reinhart and Logan
1975 Omni-font optical character recognition system Nuance Communications
1975 CCD flatbed scanner Kurzweil Computer Products
1975 Text-to-speech synthesis Kurzweil Computer Products
1975 First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) Kurzweil Computer Products
1976 Apple I computer Wozniak, Jobs
1977 Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80 Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines
1977 First handheld electronic game (Auto Race) Mattel
1977 LZ77 LZ77 algorithm created Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv
1978 WordPerfect 1.0 Satellite Software
1980 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) N/A
1980 VIC-20 Commodore Business Machines
1981 IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor) IBM
1981 MS-DOS 1.0 Microsoft
1981 "Wet" solar cell Bayer AG
1982 Commodore 64 Commodore Business Machines
1982 First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems
1983 Satellite television U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.
1983 First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT) IBM
1983 C++ (programming language) Stroustrup
1984 Macintosh computer (introduced) Apple Computer
1984 CD-ROM player for personal computers Philips
1984 First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments Kurzweil Music Systems
1984 Amiga computer (introduced) Commodore
1985 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber AT&T, Bell Labs
1987 Warmer superconductivity Karl Alex Mueller
1987 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) Intel
1989 First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000) Magellan Navigation Inc.
1989 Silicon–germanium transistors IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson
1990 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) Intel
1993 HAARP U.S.
1994 Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) Intel
1994 Bluetooth Ericsson
1994 First DVD player ever made Tatung Company
1996 Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) Digital Equipment
1996 P2SC processor (15 million transistors) IBM

Innovations in consumer electronics

[edit]

1843–1923: From electromechanics to electronics

[edit]
Thomas Edison's phonograph
Cinématographe camera by the Lumière brothers in 1895 (ref 86.5822) at the French Museum of Photography in Bièvres, Essonne, France
  • 1895: Auguste Lumiere's cinematograph displays moving images for the first time. In the same year, brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky present their "Bioscop" in Berlin.
  • 1897
    • Ferdinand Braun invents the "inertialess cathode ray oscillograph tube", a principle that remained unchanged in television picture tubes.
    • The Italian Guglielmo Marconi transmits wireless telegraph messages by electromagnetic waves over a distance of five kilometers.
  • 1898
  • 1899: The dog "Nipper" is used in "His Master's Voice", the trademark for gramophones and records.
  • 1901: The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo began the development of a radio control system, which he called Telekino, to test dirigible balloons of his creation without risking human lives. It was able to execute a finite and non-limited set of different mechanical actions using a single communication channel, laying down modern wireless remote control operation principles.[21]
  • 1902
    • Otto von Bronk patented his "Method and apparatus for remote visualization of images and objects with a temporary resolution of the images in parallel rows of dots". This patent, initially developed for phototelegraphy, impacted the development of color television, particularly the NTSC implementation.
    • For the first time, audio records are printed with paper labels in the middle.
  • 1903: Guglielmo Marconi provides evidence that wireless telegraphic communication is possible over long distances, such as across the Atlantic. He used a transmitter developed by Ferdinand Braun.
  • 1904
    • For the first time, double-sided records and those with a diameter of 30 cm are produced, increasing playing time up to 11 minutes (5.5 minutes per side). These are created by Odeon in Berlin and debuted at the Leipzig Spring Fair.
    • The German physicist Arthur Korn developed the first practical method for telegraphy.
  • 1905: The Englishman Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the first electron tube.
  • 1906
  • 1907: Rosenthal puts in his image telegraph for the first time a photocell.
  • 1911: First film studios are created in Hollywood and Potsdam- Babelsberg .
  • 1912: The first radio receiver is created, in accordance with the Audion principle.
  • 1913: The legal battle over the invention of the electron tube between Robert von Lieben and Lee de Forest is decided. The electron tube is replaced by a high vacuum in the glass flask with significantly improved properties.
    • Alexander Meissner patented his process "feedback for generating oscillations", by his development of a radio station using an electron tube .
    • The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent on the manufacture of printed circuits by etched metal.
  • 1915: Carl Benedicks leads basic studies in Sweden on the electrical properties of silicon and germanium. Due to the emerging tube technology, however, interest in semiconductors remains low until after the Second World War.
  • 1917
    • Based on previous findings of the Englishman Oliver Lodge, the Frenchman Lucien Levy develops a radio receiver with frequency tuning using a resonant circuit.
  • 1919: Charlie Chaplin founds the Hollywood film production and distribution company United Artists
  • 1920: The first regularly operating radio station KDKA goes on air on 2 November 1920 in Philadelphia, USA. It is the first time electronics are used to transmit information and entertainment to the public at large. The same year in Germany an instrumental concert was broadcast on the radio from a long-wave transmitter in Wusterhausen.
  • 1922: J. McWilliams Stone invents the first portable radio receiver. George Frost builds the first "car radio" in his Ford Model T.
  • 1923
    • The 15-year-old Manfred von Ardenne is granted his first patent for an electron tube having a plurality of electrodes. Siegmund Loewe (1885–1962) builds with the tube his first radio receiver "Loewe Opta-".
    • The Hungarian engineer Dénes Mihály patented an image scanning with line deflection, in which each point of an image is scanned ten times per second by a selenium cell.
    • August Karolus (1893–1972) invents the Kerr cell, an almost inertia-free conversion of electrical pulses into light signals. He was granted a patent for his method of transmitting slides.
    • Vladimir Kosma developed the first television camera tube, the Ikonoskop, using the Braun tube.
    • The German State Secretary Karl August Bredow founds the first German broadcasting organization. By lifting the ban on broadcast reception and the opening of the first private radio station, the development of radio as a mass medium begins.

1924–1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV

[edit]
  • 1924: the first radio receivers are exhibited at the Berlin Radio Show
  • 1925
    • Brunswick Records in Dubuque, Iowa produced their first record player, the Brunswick Panatrope with a pickup, amplifier and loudspeaker
    • In the American Bell Laboratories, a method for recording of records obtained by microphone and tube amps for series production. Also in Germany working on it is ongoing since 1922. 1925 appear the first electrically recorded disks in both countries.
    • At the Leipzig Spring Fair, the first miniature camera "Leica" is presented to the public.
    • John Logie Baird performs the first screening of a living head with a resolution of 30 vertical lines using a Nipkow disk.
    • August Karolus demonstrated in Germany television with 48 lines and ten image changes per second.
  • 1926
    • Edison developed the first "LP". By dense grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduction of speed to 80 min −1 (later 78 min −1) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20 minutes. He carries himself with the decline of his phonograph business.
    • The German State Railroad offers a cordless telephone service in moving trains between Berlin and Hamburg – the idea of mobile telephony is born.
    • John Logie Baird developed the first commercial television set in the world. It was not until 1930, he is called a " telescreen sold "at a price of 20 pounds.
  • 1927
    • The first fully electronic music boxes ("Jukeboxes") used in the USA on the market.
    • German Grammophon on sale due to a license agreement with the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. Its first fully electronic turntables.
    • The first industrially manufactured car radio, the "Philco Transitone" from the "Storage Battery Co." in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the market.
    • The first shortwave radio – Rundfunkübertragung overseas broadcast by the station PCJJ the Philips factories in Eindhoven in the Dutch colonies.
    • Opening of the first regular telegraphy -Dienstes between Berlin and Vienna.
    • First commercial sound films ("The Jazz Singer", USA) using the "Needle sound" back in sync with the film screening for LPs over loudspeakers.
    • First public television broadcasts in the UK by John Logie Baird between London and Glasgow and in the US by Frederic Eugene Ives (1882–1953) between Washington and New York.
    • The American inventor Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971) developed in Los Angeles, the first fully electronic television system in the world.
    • John Logie Baird developed his Phonovision, the first videodisc player. 30-line television images are stored on shellac records. At 78 RPM mechanically scanned, the images can be played back on his "telescreen". It could not play sound nor keep up with the rapidly increasing resolution of television. More than 40 years later, commercial optical disc players came onto the market.
  • 1928: Fritz Pfleumer got the first tape recorder patent. It replaces steel wire with paper coated in iron powder. According to Valdemar Poulsen (1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic sound, image and data storage
    • Dénes Mihály presented in Berlin a small circle, the first authentic television broadcast in Germany, having worked at least since 1923 in this field.
    • August Karolus and the company Telefunken put on the "fifth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1928" the prototype of a television receiver, with an image size of 8 cm × 10 cm and a resolution of about 10,000 pixels, a much better picture quality than previous devices.
    • In New York (USA) the first regular television broadcasts of the experiment station WGY, operated by the General Electric Company (GE). Sporadic television news and dramas radiate from these stations by 1928.
      • The first commercially produced television receiver of the Daven Corporation in Newark is offered for $75.
    • John Logie Baird transmits the first television pictures internationally, and the same across the Atlantic from London to New York. He also demonstrated the world's first color television transmission in London.
  • 1929
    • Edison withdraws from the phono business – the disk has ousted the cylinder.
    • The company Columbia Records developed the first portable record player that can be connected to any tube radio. It also created the first radio / phonograph combinations, the precursor to the 1960s music chests.
Daylygraph wire recorder
    • The German physicist Curt Stille (1873–1957) records magnetic sound for film, on a perforated steel band. First, this "Magnettonverfahren" has no success. Years later it is rediscovered for amateur films, providing easy dubbing. A "Daylygraph" or Magnettongerät had amplifier and equalizer, and a mature Magnettondiktiergerät called "Textophon".
    • Based on patents, which he had purchased of silence, brings the Englishman E. Blattner the " Blattnerphone "the first magnetic sound recording on the market. It records on a thin steel band.
    • The first sound film using optical sound premiers. Since the early 1920s, various people have developed this method. The same optoelectronic method also allows for the first time the post-processing of recorded music to sound recordings of it.
    • The director Carl Froelich (1875–1953) turns "The Night Belongs to Us", the first German sound film.
    • 20th Century Fox presents in New York on an 8 m × 4 m big screen the first widescreen movie.
    • The radio station Witzleben begins in Germany with the regular broadcasting of television test broadcasts, initially on long wave with 30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes per second. It appear first blueprints for television receiver.
    • John Logie Baird starts in the UK on behalf of the BBC with regular experimental television broadcasts to the public.
    • Frederic Eugene Ives transmits a color television from New York to Washington.
  • 1930
  • 1931
    • The British engineer and inventor Alan Dower Blumlein (1903–1942) invents "Binaural Sound", today called "Stereo". He developed the stereo record and the first three-way speaker. He makes experimental films with stereo sound. Then he becomes leader of the development team for the EMI-405-line television system.
    • The company RCA Victor presents to the public the first real LP record, the 35 cm diameter and 33.33 RPM give sufficient playing time for an entire orchestral work. But the new turntables are initially so expensive that they are only gain broad acceptance after the Second World War – then as vinyl record.
    • The French physicist René Barthélemy in Paris broadcasts the first television signal from a radio transmitter rather than by wire. The BBC launches first Tonversuche in the UK.
    • Public World Premiere of electronic television – without electro-mechanical components such as the Nipkow disk – on the "eighth Great German Radio Exhibition Berlin 1931 ". Doberitz / Pomerania is the first German location for a tone-TV stations.
    • Manfred von Ardenne can be the principle of a color picture tube patent: Narrow strips of phosphors in the three primary colors are closely juxtaposed arranged so that they complement each other with the electron flow to white light. A separate control of the three colors has not yet provided.
  • 1932
    • The company AEG and BASF start for the magnetic tape method of Fritz Pfleumer to care (1928). They develop new devices and tapes, in which celluloid is used instead of paper as a carrier material.
    • In Britain, the BBC sends first radio programs time-shifted instead of live.
    • The company telephone and radio apparatus factory Ideal AG (today Blaupunkt) provides a car radio using Bowden cables to control it from the steering column.
  • 1933
    • After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany is broadcasting finally a political tool. Systematic censorship is to prevent opposition and spread the "Aryan culture". Series production of the " People's recipient VE 301 "starts.
    • Edwin Howard Armstrong demonstrates that frequency-modulated (FM) radio transmissions are less susceptible to interference than amplitude-modulated (AM). However, practical application is long delayed.
    • In the USA the first opened drive-in theater.
  • 1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little favor – the necessary playback devices are still too expensive. The term "High Fidelity" is embossed around this time.
  • 1935
    • AEG and BASF place at the Berlin Radio Show, the tape recorder " Magnetophon K1 "and the appropriate magnetic tapes before. In case of fire in the exhibition hall all four exhibited devices are destroyed.
    • In Germany the world's first regular television program operating for about 250 mostly public reception points starts in Berlin and the surrounding area. The mass production of television receivers is – probably due to the high price of 2,500 Reichsmarks – not yet started.
    • At the same time, the research institute of the German Post (RPF) begins with development work for a color television methods, but which are later reinstated due to the Second World War.
  • 1936
    • Olympic Games in Berlin broadcast live.
    • "Olympia suitcase", battery-powered portable radio receiver, introduced.
    • The first mobile television camera (180 lines, all-electronic) is used for live television broadcasts of the Olympic Games.
    • Also in the UK are first regular television broadcasts – now for the perfect electronic EMI system, which soon replaced the mechanical part Baird system – broadcast.
    • Video telephony connections between booths in Berlin and Leipzig. Later connections from Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich added.
    • The Frenchman Raymond Valtat reports on a patent, which describes the principle of working with binary numbers abacus.
    • Konrad Zuse works on a dual electromechanical computing machine that is ready in 1937.
  • 1937
    • First sapphire needle for records of the company Siemens
    • The interlaced video method is introduced on TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmitter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441 lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of 220 half-lines. Until the HDTV era the interlace method remains in use.
    • First movie encoder make it possible not to send the TV live, but to rely on recordings.
  • 1938
    • The improved AEG tape-recorder "Magnetophon K4" is first used in radio studios. The belt speed is 77 cm / s, which at 1000 m length of tape has a playing time of 22 minutes.
    • Werner Flechsig invents the shadow mask method for separate control of the three primary colors in a color picture tube.
  • 1939
    • On the "16th Great German Radio and television broadcasting exhibition Berlin 1939 ", the" German Unity television receiver E1 "and announces the release of free commercial television. Due to the difficult political and economic situation, only about 50 devices are sold instead of the planned 10,000.
    • In the USA the first regular television broadcasts take place.
  • 1940
    • The development of television technology for military purposes increases the resolution to 1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commercial HDTV television reached that resolution almost half a century later.
    • The problem of band noise with tape devices is reduced dramatically by the invention of radio frequency bias of Walter Weber and Hans-Joachim von Braunmühl.
  • 1942: The first all-electronic computer is used by John Vincent Atanasoff, but quickly fades into oblivion. Four years later the ENIAC completed – the beginning of the end of Electromechanics in computers and calculators.
  • 1945–1947: American soldiers capture in Germany some tape recorders. This and the nullified German patents leads to the development of the first tape recorders in the United States. The first home device " Sound Mirror "by the Brush Development Co. is there on the market.
  • 1948
    • The American physicist and industrialist Edwin Herbert Land (1909–1991) launches the first instant camera, Polaroid camera Model 95 on the market.
    • Three American engineers at Bell Laboratories (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley) invent the transistor. Its lesser size and power compared with electron tubes brings (from 1955) portable radio receivers starting its march through all areas of electronics.
    • The Hungarian-American physicist Peter Carl Goldmark (1906–1977) invents the vinyl record (first published 1952), much less noisy than their predecessors shellac. Thanks to micro-groove (100 grooves per cm) can play 23 minutes per side. The LP record is born. This one is the redemption of the claim "high fidelity one step closer" to the end of the shellac era.
    • The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) leads the music format with 45 RPM records, later to conquer the market for cheap players. The first publication in Germany in this format appears 1953rd
    • The British physicist Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) invents holography. This method of recording and reproducing image with coherent light allows three-dimensional images. It was not until 1971 when the procedure gained practical importance, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
  • 1949
    • In Germany, FM broadcasting starts regular program operation.
    • Experimentally since 1943, series production since 1949 there are for professional use stereo – Tonbandgeräte and matching ribbons. Also portable devices for reporters, initially propelled by a spring mechanism, has been around since 1949
  • 1950
    • In the USA the first prerecorded audio tapes are marketed.
    • Also in the USA the company Zenith markets the first TV with cable remote control for channel selection.
  • 1951
    • The CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) broadcasts in New York the first color television program in the world, but using the field sequential standard, not reaching to the resolution of the black and white television and was to be incompatible.
    • With the " tape recorder F15 "from AEG 's first home tape recorder appears on the German market.
    • RCA Electronic Music is the first synthesizer prior to the creation of artificial electronic sounds.
  • 1952
    • Reintroduction of regular television broadcasts in Germany after the Second World War.
    • 20th Century Fox developed with "Cinemascope" the most successful wide-screen process to better compete with television. Only some 50 years later pulls the TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.
  • 1953
    • The "National Television System Committee" (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in the USA named after her black-and-white-compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A year later, this method is introduced in the United States.
    • The car radio top model "Mexico" from Becker for the first time to an FM area (in mono) and an automatic tuning.
  • 1954
    • RCA developed for the first apparatus for recording video signals on magnetic tapes. 22 km magnetic tape are needed per hour. By 1956, succeeds the company Ampex through the use of multiple tracks, the tape speed to more practicable 38.1 cm / s lower.
    • The European Broadcasting Union is founded "Euro Vision".
    • First regular television broadcasts in Japan.
  • 1955
    • The second generation "TRADIC" (Transistorized Digital Computer), first to use only transistors therefore much smaller and more powerful than its predecessor tube computers.
    • The Briton Narinder Singh Kapany investigated the propagation of light in fine glass fibers (optical fibers).
    • The first wireless remote control for a television US-based Zenith consists of a better flashlight, with which one lights up in one of the four devices corners to turn the unit on or off, change the channel or mute the sound.
  • 1956
    • The company Metz introduces radio device type 409 / 3D. First mass production of printed circuit boards. This follows since the 1930s, several improvements to the manufacturing technology.
    • The company Ampex introduces the "VR 1000" the first video recorder. That same year, CBS uses it for the first magnetic video tape recording (VTR) from. Although other programs are produced in color since 1954, the VTR cannot record color.
  • 1957: The Frenchman Henri de France (1911–1986) developed the first generation of color TV system SECAM, which avoids some of the problems of the NTSC method. The weaknesses of the SECAM system be fixed in later modifications of the standard for the most part.
  • 1958
    • By merging the Edison patents and the Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording method becomes commercially viable. The company Mercury Records launches the first stereo record on the market.
    • The company Ampex expands the video recorder with the Model "VR 1000 B" to give it color capability.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Engineering, London, 1975 ISBN 0-330-24323-3
  2. ^ Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259–260, Kemal İnan pp 245–263
  3. ^ Birmingham Museums trust catalogue, accession number: 1889S00044
  4. ^ Froehlich, Fritz E.; Kent, Allen (December 1998). Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824729158. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  5. ^ The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla, and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]
  6. ^ Guglielmo Marconi, padre della radio. Radiomarconi.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2012.
  7. ^ Brown, Antony. Great Ideas in Communications. D. White Co., 1969, page 141
  8. ^ Emerson, D. T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest. Vol. 45. pp. 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997imsd.conf..553E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.8748. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853. ISBN 9780986488511. S2CID 9039614. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., Antentop, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.
  9. ^ Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22
  10. ^ Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pages 6 and 20–22
  11. ^ Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphic Communication: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909." Nobel Lectures. Physics 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967: 196–222. p. 206.
  12. ^ Christopher H. Sterling, Encyclopedia of Radio, Routledge – 2003, page 1820
  13. ^ Lott, Melissa C. "The Engineer Who Foreshadowed the Smart Grid--in 1921". Plugged In. Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  14. ^ a b "Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941". Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  15. ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23.
  16. ^ High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company, page 220, Springer Science+Business Media
  17. ^ Raman, C. V. (1928). "A new radiation". Indian J. Phys. 2: 387–398. hdl:2289/2135. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  18. ^ Albert Abramson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 231. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.
  19. ^ Stanković, Radomir S. [in German]; Astola, Jaakko Tapio [in Finnish], eds. (2008). Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory (PDF). Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. ISBN 978-952-15-1980-2. ISSN 1456-2774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (3+207+1 pages) [\10:00 min
  20. ^ "Jun-ichi Nishizawa - Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor | JAPAN QUALITY REVIEW". jqrmag.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07.
  21. ^ A. P. Yuste. Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo,(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.
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